Suchergebnisse

У статті розглядаються фіскальні стимули та мотиви як складові забезпечення сталого розвитку регіонів. З'ясовано, що концепція сталого розвитку зародилася наприкінці минулого століття і мала на меті забезпечення керованості процесів розвитку та підвищення свідомості людства щодо незворотності певних негативних наслідків технологічного прогресу. В умовах процесів фіскальної децентралізації, розпочатої в Україні, доцільно розглядати питання фіскального стимулювання саме у розрізі питань сталого розвитку регіонів. Адже, окрім аналізу питання з погляду процесів регіоналізації, це дозволяє також закцентувати увагу на довгострокових цілях регіонального розвитку, які наповнені ціннісним змістом. Обґрунтовано, що потужним інструментом впливу на процеси сталого розвитку регіонів виступають фіскальні стимули, що сприяють формуванню сприятливого середовища суб'єктів господарювання в регіонах. Одним із сучасних засобів фіскального стимулювання є фіскальна мотивація до екологізації бізнес-середовища регіонів. Дана система, зазвичай, передбачає надання спеціальних пільг для суб'єктів господарювання регіонів з розробки та надання послуг, пов'язаних із ресурсозбереженням або переробкою відходів, виробникам органічної продукції, пільговий режим для «зелених» інвестицій тощо. Одним із фіскальних засобів, націлених на зміну підходів щодо організації процесу виробництва та підприємницької діяльності у напрямку сталого розвитку, є екологічні податки. З'ясовано, що головною проблемою існуючого законодавчого закріплення екологічних податків в Україні є відсутність стимулюючої складової, що передбачала б формування системи економічних мотивів та винагород. Визначено, що не менш ефективним засобом фіскальної мотивації, який поки що не знайшов практичного застосування в українській податковій системі є диференціація ставок прямих податків. Запровадження системи диференціації ставок прямих податків дасть можливість більш рівномірно та справедливо розподілити податкове навантаження серед економічних суб'єктів відповідно до встановлених цілей. Цілями державної фіскальної політики має стати формування податкової системи, орієнтованої не на «механічне» стягнення коштів, а наділення існуючих зборів та платежів стимулюючим складником. ; The article deals with fiscal incentives and motives as components of sustainable regional development. It was found that the concept of sustainable development was born at the end of the last century and was intended to ensure the handling of processes and increase awareness about human irreversibility of negative impacts of technological progress. In terms of fiscal decentralization process started in Ukraine, it is appropriate to consider fiscal stimulus is in the context of sustainable regional development, but because the analysis of the issue in terms of the regionalization process also allows it to focus on long-term goals of regional development, which in addition to economic value one filled with content. It is substantiated that fiscal stimulus favoring the formation of a favorable environment for business entities in the regions are powerful tools for influencing sustainable development of the regions. One of the modern means of fiscal stimulation is the fiscal motivation to ecologize the business environment of the regions. The system usually provides special benefits to the economic development of regions and provide services related to resource saving or recycling waste producers of organic products; preferential treatment for "green" investments, etc. Environmental taxes are one of the fiscal means aimed at changing approaches to the organization of the production process and entrepreneurship in the direction of sustainable development. It was found that the main problem of the existing legislative provisions of environmental taxes in Ukraine is her lack of incentive component, which would include forming a system of economic motives and rewards.It is determined that the least effective means of fiscal motivation, which has not yet found a practical application in the Ukrainian tax system is the differentiation of direct taxes. Introduction of differentiation direct tax rates will allow more evenly and fairly distribute the tax burden among economic entities according to established goals. The objectives of the government's fiscal policy should be the formation of the tax system focused not on "mechanical" charged and giving existing fees and charges stimulating ingredients.

PurposeThis paper aims to fill the existing gaps in literature which deal with both the application of a socially oriented philosophy to the theme of strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) integration and to the systematic analysis of the processes of strategic CSR management, and to create a connection between social management philosophy and the dynamic approach to CSR integration based on the strategic management processes. In particular, this study aims at creating a conceptual model to highlight, in a structured and organic way, the dynamic relationships, based on a social management philosophy, characterizing the integration of CSR in the different strategic management processes: formulation and implementation of both intended and emergent strategies. In relation to these goals, the following research questions are formulated: What are the most important strategic management processes in which to integrate CSR following a social management philosophy? How does integration (strategic CSR) based on social management philosophy impact these processes? How do strategic CSR processes based on social management philosophy determine strategic change? Which are the management tools which support integration based on social management philosophy?Design/methodology/approachThe work is a conceptual paper. The paper has been developed as follows: the identification of the theoretical gaps; the definition of the research objectives; the literature review about both CSR integration and strategic management in a dynamic perspective; the formulation of the research questions; the conceptual analysis, based on social management philosophy, of the relevant propositions related to the dynamic approach to CSR integration; the building of the conceptual model based on the propositions; and the description and the analysis of the model.FindingsIn this model, three circles of change that are able to describe the integration of CSR into strategic management have been identified: A, the circle for achieving the strategic intent; B, the circle for formulating the strategic intent; and C, the circle of bottom-up innovations.Practical implicationsFrom a managerial perspective, it is possible to point out the following implications related to the integration of CSR into strategic management and the achievement of a strategic CSR: as for change dynamics which are linked to the formulations of the intended strategy, it is fundamental to develop a social management philosophy; to achieve the strategic intent, it is necessary to incorporate CSR actions into core activity of value chain; to favour the socially oriented bottom-up innovations, it is necessary to define a favourable organizational context; the strategic CSR must be supported by integrated tools and methodologies that make the rationalization of processes of change possible; and the application of tools and processes, even sophisticated ones, which are not based on social management philosophy may lead, in the long run, to negative tensions among stakeholders, as well as to serious repercussions on the firm's management and its performance.Social implicationsIt is possible to pinpoint other implications for the society: the circle for achieving the strategic intents, with the aim of improving the execution phase, increases the positive externalities and reduces the negative externalities of the economic activities; the circle for formulating strategic intents allows to identify a win–win solution for CSR issues; and the bottom-up entrepreneurship increases the chances to find innovative solutions which combine social aspects and competitive aspects.Originality/valueThe analyses provide an integrated approach, connecting strategic management and CSR in a dynamic perspective.

