Suchergebnisse

Este artículo examina las dinámicas en torno a los mecanismos de participación ciudadana que se han activado en fronteras extractivas de Colombia desde 2004 con el fin de proteger las fuentes de agua, los territorios y los medios de vida campesinos. Los casos demuestran que ha habido dos olas de democratización ambiental en Colombia, que existe una sinergia entre los instrumentos de deliberación y de participación, tensiones entre la democracia participativa y la representativa, y que los discursos sobre el agua constituyen un hilo conductor que unifica la movilización para la democratización ambiental en el contexto de los conflictos socio ambientales. La emergencia de, y las barreras a, la democratización ambiental se analizan como dos tendencias opuestas constituidas por diferentes capas de lógicas y estrategias. Vistas en el contexto nacional, las movilizaciones sociales en las fronteras extractivas están reinterpretando la democracia, fortaleciendo las luchas por la justicia ambiental y poniendo de manifiesto las contradicciones del capitalismo. La respuesta de la sociedad en general a estas iniciativas tiene implicaciones importantes para el futuro de modelos económicos menos destructivos y para la democracia misma. ; This article examines the dynamics around citizen participation mechanisms activated in the extractive frontiers of Colombia since 2004 to protect water sources, territories, and peasant livelihoods. The cases show that there have been two waves of environmental democratisation in Colombia; that there is synergy between the instruments of deliberation and participation, as well as tension between participatory and representative democracy; and that water discourses are a common thread that unifies mobilisation for environmental democratisation in the context of socio-environmental conflicts. The emergence of and barriers to environmental democratisation are analysed as two opposing trends constituted by different logics and strategies. Viewed in the national context, the social mobilisations emerging in extractive frontiers are reinterpreting democracy, strengthening claims for environmental justice, and making evident the contradictions of capitalism. The response of the broader society has important implications for the future of less destructive economic models and for democracy itself.

Con la Ley de Aguas del 2001, la competencia sobre depuración de aguas residuales, que venían desempeñando los municipios a través del cobro de tasas, se ha encomendado a las Comunidades Autónomas, quienes deben implantar para su gestión un Canon de Saneamiento. Para determinar si este Canon racionaliza el consumo de agua, en este trabajo se estima la demanda industrial de agua en Aragón, utilizando para ello un modelo logarítmico con datos de panel en el que la variable explicativa clave ha sido el Canon del Saneamiento, además de la tasa por el suministro de agua pagada por las industrias en los diferentes municipios aragoneses, y otras variables que captan las características particulares de las empresas de la muestra y que están relacionadas con el consumo de agua. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la reducción del consumo industrial de agua parece debida a la tributación ambiental, más que a un incremento en el coste del agua para las empresas. ; The Spanish Water Act, 2001 shifted responsibility for wastewater treatment from municipal to regional government, and as a consequence the Autonomous Communities have begun to levy a Sanitation Charge, apparently with environmental objectives. Industrial demand for water in Aragon is estimated in this paper using a double logarithmic model with panel data to establish whether regional Sanitation Charges rationalise water onsumption. The key explanatory variable is the Sanitation Charge, in addition to the water supply charges payable in the towns and cities of Aragon and other variables which capture the characteristics of the firms in the sample. The reduction in water demand achieved appears to be due to the environmental charge rather than to any actual increase in firms' water costs.

