Suchergebnisse

Review-Essay of: YOUNG, Oran (ed.) Global Governance. Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997. CONCA, Ken, Governing Water. Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006. ; Review-Essay de: YOUNG, Oran (ed.) Global Governance. Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997. CONCA, Ken, Governing Water. Contentious Transnational Politics and Global Institution Building, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2006.

The neoliberal globalization design, alien to the most elementary ethical principles, far from slowing down the environmental degradation, reduce the wealth inequalities and guarantee fundamental right to the most poor, as the access to drinkable water, has open the water management to the market, as a business space, fostering then the water resources depredation and making weak people more vulnerable. In sum, we face a global water crisis that will get worse, mostly for vulnerable populations and particularly for the poorest communities, if the right politics of adaption are not adopted against droughts and rainfall that are going to be more intense and frequent. We need a new ethic scope, based on sustainability, equity and non violent principles. We face the need to promote a New Water Culture that recovers, from modernity, the old wisdom of ancient cultures based on prudence and respect for the nature. ; El vigente modelo neoliberal de globalización, ajeno a los más elementales principios éticos, lejos de frenar la degradación ecológica, reducir los gradientes de riqueza y garantizar a los más pobres derechos fundamentales, como el acceso al agua potable, ha abierto al mercado la gestión de aguas como espacio de negocio, acelerando la depredación de los recursos hídricos y aumentando la vulnerabilidad de los más débiles. En síntesis, afrontamos una crisis global del agua que sin duda se agravará por efecto del cambio climático en curso si no se adoptan adecuadas políticas de adaptación que amortigüen la vulnerabilidad de la población, particularmente de las comunidades más pobres, ante los riesgos de sequía y de fuertes precipitaciones, que aumentarán en intensidad y frecuencia. Se requiere un nuevo enfoque ético, basado en principios de sostenibilidad, equidad y no-violencia. Nos encontramos ante la necesidad de promover una "Nueva Cultura del Agua" que recupere, desde la modernidad, la vieja sabiduría de culturas ancestrales que se basaba en la prudencia y en el respeto a la naturaleza.

Although numerous modelling efforts have integrated food and water considerations at the farm or river basin level, very few agro-economic models are able to jointly assess water and food policies at the global level. The present report explores the feasibility of integrating water considerations into the CAPRI model. First, a literature review of modelling approaches integrating food and water issues has been conducted. Three agro-economic models, IMPACT, WATERSIM and GLOBIOM, have been analysed in detail. In addition, biophysical and hydrological models estimating agricultural water use have also been studied, in particular the global hydrological model WATERGAP and the LISFLOOD model. Thanks to the programming approach of its supply module, CAPRI shows a high potentiality to integrate environmental indicators as well as to enter new resource constraints (land potentially irrigated, irrigation water) and input-output relationships. At least in theory, the activity-based approach of the regional programming model in CAPRI allows differentiating between rainfed and irrigated activities. The suggested approach to include water into the CAPRI model involves creating an irrigation module and a water use module. The development of the CAPRI water module will enable to provide scientific assessment on agricultural water use within the EU and to analyze agricultural pressures on water resources. The feasibility of the approach has been tested in a pilot case study including two NUTS 2 regions (Andalucia in Spain and Midi-Pyrenees in France). Preliminary results are presented, highlighting the interrelations between water and agricultural developments in Europe. As a next step, it is foreseen to further develop the CAPRI water module to account for competition between agricultural and non-agricultural water use. This will imply building a water use sub-module to compute water use balances.

This paper presents an approach to the creation of an agent-based system for the assessment of environmental impact upon human health. As indicators of the environmental impact water pollution, indexes of traffic and industrial activity, wastes and solar radiation are assumed. And as human health indicator morbidity is taken. All the data comprise multiple heterogeneous data repositories. The system is logically and functionally divided into three layers, solving the tasks of information fusion, pattern discovery and decision support making, respectively. The outcomes of the system design phase under Prometheus methodology and the complete characteristics of the agents forming the proposal are discussed. The discovered patterns are used as a foundation for real-time decision making, which is of great importance for adequate and effective management by responsible governmental authorities.