The article is aimed at investigation of social effectiveness of business entities. Social aspect of business is becoming a necessary component of success, increase of profitability and competitiveness as well as minimization of risks. Social effectiveness is referred to as correspondence between economic activity and main social needs and aims of society, interests of the staff and interests of a certain person. Investigation of social effectiveness of business entities is suggested to analyze with the help of social factors. Social factors are characterized by variability of expectations, relations and interests of society, staff and individuals. We suggest generalized classification of factors which have an impact on social effectiveness of business, we single out external and internal factors. To external factors belong: income of the population, differentiation of population according to income, migration, level of salaries, level of legality of income of population, family status of population, employment rate, age structure of population etc. As for internal factors we single out the following: low level of basic professional training, use of unskilled workers, absence of conditions for creativity, imperfection of system of motivation of professional growth, absence of specialized centers for certification training etc. Quantity and quality analysis of the above mentioned factors will enable to determine the level of social effectiveness of business entities. For analyses of degree of influence of factors on effectiveness we worked out a questionnaire of expert assessment which is represented in the form of assessment scale. We conducted a questionnaire and analyzed expert results and determined degree of influence of factors on social effectiveness of business. Assessment of level of social effectiveness of business entities was carried out by expert method of certain factor and was represented by a formula. The scale of assessment of level of social effectiveness of business entities in percentage by separate factors: 100-90 – high level, 89-75 – middle level, 74-60 – satisfactory level, 39-40 – low level, 30-0 – absent level. In the article we calculated separately levels of social effectiveness of business entities for external and internal factors. We found out that both external and internal factors are on the middle level, between 79-85%. The given calculations demonstrate reserve for increase of social effectiveness of business entities. Main measures for increase of social effectiveness of business entities are logically united into the following groups: science and technology group; management and economic group; social and psychological group; foreign group. These provisions allow to minimize the social impact of reserve businesses, which, in turn, increase their efficiency and competitiveness, and reduce business risks. Thus growth of effectiveness reveals itself in maximization of social and economic effect and minimization of working hours. Social effect of business entities expresses itself in providing better conditions of life, preconditions are created for further development of the staff in general as well as individual. Mechanism of social effectiveness of business entities is the basis for development, transition from simple to complex needs, from materialistic to spiritual, from economic to political and thus to fully developed personality. Meanwhile higher needs should be considered as main wealth of the society, main factor of social and economic progress. Contradiction between endless growth of social and economic needs and limited resourses of additional time, which can be aimed at satisfaction of them at every certain period of time appears as a driving force of social and economic development. Keywords: entrepreneurship, external factors, internal factors, social impact, cartogram factors. JEL: M 20

The existence and causes of gender gaps in pay and in occupational choice have been increasingly at the centre of research in economics, sociology, psychology, managerial science, and other fields. The research findings across countries and over time generally suggest that gaps exist and are significant, indicating that gender inequality remains persistent in many areas, even in the developed Western democracies. Forcefully closing the gaps directly, however, may not be sufficient in the long run. Trying to fix the symptoms without addressing the causes is likely to create other distortions and lead to further welfare losses over time. One hotly debated issue is that of the gender effect on business performance. Women are in a striking minority when it comes to managerial roles and entrepreneurship. According to Terjesen, Aguilera and Lorenz (2015), in 2013 the average proportion of women on the corporate board of directors across 67 countries was only 10.3 per cent, although empirical evidence suggests that higher presence of women on corporate boards is often positively correlated with various measurements of high performance. For example, according to the Fawcett Society (2013), 'companies with more women on their boards were found to outperform their rivals with a 42 per cent higher return in sales, 66 per cent higher return on invested capital and 53 per cent higher return on equity'. Do women make better leaders, better managers, better 'bosses', and, if yes, why don't we see more women than men in these roles? A broad answer to this question is institutional failure, including both formal and informal institutions. Many countries have outlawed gender discrimination and have legislated measures towards eliminating gender gaps. However, even in these countries societal norms and perceptions often lag behind. Failure to realize gains from equal opportunities ultimately leads to a misallocation of human and physical resources and thus to social welfare loss. The answer to the question whether women make better leaders is trickier. A study by Martinsen and Glasø (2013) has concluded that female managers outperform their male counterparts in four out of five categories of leadership characteristics. Among about 3,000 managers, women were better at initiative and clear communication, openness and ability to innovate, sociability and supportiveness, and methodical management and goal-setting, while men were better at dealing with work-related stress and in maintaining higher levels of emotional stability. In this regard, the question Gazanchyan, Hashimzade, Rodionova, and Vershinina (2017) attempted to answer is slightly different. If there is a positive effect of female leadership on business performance, could it be because women face higher hurdles than men, and those who succeeded in making it to the top are better than men in similar roles? The approach to this question was to construct a theoretical model linking occupational choice in the presence of gender bias to business performance and to subject the assumptions and predictions of themodel to an empirical test. While the firm-level data set used in this study contained important details of firm characteristics contributing to business performance as well as the information on the gender of the firm owner and senior manager, it provided no information on the personality and characteristics of the owners and managers. Thus, the aim of the research was to compare the performance of firms owned and/or managed by women and those owned and/or managed by men, with all other observable characteristics being similar, or matched: if there is a gap, it can then be attributed to the gender effect. A potential hurdle explored in this work was access to finance in the credit markets for reasons discussed below.