Ecuador, país rico en recursos hídricos, donde la interacción del hombre con la biosfera suscita problemas relacionados con la contaminación del agua, el suelo y el aire, elementos que inciden en el hambre y la pérdida de la flora y fauna autóctona. Son interrogantes para la ecología y la bioética dentro de la Pachamama. En América Latina, el reconocimiento del agua como derecho humano fundamental y como sujeto de derechos a la naturaleza dentro del marco constitucional del pluralismo jurídico constituye un paso para precautelar la seguridad hídrica que garantice el efectivo goce y ejercicio de los derechos. Por la permanencia de los ciclos naturales del agua como un bien desde los pueblos originarios dentro del sumak kwasay es necesario su protección adecuada. El agua tiene múltiples dimensiones en relación a cantidad, calidad y distribución. Su no adecuada calidad, afectada por actividades y procesos contaminantes ante la ausencia del impuesto por vertido en la política estatal es un fenómeno social, económico y ambiental. Constituye uno de los obstáculos para el "buen vivir", implica fomentar la formación jurídica ambiental desde la bioética. Se han utilizado los métodos de la investigación como el histórico-lógico, el de análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción, y comparación jurídica. ; Ecuador, rich country in hydric resources, where the man's interaction with the biosphere provokes problems related with the contamination of water, the ground, and the air, elements that they have an effect on hunger and the loss of the flora and autochthonous fauna. They are interrogating for ecology and the bioetic within the Pachasucks. The hydric certainty constitutes a step for pre-preventive in Latin America, the recognition of the water like human fundamental right and like subject of rights to the nature within the juridical pluralism's constitutional frame that you guarantee the cash, enjoy and exercise of rights. Kwasay is necessary for the permanence of the natural cycles of the water like a good from the originating towns within the sumak his adequate protection. The water has multiple dimensions in relation to quantity, quality and distribution. His not made suitable quality, affected for activities and contaminating processes in front of the absence of the tax for poured the stater is a social, cost-reducing and environmental phenomenon in the politic. It constitutes one of the obstacles for the good living, it implies to foment the juridical environmental formation from the bioética. They have utilized the methods of the investigation like the historic logician, the one belonging to analysis synthesis, induction deduction, and juridical comparison.

El presente artículo, derivado de investigación, presenta un primer avance de algunas preguntas que han surgido respecto del abastecimiento sostenible y real de agua para Medellín, su calidad y los negocios que circulan en torno a este preciado recurso, presenta este texto, algunos hallazgos que nos posibilitan generar algunas líneas de análisis, con el fin de aportar en el necesario debate público, al respecto.

En las márgenes de la Ciénega de Tláhuac se encuentran actualmente asentamientos humanos y se desarrollan actividades agropecuarias
que impactan el medio acuático por las descargas de aguas residuales. Debido a ello, este trabajo evalúa la calidad del agua y la compara con
información publicada hace 20 años. Los resultados muestran alta conductividad derivada de escurrimientos agropecuarios periféricos que
emplean fertilizantes, elevada dureza, altos contenidos de sulfatos, pH alcalino, concentración de oxígeno disuelto desde sobresaturación
hasta hipoxia o anoxia, una hipereutrofización con elevados niveles de nitrógeno y fósforo totales, además de contaminación bacteriana
por coliformes fecales. Los resultados encontrados son más altos comparados con los de 20 años atrás y señalan una mala calidad del
agua, en particular hipereutrofizada.

The objective of the present investigation was to establish, legally and theoretically, that environmental contamination and the lack of municipal ordinances is a cause of violation of the rights of nature. It was developed in the Cantón Montalvo, located in the Province of Los Ríos, where there is high water pollution that violates the rights of the environment and the population. From the quantitative paradigm and the perspective of the analytic-synthetic method, which I allow to work from an object of study (environmental regulations), the analytical decomposition of its parts and then be interpreted. We proceeded methodologically from a descriptive documentary type with bibliographic design. It was concluded that the Autonomous Decentralized Municipal Government of the Canton Montalvo does not have ordinances that help reduce, protect and sanction the pollutants of rivers, streams and streams and worse still with works that guarantee an adequate environment for the inhabitants of the Canton. ; El objetivo de la presente investigación fue fundamentar jurídica y teóricamente, que la contaminación ambiental y la falta de ordenanzas municipales es una causa de vulneración a los derechos de la naturaleza. El mismo se desarrolló en el Cantón Montalvo, con ubicación en la Provincia de los Ríos, donde existe alta contaminación hídrica que vulnera los derechos del medio ambiente y de la población. Desde el paradigma cuantitativa y la perspectiva del método analítico-sintético, lo que permito trabajar a partir de un objeto de estudio (normativa ambiental), la descomposición analítica de sus partes para luego ser interpretadas. Se procedió metodológicamente desde un tipo descriptivo documental con diseño bibliográfico. Se concluyó que el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del Cantón Montalvo no cuenta con ordenanzas que ayuden a disminuir, proteger y sancionar a los contaminantes de ríos, esteros y quebradas y peor aún con trabajos que garanticen un medio ambiente adecuado para los pobladores del Cantón.