With the implementation of neoliberalism in Honduras since the early nineties, class conflict tended to become invisible; taking various forms of struggle in which other actors not previously involved were incorporated for the protection of areas that previously were not recognized as areas of conflict or if they were they were not noticed. This paper pretends to analyze, based on the four major social environmental conflicts that have arisen in the past two decades in Honduras, how social actors involved construct the spaces of interaction that are intended to create social change in forest protection, water, mining and agriculture. To understand more accurately the situation, is pertinent to recall that two of the pillars of neoliberalism lies in the liberalization of trade and investment, and privatization (Friedman, 1992). Therefore, the deterioration of a relatively strong state for decades, contributed to values of change, elements that were universally accessible as water and forests. Adding the factor privatization, the State gives up all these resources to new economic who join the traditional and transnational corporations that own land and mines conforming a political-economic elite. In fact, these contexts of conflict generated spontaneous revolts that took particular organizational forms progressively in each case. That's how initiatives such as MAO, CAVS, and CNRP MUCA emerge. In light of the theory of new social movements, this work aims to provide methodological inputs for the eclectic and more holistic analysis of these new forms of social organization seeking to develop changes, based on local experience and particular problems; under this theoretical approach is intended to identify the limits and scope of these forms of collective action. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i8.703 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 8, junio 2011 pp.93-106 ; Con la implementación en Honduras del neoliberalismo desde la década de los noventa, los conflictos clasistas tendieron a invisibilizarse; tomando diversas formas atomizadas de lucha en las que otros actores sociales antes no involucrados se incorporaron para la defensa de espacios que previamente no eran reconocidos como espacios de conflicto o si lo era pasaban desapercibidos. El presente trabajo pretende analizar, a partir de cuatro de los principales conflictos socioambientales suscitados en las últimas dos décadas en Honduras, cómo los actores sociales involucrados construyen espacios de interacción que pretenden generar cambios sociales en la protección del bosque, el agua, explotación minera y agricultura Para comprender de manera más exacta esta situación, es pertinente recordar que dos de los pilares del neoliberalismo radican en la liberalización del comercio y de las inversiones, así como la privatización (Friedman, 1992). Por ende, el deterioro de un Estado medianamente fuerte, durante las décadas precedidas, tributó en la adjudicación de valores de cambio; elementos que antes eran de acceso universal como el agua y los bosques. Al agregar el factor privatización, el Estado se desprende totalmente de estos recursos y los sede a actores de las nuevas élites económicas que se unen a las tradicionales y transnacionales que poseen tierras y minas conformándose una élite político- económica. De hecho, estos contextos de conflictividad generaron revueltas espontáneas que progresivamente tomaron formas organizativas particulares en cada uno de los casos. Así surgen iniciativas como el MAO, CAVS, MUCA y el CNRP. A la luz de la teoría de los nuevos movimientos sociales, este trabajo pretende aportar insumos metodológicos para el análisis ecléctico y más holístico de estas nuevas formas de organización social que pretenden desarrollar cambios; partiendo de experiencias locales y problemas particulares. Así bajo este mismo enfoque teórico se pretenden identificar los límites y alcances de estas formas de acción colectiva. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i8.703 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 8, junio 2011 pp.93-106