The main purpose of this thesis was to create a business plan for a recruitment agency in Slovakia looking for suitable animators for hotels in Algarve and providing educational and training courses for young people who are interested in work as a hotel animator. To accomplish this task, it was necessary at first to analyze existing theories about related topics, such as hotel animation/entretainment and entrepreneurship in Slovakia based on the literature review. There was applied PESTLE analysis determining political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. After this analysis, it proceeded to a study of the market in Algarve as place where animators will be posted. It was studied existing competition and potential customers through information collected in face-to-face interviews with animators, Algarve hotel managers and with managers of animation agencies operating in Algarve. This method was also applied on analysis of potential human resources and competitors in Slovakia. Then were collected some interviews with the manager of one Slovak animation agency and some former hotel animators from Slovakia. It continued with Porter's six forces analysis and subsequently with the Business plan. In the first part of the Business plan was elaborated Business model consisted of nine building blocks. The following step was a Marketing plan starting by SWOT analysis, based on which it was determined company´s strategy. Then there was defined the target and positioning that should be used. It continued to the marketing-mix that was delineated in terms of the previously studied service marketing four P's; product, price, placement and promotion. Afterwards, there was predetermined life cycle of the company, as well as the key success factors for the market. Additionally aspects such as name, vision, mission, logo and slogan were chosen. ; O principal objectivo desta tese foi criar um plano de negócios para uma agência de recrutamento na Eslováquia, procurando animadores adequados para hotéis no Algarve e oferecendo cursos de educação e formação para jovens que estejam interessados em trabalhar como animador em hoteis. Para realizar essa tarefa, foi necessário em primeiro lugar analisar as teorias existentes sobre temas relacionados, como animação nos hoteis / entretenimento e empreendedorismo na Eslováquia com base numa revisão literária. Foi feito uma análise PESTLE aplicado determinar fatores políticos, económicos, sociais, tecnológicos, legais e ambientais. Após esta análise, procedeu a um estudo de mercado do Algarve como local onde os animadores serão colocados. Estudou-se a concorrência existente e potenciais clientes através de informações colhidas em entrevistas face-a-face com animadores, gerentes de hotéis do Algarve e com os gerentes de agências de animação que operam no Algarve. Este método também foi aplicado na análise de recursos humanos potenciais e concorrentes na Eslováquia. Em seguida, foram colhidas algumas entrevistas com o gerente de uma agência eslovaca de animação e alguns ex-animadores de hotéis com nacionalidade Eslovaca. Continuou-se com análise de seis forças de Porter e posteriormente com a realização de um plano de negócios. Na primeira parte do plano de negócios foi elaborado um modelo de negócio que consistia em nove partes. O passo seguinte foi fazer o plano de marketing, com análise SWOT na qual foi determinada a estratégia da empresa. Foi definido o alvo e posicionamento que a empresa deverá ter. Em seuida foi delineado o marketing mix em relação aos termos de serviço previamente estudados, comercialização de quatro P; produto, preço, colocação e promoção. Depois foi aplicado o ciclo de vida da empresa, bem como os principais fatores de sucesso para o mercado. Adicionalmente aspectos, tais como nome, visão, missão, logotipo e slogan foram escolhidos.

In order to understand what leads individuals to create new ventures, entrepreneurship researchers use intention models in their studies for decades. The most famous are the Theory of Planned Behavior of Azjen and the Entrepreneurial Event of Shapero and Sokol. However, these models are still perfectible. In fact, they stem from the fact that intentions predict behaviors, but only less than half of variance of entrepreneurial behaviors is explained by intention. Moreover, intention models only focus on the antecedents of intention. So the motivational part (why one acts) is addressed, but the volitional part (how to pursue actions) remains set aside.Our thesis, composed of four pieces of work, aims at addressing this gap in order to improve our understanding of the entrepreneurial process. Our objective is to shed light on facilitators that can lead from intentions to effective action. We thus took on the challenge of unveiling part of the missing links between entrepreneurial intention and behavior. We selected commitment and implementation intention in the socio-psychological literature as being the possible missing links, and we test them in entrepreneurial contexts.Thus by focusing on the volitional part, our thesis completes the intention models in order to improve our knowledge of the entrepreneurial process. It has implications for intended entrepreneurs themselves, politicians, educators and incubators. Indeed, they could use what we have learnt about commitment and implementation intention to enhance the entrepreneurial intention conversion rate. Generally speaking, our goal is to propose new materials to help intended entrepreneurs to enact their intentions.However, the size of our samples limits our empirical studies to exploratory papers. Further researches should now test our findings quantitatively. ; Dans le but de comprendre ce qui pousse les entrepreneurs à agir, les chercheurs en entrepreneuriat utilisent depuis des décennies les modèles de l'intention dans leurs études. Les plus célèbres sont la Théorie de l'Action Planifiée d'Azjen et l'Evènement Entrepreneurial de Shapero et Sokol. Cependant, ces modèles restent perfectibles. En effet, ils partent du principe que l'intention est un bon prédicateur du comportement, alors que seules moins de la moitié des variations des comportements entrepreneuriaux sont explicables par l'intention. De plus, les modèles de l'intention se concentrent uniquement sur les antécédents de l'intention. La partie motivationnelle (le « pourquoi ») est donc couverte, mais la partie volitionnelle (le « comment ») est oubliée.Notre thèse, qui se compose de quatre travaux, a pour ambition de parer à ce manquement, dans le but de parfaire notre compréhension du processus entrepreneurial. Notre objectif est de mettre en lumière des facilitateurs qui permettraient de passer effectivement de l'intention à l'action. Nous relevons donc le défi de dévoiler en partie la boîte noire qui se trouve entre intention et comportement entrepreneurial. Nous avons sélectionné l'engagement et l'intention planifiée dans la littérature de socio-psychologie comme étant les chaînons manquants possibles, et nous les avons testés en contextes entrepreneuriaux.Ainsi, en se concentrant sur la partie volitionnelle, notre thèse complète les modèles de l'intention dans le but d'améliorer nos connaissances du processus entrepreneurial. Elle vise à servir les porteurs de projets, les politiques, les enseignants et les différents acteurs de suivi des entrepreneurs. En effet, tous peuvent utiliser ce que nous avons mis en lumière pour augmenter le taux de conversion de l'intention entrepreneuriale. Notre objectif est de manière générale de proposer de la matière nouvelle pour aider les porteurs de projets à concrétiser leurs intentions.Cependant, la taille de nos échantillons limite nos études empiriques à des études exploratoires. Nos résultats devront maintenant être confirmés de manière quantitative.