Producción Científica ; This paper analyzes the dynamic interaction between two regions with interconnected river basins. Precipitation is higher in one river-basin while water productivity is higher in the other. Water transfer increases productivity in the recipient basin, but may cause environmental damage in the donor basin. The recipient faces a trade-off between paying the price of the water transfer, or investing in alternative water supplies to achieve a higher usable water capacity. We analyze the design of this transfer using a dynamic modeling approach, which relies on non-cooperative game theory, and compare solutions with different information structure (Nash open-loop, Nash feedback, Stackelberg) with the social optimum. We first assume that the equilibrium between supply and demand determines the optimal transfer price and amount. We show that, contrary to the static case, in a realistic dynamic setting in which the recipient uses a feedback information structure the social optimum will not emerge as the equilibrium solution. We then study different leadership situations in the water market and observe that the transfer amount decreases towards a long-run value lower than the transfer under perfect competition, which in turn lays below the social optimum. In consequence, the water in the donor's river-basin river converges to a better quality in the presence of market power. Finally, we numerically compare our results to the Tagus-Segura water transfer described in Ballestero (2004). Welfare gains are compared for the different scenarios. We show that in all dynamic settings, the long-run transfer amount is lower than in Ballestero's static model. Further, we show that the long-run price settles at a lower level than in Ballestero's model, but is still higher than the average cost-based price determined by the Spanish government.

The transition to low-carbon urban water utilities is an innovative idea, only embraced by a few forward thinking utilities currently. This roadmap is directed at urban water utility managers in charge of planning future actions, as well as at the stakeholders who will support the utility action plans. Because only a few "early adopters" utilities have embarked on the Low-Carbon transition, this roadmap intends to support other utilities understand and champion the need for contribution to a carbon neutral future and well as to guide them through a process of change. This roadmap is potentially applicable to all utilities worldwide, but was specifically written for utilities in emerging economies where service performance and data management challenges are often prominent in driving future planning.

The major environmental concerns of agriculture in Mexico are related to water resources and deforestation, in addition to the increasingly important issues of pesticide use, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. This situation worsens in arid or semiarid regions, such as the state of Zacatecas, where the main source of water is 34 aquifers, 15 of which are overexploited. One option for reducing environmental deterioration is to encourage production units to adopt environmental management systems (EMS). These systems, however, are not well known to growers at the local or national level. The establishment of an EMS in the agricultural sector is relatively new, although it is widely used in other industrial sectors. This study determined the views, drivers and barriers to adopting an EMS in the vegetable sector of the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. A questionnaire was given to 202 technicians or owners of vegetable production units. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Improving access to markets was the most important driver for EMS adoption, while the lack of government support was the main barrier. The study demonstrated that views of sustainability are closely related to attitudes toward environmental management actions and environmental sustainability. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas UAZ

Scholars from different political approaches argue that governance may harmonize antagonistic interests. However, governance's concept is still imprecise, and it has been used in a contradictory way. This paper's aim is to discuss governance limitations to overcome obstacles regarding land monopolization and water 'commoditization'. Through California experience, this paper shows how historic legacies have reinforced changes in commodity market, narrowing the margin of maneuver of vulnerable households. Inclusive governance may be the best shot to reduce inequalities regarding water access, but it is not a magical solution. There is a long way to follow and political fights still must happen.

The major environmental concerns of agriculture in Mexico are related to water resources and deforestation, in addition to the increasingly important issues of pesticide use, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. This situation worsens in arid or semiarid regions, such as the state of Zacatecas, where the main source of water is 34 aquifers, 15 of which are overexploited. One option for reducing environmental deterioration is to encourage production units to adopt environmental management systems (EMS). These systems, however, are not well known to growers at the local or national level. The establishment of an EMS in the agricultural sector is relatively new, although it is widely used in other industrial sectors. This study determined the views, drivers and barriers to adopting an EMS in the vegetable sector of the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. A questionnaire was given to 202 technicians or owners of vegetable production units. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Improving access to markets was the most important driver for EMS adoption, while the lack of government support was the main barrier. The study demonstrated that views of sustainability are closely related to attitudes toward environmental management actions and environmental sustainability.