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o histórico de ocupação nas áreasde mananciais na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e a evolução da legislação relacionada a essa problemática do ponto de vista da gestão de recursos hídricos. Foi utilizada metodologia descritiva, com pesquisas a material bibliográfico e documental, buscando apresentar as principais leis relativas à proteção das áreas de mananciais da RMSP e sobre gestão de recursos hídricos e ambiental. Foi possível observar um avanço na concepção da legislação e do formato proposto para o gerenciamento das áreas de mananciais, porém, limitado pela ausência de um mecanismo mais efetivo para gestão metropolitana. A construção da gestão metropolitana na RMSP poderia ampliar a capacidade de integração entre municípios e setores. A integração entre a gestão de recursos hídricos e a gestão territorial mostrou-se fundamental para a proteção dos mananciais. A nova lei de proteção aos mananciais, Lei Estadual nº 9.866/97, se apresenta como descentralizada, participativa, com foco em ações não estruturais e na gestão integrada. Porém, a efetiva implementação da lei depende ainda da harmonização de políticas públicas setoriais, de uma extensa coordenação e cooperação entre municípios e o avanço no grau de comprometimento dos governos. ; This paper presents the history of occupation in the water source areas in São Paulo Metropolitan Region (hereinafter SPMR) and the evolution of the legislation related to this issue, from the point of view of the environmental and water management. A descriptive methodology was used, with searches into bibliographical and documental materials, in order to present the main laws for the protection of the water supply areas of SPMR and environmental and water management. It was possible to observe some progress in the premises of the both legislation and the format proposed for the management of the water source areas. However, such progress is limited due to the lack of a more effective mechanism for metropolitan management. The construction of the metropolitan management in SPMR would enlarge the capacity of integration between municipalities and sectors. The integration between the management of water and the land use management showed to be fundamental for the protection of the water sources. The new law for protection of the water sources, State Law nº 9.866/97, is decentralized and participative, focusing on non-structural actions and integrated management. However, the effective implementation of the law still depends on the harmonization of sectoral public policies, extensive coordination and cooperation among municipalities and the progress in the degree of the commitment of the governments. ; O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o histórico de ocupação nas áreasde mananciais na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e a evolução da legislação relacionada a essa problemática do ponto de vista da gestão de recursos hídricos. Foi utilizada metodologia descritiva, com pesquisas a material bibliográfico e documental, buscando apresentar as principais leis relativas à proteção das áreas de mananciais da RMSP e sobre gestão de recursos hídricos e ambiental. Foi possível observar um avanço na concepção da legislação e do formato proposto para o gerenciamento das áreas de mananciais, porém, limitado pela ausência de um mecanismo mais efetivo para gestão metropolitana. A construção da gestão metropolitana na RMSP poderia ampliar a capacidade de integração entre municípios e setores. A integração entre a gestão de recursos hídricos e a gestão territorial mostrou-se fundamental para a proteção dos mananciais. A nova lei de proteção aos mananciais, Lei Estadual nº 9.866/97, se apresenta como descentralizada, participativa, com foco em ações não estruturais e na gestão integrada. Porém, a efetiva implementação da lei depende ainda da harmonização de políticas públicas setoriais, de uma extensa coordenação e cooperação entre municípios e o avanço no grau de comprometimento dos governos.

La Directiva Marco del Agua obliga a adoptar sistemas tarifarios que recuperen los costes del recurso agua y el establecimiento de políticas nacionales de precios que contribuyan a conseguir un uso sostenible del agua. Las tarifas del agua deben emplearse como herramienta coadyuvante de control del consumo, buscando la eficiencia y un uso sostenible del recurso. En esta investigación, hemos estudiado las características de las tarifas existentes en siete ciudades españolas, analizando el comportamiento del consumo de agua de uso doméstico en el periodo 2003-2010, para comprobar si el actual sistema tarifario español se adecua a la situación del recurso y a los objetivos de la Directiva. La conclusión principal de nuestro trabajo es que el actual sistema ha perdido su eficacia como herramienta de control del consumo, por lo que resulta necesario un replanteamiento de la política de precios y un nuevo sistema tarifario en España. ; The Water Framework Directive requires the adoption of a tariff system that recovers the costs of water resources and the establishment of national water-pricing policies that help to achieve a sustainable water use. Water rates (tariffs) should be used as an auxiliary tool for consumption control, seeking for efficiency and a sustainable resource use. In this research, we studied the characteristics of the existing rates in seven Spanish cities, analyzing the behavior of consumption of domestic water during the period 2003-2010, in order to check whether the current Spanish rates conforms to the state of resources and the objectives of the Directive. The main conclusion of our work is that the current system has lost its effectiveness as a control consumption tool, making it necessary to rethink the pricing policy and a new tariff system in Spain. ; La Directive-Cadre sur l'eau oblige à adopter des systèmes de tarification qui permettent de recouvrer les coûts des ressources en eau et la mise en place de politiques nationales de tarification qui permettent une utilisation durable de l'eau. Le prix de l'eau doit être utilisé comme un outil de contrôle de la consommation domestique et visant à la recherche de l'efficience et de l'utilisation durable des ressources. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons examiné les caractéristiques des tarifs existants dans sept villes espagnoles en analysant le comportement de la consommation d'eau domestique durant la période 2003-2010, afin de vérifier la conformité du tarif espagnol en vigueur à l'état des ressources et los objectifs de la Directive. Ce travail nous permet de conclure que le système actuel a perdu de son efficacité en tant qu'outil de contrôle de la consommation, ce qui nous oblige à réviser la politique de prix et établir un nouveau système tarifaire.