Статья знакомит с очередным этапом модернизации страны на инновационной основе в субъектах юга Дальнего Востока России: от задач, определенных стратегическими задачами регионального развития в 2000 г., до ситуации спустя пятнадцатилетний период, рассматривая механизмы решения проблем в продвижении к цели при взаимодействии власти и бизнеса. Современный исторический этап развития российского предпринимательства характеризуется повышенным вниманием государства и общественности к вопросам активизации и стабилизации нового социального слоя общества, призванного быть опорой социально-экономической безопасности страны. Учитывая стратегические интересы России к рынкам стран АТР и приоритетное направление развития дальневосточных субъектов в этом направлении, что предопределяется активным формированием соответствующего азиатско-тихоокеанскому рынку предпринимательского корпуса, необходимо особое внимание уделять профессиональной подготовке и переподготовке предпринимателей Дальнего Востока России. Современные требования в области инновационного развития экономики требуют формирования у предпринимателей инновационного мышления и, следовательно, применения соответствующих технологий обучения. Эти процессы нашли отражение в реформировании системы образования в России, однако бизнес с первых дней формирования рыночных отношений должен быть укомплектован кадрами соответствующего требованиям рынка качества, а потому, учитывая непродолжительную историю становления современного российского предпринимательского корпуса, государство и бизнес используют опыт развитых стран, создают национальные модели инновационных технологий обучения предпринимателей, стремясь ускорить эти процессы. Социальный бизнес сравнительно новое явление на современном рынке России, однако, благодаря возможности этого направления бизнеса решить многие проблемы, определяется его поддержка государством и обществом. Для более успешного развития социального бизнеса требуется определенная подготовка предпринимателей и информированность общества об этой области деятельности бизнеса. Именно эти аспекты определяют целесообразность и актуальность представленного исследования. Интерес представляет опыт применения инновационных технологий обучения предпринимателей социальному бизнесу как на федеральном уровне, так и в дальневосточных субъектах страны. ; The paper covers on the current stage of the national modernization on innovative basis in the regions of the southern Russian Far East: from the tasks designated by the strategic tasks for regional development in 2000 to the situation fifteen years later, considering the mechanisms seeking to solve problems in achievement of target via cooperation of government and businesses. The contemporary historical stage of the Russian entrepreneurship is characterized by increased attention of the government and public to the issues related to activation and stabilization of the new social stratum called to support the socioeconomic security of the country. Taking into account the strategic interests of Russia in the Asia-Pacific markets and the priority development of the Far-Eastern regions in those areas as predetermined by active establishment of entrepreneur's community compliant with the Asia-Pacific market, it is required to stress on professional training and retraining of the Far-Eastern entrepreneurs. The contemporary requirements in connection with innovative development of economy demand for establishment in entrepreneurs of innovative thinking and therefore, applying respective educational technologies. Those processes are reflected in the establishment of education system in Russia, however, any business since the first days of market operation should be run by respective quality staff and therefore, taking into account the short background of establishment of the contemporary Russian entrepreneurship's community, government and businesses use the experience of developed countries, creating national models of innovative education technologies to train entrepreneurs and striving to enhance those processes. Social business is a relatively new phenomenon on the contemporary Russian market, however, due to the ability of that kind of business to solve a lot of problems its support by government and public is determined. For more successful development of social business, certain training of entrepreneurs is required as well as public informing of that business activity. These are the aspects which identify the feasibility and urgency of this research. Of interest is the experience of applying innovative educational techniques for entrepreneurs to teach them social business both at the federal level and in the Russian Far East.

Цель: оценка социально-экономической значимости малого предпринимательства сферы услуг в экономике страны и разработка эффективных инструментов его инфраструктурной поддержки исходя из особенностей сервисной сферы. Методы: применен системный подход к выявлению признаков, присущих малому предпринимательству сферы услуг, методами сравнительного и статистического анализа оценен вклад малого предпринимательства сервисного сектора в развитие экономики страны, методами анализа и синтеза выявлены проблемы развития малого бизнеса сервисного сектора экономики, программно-целевой метод применен для разработки инструментов инфраструктурной поддержки малого бизнеса.Результаты: определены социальные и экономические признаки, присущие малому предпринимательству сферы услуг, оценен вклад малого бизнеса сервисного сектора в поступательное развитие экономики страны, выявлены и исследованы проблемы и особенности развития малого предпринимательства сферы услуг. На основе анализа проблем роста малого бизнеса и его роли в поступательном развитии экономики доказана необходимость государственной поддержки, определены эффективные инструменты инфраструктурной поддержки малого предпринимательства исходя из особенностей сервисного сектора.Научная новизна: выявлены и сгруппированы признаки, присущие малому бизнесу сферы услуг по экономическому и социальному принципам, доказан растущий вклад малого предпринимательства сервисного сектора в экономику России и подтверждено отставание его от экономики развитых стран, выявлены проблемы, сдерживающие развитие малого бизнеса. Исходя из проблем разработаны и предложены эффективные инструменты поддержки малого предпринимательства сферы услуг.Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы исследования могут быть использованы в научной деятельности при изучении вопросов развития и инфраструктурной поддержки малого предпринимательства сферы услуг; государственными органами власти для разработки стратегии развития малого предпринимательства, программ развития сферы услуг, форм, методов и инструментов инфраструктурной поддержки малого предпринимательства. ; Objective: to assess the socio-economic significance of small business in the services sector of national economy and to develop effective tools of its infrastructural support, basing on the characteristics of the services sector.Methods: systematic approach was applied to identify the characteristics of small businesses in the services sector; methods of comparative and statistical analysis were used to assess the contribution of small business in service sector to the economic development of the country; methods of analysis and synthesis revealed problems of development of small business in service sector; program and target method was used to develop infrastructural tools to support small businesses.Results: social and economic characteristics of small business in services were determined; the contribution of small business in service sector into the economic progress of the country was assessed; the problems and peculiarities of development of small entrepreneurship in services were identified and examined. Basing on the analysis of problems of small business growth and its role in the progressive development of the economy, the necessity of state support is proved, and the effective tools of infrastructure support for small businesses are determined, basing on the characteristics of the service sector.Scientific novelty: the characteristics of small business in services are identified and grouped by economic and social principle; the growing contribution of the small business in service sector to the Russian economy is proved, and its backlog from the developed economies is confirmed; problems hindering the development of small business are identified. Basing on the problems, effective tools for small business support are developed and offered.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used in scientific activity to study the development and infrastructural support of small business in services sectors; they can be used by public authorities to develop a strategy of small business development and programs of services development, as well as forms, methods and tools of infrastructural support of small business.