The San Juan Estuary Bay is place of many contrasts. On one hand, is one of the most valuable ecosystems within Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Area. On the other, the urbanization of nature through the Island modernization process has resulted in historic water quality problems. Recently, the SJEBP identified 12 critical areas where there are serious water contamination problems due to sewage discharges. The challenge now consists in generating the public participation and environmental policy action framework to foster its restauration on the long run. In this article we reflect upon the possibilities of community-based water quality monitoring as an approach to cultivate a political consciousness and environmental activism about water relations in the city. Through the lenses of Political Ecology, Participatory Action Research and Popular Education we reflect upon some preliminary findings about a current research effort aimed at documenting the water conflicts and generate the social mobilization needed to contribute to SJEB restauration.

Review-Essay of: YOUNG, Oran (ed.) Global Governance. Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997. CONCA, Ken, Governing Water. Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006. ; Review-Essay de: YOUNG, Oran (ed.) Global Governance. Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997. CONCA, Ken, Governing Water. Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006.

Programa de Doctorado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas ; Línea de Investigación: Métodos Cuantitativos en Gestión ; Clave Programa: DAE ; Código Línea: 5 ; The main aims of my thesis can be summarized in two parts. On one hand, it is to integrate the Water Framework Directive (WFD) economic analysis with the environmental accounting developed by Sytem of Environmental Economic Analysis Central Framework (SEEA-CF), and specifically in SEEA-Water (UNSD 2012). SEEA-Water has been developed by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat with the support of other institutions (EUROSTATamong them). It provides a conceptual framework for organizing hydrological and economic information in a coherent and consistent manner. The system has its origin in economics, but also includes physical information. The hybrid nature of the accounts gives the analyst the opportunity to study both dimensions.This will allow the harmonization of EU member states water economic analysis create an standard tool that, if adopted widely, would allow international comparison of the state of water resources and specifically for European policy, it would facilitate Member States' WFD reporting to the European Commission. On the other hand, the objective is to analyse and compare the sustainability of the integral water cycle in the Spanish River basins and to determine the dimensions that may be enhanced to improve Basin¿s sustainability in order to fulfil the objectives and requirements set by the WFD on basin management. Even though the concept of sustainability has been traditionally associated with the triple bottom line (TBL) framework, composed by economic, environmental and social dimensions, the analysis enlarges sustainability by including governance and participation issues. A multicriteria decision analysis approach is proposed to aggregate all sustainability dimensions. Data for each BWA has been obtained from the hydrological plans for the second planning cycle (2015-2021). Experienced stakeholders participated in the evaluation process. Results show a classification of the Spanish basins according to their sustainability and the performance of each basin in every particular dimension. It also illustrates the importance of each indicator in contributing to sustainability, being a starting point to improve water management in Spanish basins for future planning cycles. ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Departamento de Economía, Métodos Cuantitativos e Historia Económica ; Postprint

One of the most important elements in most ecosystems is biota (Álvarez, Benítez, Velásquez and Cogollo, 2013), which ranges from microorganisms (such as bacteria) to large organisms with an impact on the earth. (like humans) New definitions of "ecosystem" concepts include man, due to the important role he has played in recent decades (O'Neill, 2001). These impacts range from alterations to natural ecosystems, through the creation of artificial ecosystems, to the elimination of natural ecosystems (WHO, 2010). One of the natural resources that has been most affected is the marine water resources (Rangel-Buitrago and Posada-Posada, 2013) and continental (Rúa-García, 2015). These resources are of great importance for the maintenance of all ecosystems on planet earth, since they are directly or indirectly linked to the hydrological cycle (Wetzel, 2001). ; Uno de los elementos más importantes en la mayoría de los ecosistemas es la biota (Álvarez, Benítez, Velásquez y Cogollo, 2013), la cual abarca desde los microorganismos (como las bacterias), hasta los organismos de gran tamaño e impacto en la tierra (como los humanos). Las nuevas definiciones de los conceptos de "ecosistemas" incluyen al hombre, debido al importante papel que ha jugado en las últimas décadas (O´Neill, 2001). Estos impactos incluyen desde alteraciones a los ecosistemas naturales, pasando por la creación de ecosistemas artificiales, hasta la eliminación de ecosistemas naturales (OMS, 2010). Uno de los recursos naturales que más se ha visto afectado, son los recursos hídricos marinos (Rangel-Buitrago y Posada-Posada, 2013) y continentales (Rúa-García, 2015). Estos recursos, poseen una gran importancia para el mantenimiento de todos los ecosistemas en el planeta tierra, ya que están vinculados al ciclo hidrológico de manera directa o indirecta (Wetzel, 2001).