Water policy in Spain, as in all Europe, is being subjected to a deep process of change throughout the last decade. There are several cultural, economic and social factors that explain this political shift, among which the new European Water Framework Directive has to be carefully taken into account. In this article the main characteristics, potentialities and difficul­ties of this water policy framework are revised. After this, the article assesses the implementation of this process in Andalu­cía, specifically through the most recent documents of the Guadalquivir river basin management planning. Special attention is paid to issues concerning governance, policies integration, cost recovery and public participation. ; La política del agua en España, como en toda Europa, está sometida a un proceso de cambio profundo. A los factores polí- ticos, económicos y sociales generales que motivan esta transformación se añade la aplicación de la nueva Directiva marco del agua europea de 2000, que en buena parte es expresión institucional de aquellos. En este artículo se analizan las características, potencialidades y dificultades fundamentales de este nuevo marco de política del agua y se valora el proceso, todavía inicial, de su aplicación en Andalucía, haciendose especial referencia a los aspectos de gobernabilidad, integración de políticas, responsabilidad económica de los usuarios y participación pública en la cuenca del Guadalquivir.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Environmental Adjustment Contract for pig production (EAC) in improving the water quality in Pinhal River sub-basin, located in Concordia, west part of Santa Catarina State. The monitoring of water parameters occurred in eight sites of the river, during three years (2006-2009). To assess whether the EAC was efficient, Brazilian Water Law was used. The average annual concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were: 130.2 mg/L, 137.0 mg/L, and 99.8 mg/L. Turbidity showed the same trend of TDS. Concentrations of nitrate and Total Phosphorus (TP) decreased from 2006 to 2009; nitrate from 1.81 mg/L NO3-N to 1.54 mg NO3-N; TP from 0.29 mg/L to 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The same trends occurred for Fecal Coliforms and E. coli. These results show that obligations proposed by EAC had potentially improved water quality. These results can help the government, farmers, and society to establish environmentally sound and sustainable programs for pig production. ; The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Environmental Adjustment Contract for pig production (EAC) in improving the water quality in Pinhal River sub-basin, located in Concordia, west part of Santa Catarina State. The monitoring of water parameters occurred in eight sites of the river, during three years (2006-2009). To assess whether the EAC was efficient, Brazilian Water Law was used. The average annual concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were: 130.2 mg/L, 137.0 mg/L, and 99.8 mg/L. Turbidity showed the same trend of TDS. Concentrations of nitrate and Total Phosphorus (TP) decreased from 2006 to 2009; nitrate from 1.81 mg/L NO3-N to 1.54 mg NO3-N; TP from 0.29 mg/L to 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The same trends occurred for Fecal Coliforms and E. coli. These results show that obligations proposed by EAC had potentially improved water quality. These results can help the government, farmers, and society to establish environmentally sound and sustainable programs for pig production. ; O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) da suinocultura na melhoria da qualidade da água na sub-bacia do Rio Pinhal, localizada em Concórdia, Oeste de Santa Catarina. O monitoramento dos parâmetros de qualidade da água ocorreu em oito pontos entre os anos de 2006 a 2009. Para avaliar se o TAC foi eficiente, utilizou-se como referência a lei brasileira de classificação das águas. As concentrações anuais médias de Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos (STD) foram: 130,2 mg/L, 137,0 mg/L e 99,8 mg/L. A Turbidez mostrou a mesma tendência das concentrações de STD. As concentrações de nitrato e fósforo total (PT) reduziram de 2006 a 2009; nitrato de 1,81 mg/L NO3-N para 1,54 mg/L NO3-N; PT de 0,29 mg/L para 0,10 mg/L, respectivamente. As mesmas tendências foram verificadas para coliformes fecais e E. coli. Os resultados demonstram que o EAC proporcionou melhorias na qualidade da água. Os resultados poderão ajudar governos, agricultores e sociedade para estabelecer programas sustentáveis para a produção de suínos.