В каждую историческую эпоху практически все отрасли социального знания подвергаются невидимым испытаниям, по результатам которых вновь и вновь решается вопрос а действительно ли они являются науками? В разное время «допросам с пристрастием» подвергались Философия, Социология, Социальная психология, Институционализм, которые должны были в качестве «проходных удостоверений» предъявлять доказательства реальности и специфики предмета и метода своих наук. Но особое подозрение всегда вызывали две научные дисциплины История и Экономика. По отношению к Истории такая подозрительность вполне объяснима: каждая историческая эпоха приносит с собой и новый взгляд общества на своё настоящее, на своё прошлое и на своё будущее. Более того, каждой новой исторической эпохе хочется выглядеть как можно эффектнее, а этого легче всего добиться, если предшествующую эпоху изображать мрачной и смрадной, тогда как текущую живописать как излучающую свет, несущую добродетели и благолепие социального устройства. Так что «научное удостоверение», выписываемое Истории бюрократией новой исторической эпохи, не только унизительно из-за своей очевидной конъюнктурности, но и, скорее, является «удостоверением антинаучности». Свою долю унижения получает и Экономика, от которой новая историческая эпоха желает иметь (и немедленно!) нечто осязательно-полезное, а не бесконечные, да ещё и опасные, рассуждения о роли государства в экономике, о роли предпринимательства, о диспропорции в распределении «природной ренты», и проч. Уверения же экономистов, что они не производственники и не технологи, а, скорее, «экономо-социологи», успеха не имеют, ибо новой власти не до философствующих бормотаний экономистов, им нужны практические рекомендации. Поднатужившись, экономисты выдают «практические рекомендации», после знакомства с которыми число студентов на экономических специальностях обычно резко сокращают. Но на этот раз отечественную экономику ждало «двойное испытание»: от неё требовали не только «практических рекомендаций», но и перехода в новое состояние превращения в «экспериментальную экономику». Проблемам становления «экспериментальной экономики» и посвящена данная работа. Основные пункты статьи неотъемлемый элемент научной характеристики экономических категорий, исходный пункт экономической науки, экспериментальное доказательство повторяемости, в лаборатории экспериментальной экономики, концептуальный контекст экспериментальной экономики. ; In each historical period, almost every field of social knowledge had been implicitly tested. The question has arisen again and again, whether philosophy, sociology, social psychology and institutionalism are indeed sciences. History and economics appear to be the most "suspicious" disciplines. In case of history, such a suspiciousness is easily explained due to peoples' changing vision of its own present, past and future, which is new for each new generation. Economic science receives its own portion of humiliation: the new age requires economics to give (and immediately!) "somewhat useful" which would result in a tangible benefits for society instead of endless "dangerous" discussions on the role of the state in the economy, the role of entrepreneurship, on disparities in the distribution of natural resource rents, and so on. In turn, economists continue to assure that their profession is not the same as the profession of technologist or production engineer, but rather closer to sociologist. However these assurances have not yet been successful, since, the government clearly declares its position, emphasizing the importance of practical recommendations instead of economists' philosophizing. Making its best endeavour to provide these "practical recommendations", economists face the problem of decreasing graduation completion rates in economics departments. But this time, the Russian economic science is heavily challenged by the "double test": not only to provide "practical recommendations", but to transform into a new state of "experimental economics". This article deals with the issues discussion around "experimental" character of economic knowledge. The author deals with the issues of an essential element of the scientific characteristics of the economic categories, the starting point of economic science, reproducibility of experimental economic knowledge, the conceptual context of experimental economics.