Editorial ; Aguilera, Oscar ; Presentación ; Velázquez, Nelly; Romero, Liccia ; La importancia de los cultivos andinos. ; The importance of andean crops. ; Jacobsen, Sven Erik; Mujica, Ángel; Ortiz, Rene ; Colombia: Ambiente, pobreza, violencia. ; Colombia: Environment, poverty and violence. ; Márquez, Germán ; Ambiente, sociedad e historia en los valles altos andinos de Venezuela (1930-1999). ; Environment, society and history in the high valleys of the Venezuelan andes (1930-1999). ; Velázquez, Nelly ; Hacia una nueva racionalidad socioambiental en los Andes paperos de Mérida ¿De qué depende?. ; Towards a new socio-environmental rationality in the potato-producing areas of the Andes in Mérida. What does it depend on?. ; Romero, Liccia ; Modernidad, medio ambiente y equidad. Una propuesta para su estudio en los valles altos de los Andes Venezolanos. ; Modernity, environment and equity: A proposal for study in the high-mountain valleys of the Venezuelan. ; Peñalver, Luz ; Factibilidad de caza de subsistencia, comercial y deportiva en el Chaco semiárido de la provincia de Salta, Argentina. ; Viability of commercial and sporting subsistence hunting in the semiarid Chaco-Salta province, Argentina. ; Barbarán, Francisco Ramón ; Globalización y agricultura: ¿Nuevos tiempos para América Latina?. ; Globalization and agriculture: Better times for Latin America? ; González, Gustavo ; Legislación de aguas en Bolivia. Encontrando bases comunes. ; Water legislation in Bolivia. In search of a common basis. ; Alurralde Tejada, Juan Carlos; Salón, Pablo; Orellana, Rene ; "Del frailejón a la papa. entre la conservación y la agricultura" Maximina Monasterio. ; Una apuesta permanente por el reencuentro entre ecología y sociedad en el escenario de los páramos andinos. ; Entrevista: Lic. Nellyana Salas ; Reseñas ; 135-149 ; trimestral ; Nivel analítico

El análisis de la dinámica de acción colectiva en torno a la consagración del agua como bien común y público en Colombia, durante el periodo 2006-2009, reconoce inicialmente antecedentes de movilización motivados por el acceso al agua, el servicio de alcantarillado y la reducción de tarifas, con formas de acción como paros, marchas, la defensa de acueductos comunitarios y acciones judiciales. Sin embargo al profundizar desde un enfoque cualitativo y explicativo en la defensa del agua, se encuentra cómo estas causas cambian ante la privatización, marcos legislativos y la comercialización de bienes y servicios de recursos naturales, conllevando a un momento de apuesta política y de democracia participativa y directa, hacia la consagración del agua como derecho humano, a través de un referendo de iniciativa ciudadana impulsado por organizaciones ambientalistas, sindicalistas, indígenas, acueductos comunitarios y vocales de control, posicionando el tema en la agenda pública con avances en algunas partes del país con el acceso a un mínimo vital de agua como mecanismo de efectividad del derecho al agua, el fortalecimiento de acueductos comunitarios y la discusión sobre el momento legislativo del referendo, como una de las principales restricciones de este proceso. / Abstract. The analysis of the dynamics of collective action around the consecration of the water commons and public in Colombia, during 2006-2009, recognized initially antecedent of mobilization motivated by access to water, sewage service and reducing tariffs, with forms of action as strikes, marches, community aqueducts defense and legal actions. Nevertheless a deeper investigation from a qualitative and explanatory approach in the defense of water, find how this causes change with privatization, legislative frame and marketing of commons and services of natural resources, carrying to a time of political commitment and a participatory and direct democracy, to the consecration of the water as a human right, through a citizens initiative referendum promoted by environmental organizations, syndicalist, indigenous, community aqueducts and vocal control, placing the issue on the public agenda with progress in some parts of the country with access to a basic minimum of water as a mechanism for effectiveness of the right to water, strengthening community aqueducts and discussion about the legislation phase of the referendum, as one of the main constraints of this process ; Maestría

Las discusiones en torno al cambio climático y su incidencia en la organización del espacio terrestre se han convertido en uno de los temas principales que representa bastante bien el estado actual de la crisis del medio ambiente. Este problema debe ser ampliamente debatido, sobre todo cuando se lo asocia con la disponibilidad del recurso agua para la vida humana. En este contexto, la idea central del presente ensayo es discutir los variados puntos de vista de los especialistas con respecto a las verdaderas causas del cambio climático y su impacto sobre los recursos hídricos en varios países del mundo. Este es uno de los desafíos más importantes para los gestores públicos de la actualidad y del futuro. ; Dissertations around the climate changes and their incidence on the terrestrial space organization have become one of the main issues which represent the current state of environmental crisis today. This problem needs to be profoundly debated, because it is associated to the use of water resources in the most diverse human activities, In this context, the main idea of this analysis is to discuss the specialist´s views on the real causes of the global climate change and its impact on water resources in several countries of the world. This represents one of the most important challenges for public managers in the environmental field, nowadays and in the future. ; 59-68 ; geo_fisica@yahoo.com.br ; josicleda@hotmail.com ; magna@cpatsa.embrapa.br ; semestral

7 pages, 3 figures, 1 table.-- PMID: 19080927 [PubMed]. ; [ESP] Objetivos: La cloración del agua da lugar a la formación de subproductos potencialmente dañinos para la salud, entre ellos los trihalometanos, que se han hallado elevados en algunas zonas de España. En este estudio se investigan los valores de trihalometanos en el agua de consumo suministrada por varios sistemas de abastecimiento de la provincia de Granada, en el área de actuación de la cohorte madres-hijos de la Red INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente). ; Métodos: Se analizaron 82 muestras de agua de consumo en dos campañas de muestreo en invierno y verano de 2006. Se determinó la concentración de cloroformo, romodiclorometano, dibromoclorometano y bromoformo, siguiendo un procedimiento optimizado basado en cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas. ; Resultados: El rango de concentración de trihalometanos totales se situó entre 0,14 y 18,75 ug/l en la campaña de invierno y entre 0,01 y 31,87 ug/l en la de verano. El compuesto mayoritario fue cloroformo. La concentración media de trihalometanos en agua de origen superficial y subterráneo fue de 10,13 y 1,41 ug/l, respectivamente. ; Conclusiones: Los valores de trihalometanos encontrados son muy inferiores a la concentración máxima admisible (100 ug/l) establecida por la Unión Europea para estos compuestos. Estos valores varían significativamente según el origen del agua, con mayores concentraciones en áreas urbana y semiurbana, donde el agua es mayoritariamente de origen superficial. La presencia de trihalometanos en la zona es menor a la descrita en otras regiones españolas. ; [ENG] Objectives: Drinking water chlorination generates potentially harmful by-products, such as trihalomethanes. Trihalomethane levels are high in some parts of Spain. The aim of the present study was to investigate trihalomethane concentrations in drinking water from distinct water supplies in the province of Granada, within the framework of the Childhood and Environment (INMA) study. ; Methods: Eighty-two tap water samples were collected in two campaigns during the winter and summer of 2006. An optimized procedure based on gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was used to determine concentrations of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform in the samples. ; Results: Total trihalomethane concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 18.75 ug/l in winter samples and from 0.01 to 31.87 ug/l in summer samples. The most abundant compound was chloroform. Mean trihalomethane concentrations were 10.13 in surface waters and 1.41 ug/l in ground waters. ; Conclusions: The trihalomethane levels found were considerably below the maximum permitted level of 100 ug/l in the European Union. The values obtained varied widely according to the type of water source: the highest concentrations were found in urban and sub-urban areas, where the water is largely of surface origin. The presence of trihalomethanes was lower than that reported in other Spanish regions. ; Este trabajo se ha financiado gracias a los proyectos de investigación subvencionados por la Comisión Europea (Environmental Reproductive Health-QLK4-1999-01422), el Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (Red de Infancia y Medio Ambiente, INMA-G03/176) y la Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (SAS-202/04). ; Peer reviewed