В статье автор уделяет внимание прежде всего общим правилам антимонопольного регулирования в ЕС, а именно: о доминирующем положении, антиконкуретных соглашениях, государственной помощи. При этом отмечаются особенности данного регулирования, а также практика его реализации. Во второй части статьи автор проводит анализ специальных норм антимонопольного регулирования мерах о разделении предприятий, об обеспечении регулируемого доступа к сети и пр. Отмечается, что в настоящее время антимонопольное право ЕС стало основным инструментом для развития газовой промышленности. Применение его общих правил уже не вызывает критики, так как стало привычно, а также приобрело более последовательное правовое регулирование. При этом, безусловно, следует помнить об известном сомнении в необходимости существования антимонопольного права в принципе. Применение специальных норм антимонопольного регулирования вызывает больше сомнений и требует оценки. Возможно, в силу недостатка практики реализации законодательства в Европейском Союзе еще рано делать окончательные выводы об эффективности антимонопольного регулирования. Уже поступают предложения о необходимости принятия новых директив в целях увеличения полномочий регуляторов, гарантирования энергетической безопасности, стимулирования инвестиций. Однако при осуществлении дальнейших реформ следует помнить, что обеспечение конкуренции не должно приводить к возникновению новых барьеров на рынке. Такие меры, как разделение компаний, установление регулируемого доступа к инфраструктуре, сами по себе ограничивают свободу предпринимательства. Таким образом, представляется более актуальным не принятие новых директив на уровне ЕС (по сути, замена одного регулирования другим), а дерегулирование. Сокращение государственного вмешательства позволит сохранить стимулы развития для монополиста, а также устранить барьеры для входа на рынок. Автор приходит к заключению, что если принятие новых актов является неизбежным для законодателя, то при разработке и применении норм антимонопольного права институты ЕС должны, во-первых, соизмерять цели и меры их достижения, а во-вторых, обеспечить баланс между необходимостью развития конкуренции и поддержанием энергетической безопасности, имея в виду дефицит данного ресурса в ЕС. ; In the article, the author focuses primarily on the general rules of EU antimonopoly regulation, inter alia: the dominant position, the anti-competitive agreements and the State assistance. The author also specifies of special features of the regulation, as well as its practical regulation. In the second part of the article, the researcher analyses the specific antitrust norms, applicable to gas industry in the sectors of gas transport, distribution, storage and commerce. The author points that today the antitrust law became the basic instrument of the gas industry development. The application of the common rules became habitual and gets the gradual character. At the same time, the doubts on the necessity of the antitrust law existence still exist. The application of the specific antitrust norms give rise to more doubts. Possibly because of the lack of the practice of the realization of the EU legislation, may be it is too early to make the conclusions about the effectiveness of the antitrust legal regulation. Already, there are propositions of the elaboration of the new directives. However, while implementing future reforms concurrence should not be achieved through the establishment of the new barriers on the market. The measures like unbundling, the regulatory access to the infrastructure themselves present the restrictions of the freedom of the entrepreneurship. Consequently, more actual is not the adoption of the new directives but the deregulation. The diminution of the States interference will allow to retain the incitements for the monopolist and to eliminate the barriers of the entrance on the market. The author comes to the conclusion that if the adoption of the new acts is inevitable for the legislator, the institutions should, first of all, proportion the goals and measures of their achievement and, secondly, secure the balance between the importance of the concurrence developpement and the energy efficiency, keeping in mind the deficit of this resource.

Since the early-to-mid 2000's, South Africa's Western Cape and Kenya's capital city Nairobi have been attracting flows of trade and investments in information technology-enabled services (ITES). The flows are small but significant and growing, with multinational companies like Amazon, Google, IBM, and others locating and developing market niches in these regions. Why have these regions managed to attract IT-enabled services investments, given their regional economic challenges and marginality with respect to the global services economy? I employed a qualitative case study methodology involving 120 semi-structured interviews, secondary data, and participant-observation in both Kenya and South Africa to investigate each context and make broader claims about how regions create regional advantage in global IT-enabled services.Nairobi's initial attempts to create a BPO sector failed because the region could not compete with other global locations on cost, labor, and service delivery. I argue that two categories of individuals emerged to support the development of Nairobi's nascent BPO market: bureaucrats from the developmental state and members of the international community (as well as local capital) focused on promoting social enterprise and pro-poor entrepreneurship. Though both groups of individuals have resulted in trade and investment opportunities and support job creation, members of the developmental state portray Kenya as an emerging economic and technological hub while individuals involved in social enterprise efforts focus on marginality, highlighting images of poverty. The conflict in developmental strategies and imagery has potential implications for investor sentiment about Kenya's value proposition, the quantity of specific trade and investment opportunities, and the potential for IT-enabled services to address the needs of the poor.Historical legacies and institutions have contributed to what makes Cape Town preferred and what makes investors averse to the region. Starting with Cape Town's advantages, its history of European settlement has created a community of English and Afrikaans speakers who have linguistic capabilities, legal institutions, and historic transnational ties useful for doing business in Anglophone (UK, USA, and Australia) and Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg) markets. However, these institutions that created advantage are in part responsible for what limits the growth of the sector. Along with European colonization and immigration came systems of apartheid that perpetuated inequitable access to economic and educational opportunities and resulted in a shortage of highly-skilled labor. These shortages drive the costs of labor upward, making the region less competitive on wages with respect to India and the Philippines.Based on a comparative analysis of Nairobi and Cape Town, I argue that development can lead to IT-enabled services and that IT-enabled services can also lead back to development. The idea of development, by a number of individuals from different regional, organizational, and institutional contexts, is the impetus and the origin for the region's emerging services sector. However, as the region seeks to deepen and expand services, it leads to a coordinated set of actions to boost services that can be considered developmental whereby impediments in the local political economyare removed. I make a contribution to the literature on cluster genesis by arguing that the concept of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur theorized in such literature must be broadened to include other "developmentalist individuals" (i.e., public sector bureaucrats, members of the diaspora, social entrepreneurs, and individuals from international development agencies), esp. where the regional economies are undeveloped for the purposes of supporting and nurturing a technology-based cluster. The less developed a regional economy, the broader the notion of "entrepreneur" one must consider for the purposes of cluster formation.

В связи с кризисными явлениями в мировой экономике проблемы активизации экономического роста региона, развития инвестиционной и инновационной деятельности на региональном уровне приобретают в последнее время еще большую актуальность. Валовой региональный продукт отражает рыночную стоимость всех конечных товаров и услуг, произведенных за год во всех отраслях экономики на территории региона. Темпы его роста характеризуют макроэкономическую динамику региона, демонстрируют развитие промышленного производства, сельского хозяйства, строительства, инвестиций в основной капитал, розничной торговли, связи и платных услуг. Большое значение имеет отраслевая структура валового регионального продукта, анализ которой выявляет добавленную стоимость в разрезе отраслей и институциональных секторов, что позволяет оценить их влияние на объем и динамику ВРП. Целью исследования является анализ состава, структуры и динамики ВРП региона, а также направлений повышения его доли в валовом внутреннем продукте государства. На основе методов группировки и статистических обобщений проанализированы доля регионального продукта в валовом внутреннем продукте РФ, динамика ВРП, а также его отраслевая структура, позволяющая определить добавленную стоимость в разрезе отраслей и институциональных секторов, что позволяет оценить их влияние на макроэкономическую динамику региона. Отмечены некоторые проблемы в сфере региональной инвестиционной деятельности и предложены возможные варианты их решения на законодательном уровне. Обозначены основные направления модернизации республиканской экономики путем реализации приоритетных инвестиционных проектов, направленных на создание рабочих мест в промышленности, сельском хозяйстве, строительстве и в отраслях сферы услуг. Социально-экономическое развитие субъекта Федерации, повышение его доли в валовом продукте РФ связаны с активизацией инвестиционной деятельности в регионе на основе доработки инвестиционной региональной законодательной базы, создания эффективного механизма частно-государственного партнерства, формирования институтов развития и поддержки предпринимательства. ; Due to the crisis in the global economy, the challenges to the economic growth of a region and development of investment and innovation activities at the regional level have recently become more relevant. Gross Regional Product reflects the market value of all final goods and services produced over a year in all sectors of the economy of a region. The rate of its growth characterizes the macroeconomic dynamics of a region, demonstrating the development of industrial production, agriculture, construction, capital investments, retail, communications and fee-based services. However, the sectoral structure of the Gross Regional Product is very important; its analysis reveals the added value broken down by industries and institutional sectors and enables to estimate their impact on the volume and dynamics of the GRP. The aim of this work is to analyze the composition, structure and dynamics of Gross Regional Product of a region, as well as the ways to increase its share in the Gross Domestic Product of the State. On the basis of the grouping method and statistical generalization, the author analyzed the share of regional product in the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation, the dynamics and sectoral structure of GDP, which enables to identify the added value by industries and institutional sectors and to assess their impact on the macroeconomic dynamics of the region. The article reveals some problems in the sphere of regional investment activity and offers possible solutions at the legislative level. The author emphasizes the main areas of the national economy modernization through the implementation of priority investment projects focused on jobs creation in industry, agriculture, construction and service industries. Socio-economic development of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and an increase of its share in the Gross Domestic Product of the Russian Federation are connected with stepping up investment activity in a region based on regional legal framework enhancement for investment and innovation, creation of an effective mechanism of public-private partnership and institutions for entrepreneurship support and development.

Purpose
– This paper aims to look at Botswana women entrepreneurs involved in informal cross-border trade (ICBT). It addresses the following questions: What is the nature of the entrepreneurship activities that the women engage in, the funding sources and profitability of the businesses? How has the business helped to enhance women's economic empowerment? What are the factors that influence participation of women in these businesses and their challenges?


Design/methodology/approach
– The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods in studying the challenges faced by Botswana women entrepreneurs in ICBT. A sample of 319 women were identified for study using a combination of the systematic sampling method and snowball techniques. Questionnaires were administered on the sampled women by trained research assistants. In addition, key informant interviews and focus group discussion were conducted on selected women entrepreneurs and key personnel from the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Customs and Immigration Offices at the border posts.


Findings
– The study revealed that the majority of the women (67 per cent) were under 35 years of age, 69 per cent had very little education (senior secondary certificate and below), 41 per cent were unemployed and 44 per cent were single (never married). The women traded mainly in agricultural products and industrial goods. Raising income for the families (49 per cent) ranked highest as the push factor for the women entrepreneurs. The average monthly profit made by the women was P5916.77 ± 409.86 (US$657.42 ± 45.54). The major constraints faced by the women traders were delays at the borders, long hours of travel, time away from their homes and stiff completion with other traders. ICBT was shown to be highly profitable for the women entrepreneurs, with gross profit margin on imported goods at 59.5 per cent.


Research limitations/implications
– The study limitations included fear that the research assistants are agents of the income tax department disguised as researchers and that the collected information may be passed on to government authorities for the purpose of taxation. It was not possible to evaluate the impact of these feelings by the respondents on the responses. However, "anonymity" was the best strategy for getting information. They were assured in the consent form and orally that information provided was not going to be divulged to any other sources and that the questionnaire does not contain anybody's personal information which could be used to track the person. Notwithstanding these limitations, the study design was appropriate for the purpose of the research. The instrument was adequate as can be seen from the high values of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.90) and knowledgeable research assistants who collected the data under the supervision of the authors.


Practical implications
– The women entrepreneurs were able to generate substantial incomes and profits that enabled them to improve the livelihood of the families and empowered them to themselves take major decisions in their families. The educational status of the women needs to be improved, as this will be necessary to improve their entrepreneurial skills.


Social implications
– Reduction in internal taxes on imported goods by the women can enhance the profitability of the businesses.


Originality/value
– The study is highly original, especially as no such study has been undertaken in Botswana before. The methodology used is very adequate and specially articulated to achieve the objective of the study. The research assistants were well-trained for this assignment.