Cuestiones referentes a la justicia y la equidad social enmarcadas en el ámbito medioambiental han tenido lugar en el movimiento por la justicia ambiental. Anteriormente, el movimiento medioambientalista se había centrado, casi exclusivamente, en la conservación del medio biogeofísico, así como en la reducción de elementos contaminantes de la atmósfera, la tierra y el agua. El paradigma de la justicia ambiental, sin embargo, ha tratado de incorporar, desde sus orígenes en Estados Unidos hace tres décadas, cuestiones de justicia social en el movimiento medioambiental, con actuaciones de gran éxito nacional. El concepto de "justicia ambiental" es dual, tanto por su faceta como movimiento social, como en calidad de paradigma con enormes implicaciones en la esfera de actuación pública. Este artículo considerará, teóricamente, el estado de la cuestión de la justicia ambiental, con el propósito de evaluar el impacto que este paradigma tiene sobre el movimiento medioambiental y sobre actuaciones políticas. ; Issues of social justice and equity related to the environment have taken place in the environmental justice movement. Previously, the environmental movement had focused, almost exclusively, on issues related to the conservation of the physical environment as well as the reduction of pollutants from the atmosphere, land and water. The environmental justice paradigm, however, has sought, since its origins in the United States three decades ago, to incorporate issues of social justice in the environmental movement, with performances of great national success. The concept of environmental justice is dual, both as a social movement, and as a paradigm with enormous implications in the area of public action. This article will consider, theoretically, the state of the art of environmental justice, with the aim of evaluating the impact this paradigm has on the environmental movement and on political issues. ; Publicado

Issues of social justice and equity related to the environment have taken place in the environmental justice movement. Previously, the environmental movement had focused, almost exclusively, on issues related to the conservation of the physical environment as well as the reduction of pollutants from the atmosphere, land and water. the environmental justice paradigm, however, has sought, since its origins in the united States three decades ago, to incorporate issues of social justice in the environmental movement, with performances of great national success. the concept of environmental justice is dual, both as a social movement, and as a paradigm with enormous implications in the area of public action. this article will consider, theoretically, the state of the art of environmental justice, with the aim of evaluating the impact this paradigm has on the environmental movement and on political issues. ; Cuestiones referentes a la justicia y la equidad social enmarcadas en el ámbito medioambiental han tenido lugar en el movimiento por la justicia ambiental. anteriormente, el movimiento medioambientalista se había centrado, casi exclusivamente, en la conservación del medio biogeofísico, así como en la reducción de elementos contaminantes de la atmósfera, la tierra y el agua. El paradigma de la justicia ambiental, sin embargo, ha tratado de incorporar, desde sus orígenes en Estados unidos hace tres décadas, cuestiones de justicia social en el movimiento medioambiental, con actuaciones de gran éxito nacional. El concepto de "justicia ambiental" es dual, tanto por su faceta como movimiento social, como en calidad de paradigma con enormes implicaciones en la esfera de actuación pública. Este artículo considerará, teóricamente, el estado de la cuestión de la justicia ambiental, con el propósito de evaluar el impacto que este paradigma tiene sobre el movimiento medioambiental y sobre actuaciones políticas.