Ukrainesince its independence founds itself in a state of socio-economic transformation. Formation of market relations in the economy changed the legal status of enterprises, institutions and organizations significantly. Undertaken economic reforms require from all businesses, regardless of ownership, ability to survive in the harsh conditions of competition and the criminalization of society, to adapt to dynamic changes in the economy, politics and society. All these contribute to the emergence of many unforeseen dangers, real and potential threats for the quite young entrepreneurship ofUkraine. The aim of the article is to study the impact of the shadow economy to official entities ofUkraine. In the article the genesis of the shadow economy is studied and the statement that the informal sector is more flexible to changes in the environment is proved.In the process of research making general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and selective observation were used. The progressive advance of the shadow economy may cause serious problems to legal entities and overall economy of Ukraine. After relying on formal indicators such as the unemployment rate, the number of economically active population, income, consumption, analysts cannot always be sure that the data from official sources concern analytical information is reliable, and sometimes perhaps even false. It is believed that the downturn in the formal economy is accompanied by a rise in the shadow. But because the informal sector is developing due to its advantages (more favorable investment climate), the total growth in the informal economy is more than legitimate ; Украина находится в состоянии социо-экономической трансформации. Сегодня, к сожалению, ни одна отрасль экономики не лишена влияния теневой экономики. Ее размеры во многом определяются тем, какой в стране экономический порядок: при сильной власти, лучшей законодательной базе и организованному управлении теневой сектор экономики незначителен и, на оборот. Тенизация экономики в контексте экономической безопасности страны – крайне актуальная проблема для государства. В статье рассмотрен генезис теневой экономики. Исследовано, что теневой сектор развивается благодаря своим преимуществам. Поэтому суммарный рост в теневой экономике является большим, чем в легальной. Кроме того, очерчены причины, создавшие условия для распространения теневой экономики на территории нашего государства. Существование теневого сектора экономики в Украине в значительной степени обусловлено недостатками экономической политики государства, в частности неудовлетворительным состоянием хозяйственного законодательства. Из-за существующих противоречий с гражданським законодательством хозяйственные законодательные нормы имеют определенные несогласованности, что дает повод для уклонения от их исполнения, то есть для существования в стране неформальной и скрытой экономики. Кроме того, причиной тенизации экономики является существующая налоговая система в Украине, которая носит исключительно фискальный характер – максимальное привлечение поступлений в бюджет посредством установления высоких налогов ; Україна знаходиться у стані соціо-економічної трансформації. Сьогодні, на жаль, жодна галузь економіки не позбавлена впливу тіньової економіки. Її розміри багато в чому визначаються тим, який в країні економічний порядок: при сильній владі, кращій законодавчій базі та організованому управлінні тіньовий сектор економіки незначний і, навпаки. Тінізація економіки в контексті економічної небезпеки держави є вкрай актуальною проблемою. В статті розглянуто ґенезу тіньової економіки. Досліджено, що тіньовий сектор розвивається завдяки своїм перевагам, тому сумарне зростання у тіньовій економіці є більшим, ніж у легальній. Окрім того, окреслені причини, що створили умови для розповсюдження тіньової економіки на території нашої держави. Існування тіньового сектору економіки в Україні значною мірою зумовлене недоліками економічної політики держави, зокрема незадовільним станом господарського законодавства. Через наявність суперечностей із цивільним законодавством господарські законодавчі норми мають певні неузгодженості, що дає підстави для ухилення від їх виконання, тобто для існування в країні неформальної та прихованої економіки. Окрім цього, причиною тінізацїї економіки є існуюча податкова система в Україні, що має виключно фіскальний характер – максимальне залучення надходжень до бюджету через встановлення високих податків

Исследования на тему социальной политики как части политической модели управления стала развиваться в 1960-е 1970-е гг., что можно объяснить углублением европейской экономической интеграции и процесса глобализации и последовавшими за этим изменениями в моделях «государства всеобщего благосостояния» ведущих европейских стран. Анализ социального измерения Европейских сообществ и ее влияния на национальную социальную политику получил новый виток развития в 1980-х 1990-х гг. с подписанием Маастрихстского договора и углублением европейской валютной интеграции. Современная исследовательская литература ставит вопрос о создании «социальной модели ЕС» как способа урегулирования экономических и политических проблем европейских стран в условиях финансового кризиса. ; The article presents a general overview of analytical literature on European welfare state and EU social policies. The overview covers the following periods: 1960-1980s, 1990s, and nowadays. It reflects respectively the evolution of academic thinking on European social policies as part of political governance. The deepening of the European integration and the process of internationalization of national economic markets in 1960s produced changes in EEU member states' social programs. The classic concept of «welfare state» underwent revision, and political science researchers introduced the empirical comparative method of social policy analysis. The main challenge was to determine the phenomenon of «social policy» and its elements. A definition of social policy as a principle that governs action directed towards given ends considering non-economic factors in human relations, through semantic, anthropological and philosophical approaches, was given by R. Titmuss. He explains why social factors count in decision-making process and why the state takes an active part in social regulation in many democratic countries like France. A «classical» definition of social policy as a cornerstone of universal workers' rights was proposed by Th. Marshall, referring «to the policy of government with regard to action having a direct impact on the welfare of the citizens, by providing them with services or income». A detailed presentation of social policy phenomenon that combines principles of political economy and political sociology was given by H. Wilensky. He introduced a concept of «policy profiles» including such elements as collective bargaining, budgetary spending, economic performances, government legitimacy, labor guaranties, and level of healthcare. The «policy profiles» category allows to compare differences and similarities of national social policies and to obtain a comprehensive analysis of social programs. A theory of «social regulation» widespread in France was proposed by J.-D. Reynaud. He makes comparison between countries in various social fields according to their respective lifecycle. In 1980-1990s the research moves towards an analysis of national social policies in macroeconomic perspective, as the economic and monetary integration of the EEC deepens with the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. Since then, works on social policy pay even more attention to the correlation of economic and social policies between the EU and its member states. The object of study is rather «vague» in the early literature, but nowadays there are attempts to define the EU «social dimension» according to two main political views, realist and neo-functionalist. Debates pursue as to whether the European social policy is an independent political field or an «adjustable variable» of the economic and monetary integration. The comparative approach in social modeling remains, as attest the attempts to classify European countries' social models by sociologist G. Esping-Andersen. But any classification is a subject to revision, due to the financial crisis in the Euro zone. Most of the research papers bring attention to new European social issues: collective bargaining, social dialogue, mobility of workers, integration of entrepreneurship into the single market, job guarantees, and corporate governance. A broad range of European and Russian think-tanks and research centers provide with a comprehensive analysis of challenges and solutions of the «Social Europe».