Suchergebnisse

Costa Rica en 1996 establece la Ley Forestal 7575 con el propósito de impulsar nuevas estrategias que coadyuvarán al desarrollo del sector forestal. Esta Ley envuelve un periodo de tres décadas de políticas forestales e introduce un pago a los propietarios privados de bosques o nuevas plantaciones forestales, con el objetivo de compensar los servicios ambientales que sus propiedades proveen a la sociedad en general. Este estudio desarrolla herramientas de valoración económica para la creación o renegociación de acuerdos voluntarios con organizaciones privadas o gubernamentales. Este documento presenta loso principales resultados del análisis hidrológico y económico llevado a cabo durante el proceso de investigación, en las cuencas de los ríos Savegre, Reventazòn.Parismina, Peñas Blancas y Pejivaye. Finalmente, se introduce una serie de argumentos en torno al cobro del servicio ambiental de protección del recurso hídrico. ; In 1996 Costa Rica established the Forest Law 7575 in order to impel new strategies that will help in the development the forest sector. This Law surrounds a period of three decades of forest policies and introduces a payment to private owners of forests or new forest plantations, with the objective to compensate the environmental services that their properties provide to the society in general. This study develops tools of economic valuation for the creation or renegotiation of voluntary agreements with private or governmental organizations. This document presents the main results of the hydrologic and economic analysis during the investigation process, in the river basins of Savegre, Reventazòn- Parismina, Peñas Blancas and Pejibaye rivers. Finally, a series of arguments around the fee of the environmental service of protection of water resource is introduced.

Costa Rica en 1996 establece la Ley Forestal 7575 con el propósito de impulsar nuevas estrategias que coadyuvarán al desarrollo del sector forestal. Esta Ley envuelve un periodo de tres décadas de políticas forestales e introduce un pago a los propietarios privados de bosques o nuevas plantaciones forestales, con el objetivo de compensar los servicios ambientales que sus propiedades proveen a la sociedad en general. Este estudio desarrolla herramientas de valoración económica para la creación o renegociación de acuerdos voluntarios con organizaciones privadas o gubernamentales. Este documento presenta loso principales resultados del análisis hidrológico y económico llevado a cabo durante el proceso de investigación, en las cuencas de los ríos Savegre, Reventazòn.Parismina, Peñas Blancas y Pejivaye. Finalmente, se introduce una serie de argumentos en torno al cobro del servicio ambiental de protección del recurso hídrico. ; In 1996 Costa Rica established the Forest Law 7575 in order to impel new strategies that will help in the development the forest sector. This Law surrounds a period of three decades of forest policies and introduces a payment to private owners of forests or new forest plantations, with the objective to compensate the environmental services that their properties provide to the society in general. This study develops tools of economic valuation for the creation or renegotiation of voluntary agreements with private or governmental organizations. This document presents the main results of the hydrologic and economic analysis during the investigation process, in the river basins of Savegre, Reventazòn- Parismina, Peñas Blancas and Pejibaye rivers. Finally, a series of arguments around the fee of the environmental service of protection of water resource is introduced.

This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved. ; This article analyzes the use of water as ballast to balance the vessels, as well as the existing legislation in the country that protects, monitors and punishes those who are responsible for illegal shedding in national jurisdiction waters. That is important, considering ballast water has become a national and international risk with serious consequences such as bioinvasion. It was discovered that ballast water has become one of the fastest forms of marine pollution because it acts quietly. In an attempt to avoid environmental and economic losses, several conventions and international treaties were agreed between countries such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, adopted in Montego Bay. At the national level, Brazil has important institutions for marine environmental protection such as ANVISA, the National Health Surveillance Agency; ANTAQ, National Agency of Waterborne Transport and broad legislation such as Law (6938/81), the National Environmental Policy; the Criminal Environmental Law (9.605/98) and, specifically, NORMAM 20, issued by the Brazilian Navy's Directorate of Ports and Coasts, which states that every ship to moor at national ports must prove the exchange of ballast water at sea. The research used the legal and theoretical methodology, deductive reasoning and literature from technical and government sites. The results show that Brazil has a concern over the issue and the national legislation proves the effort to prevent marine pollution. However, research in the field is necessary so that invading organisms are discovered prior to the pollution. In addition to that, legislation and supervision must be improved.

Este artículo examina las dinámicas en torno a los mecanismos de participación ciudadana que se han activado en fronteras extractivas de Colombia desde 2004 con el fin de proteger las fuentes de agua, los territorios y los medios de vida campesinos. Los casos demuestran que ha habido dos olas de democratización ambiental en Colombia, que existe una sinergia entre los instrumentos de deliberación y de participación, tensiones entre la democracia participativa y la representativa, y que los discursos sobre el agua constituyen un hilo conductor que unifica la movilización para la democratización ambiental en el contexto de los conflictos socio ambientales. La emergencia de, y las barreras a, la democratización ambiental se analizan como dos tendencias opuestas constituidas por diferentes capas de lógicas y estrategias. Vistas en el contexto nacional, las movilizaciones sociales en las fronteras extractivas están reinterpretando la democracia, fortaleciendo las luchas por la justicia ambiental y poniendo de manifiesto las contradicciones del capitalismo. La respuesta de la sociedad en general a estas iniciativas tiene implicaciones importantes para el futuro de modelos económicos menos destructivos y para la democracia misma. ; This article examines the dynamics around citizen participation mechanisms activated in the extractive frontiers of Colombia since 2004 to protect water sources, territories, and peasant livelihoods. The cases show that there have been two waves of environmental democratisation in Colombia; that there is synergy between the instruments of deliberation and participation, as well as tension between participatory and representative democracy; and that water discourses are a common thread that unifies mobilisation for environmental democratisation in the context of socio-environmental conflicts. The emergence of and barriers to environmental democratisation are analysed as two opposing trends constituted by different logics and strategies. Viewed in the national context, the social mobilisations emerging in extractive frontiers are reinterpreting democracy, strengthening claims for environmental justice, and making evident the contradictions of capitalism. The response of the broader society has important implications for the future of less destructive economic models and for democracy itself.

Con la Ley de Aguas del 2001, la competencia sobre depuración de aguas residuales, que venían desempeñando los municipios a través del cobro de tasas, se ha encomendado a las Comunidades Autónomas, quienes deben implantar para su gestión un Canon de Saneamiento. Para determinar si este Canon racionaliza el consumo de agua, en este trabajo se estima la demanda industrial de agua en Aragón, utilizando para ello un modelo logarítmico con datos de panel en el que la variable explicativa clave ha sido el Canon del Saneamiento, además de la tasa por el suministro de agua pagada por las industrias en los diferentes municipios aragoneses, y otras variables que captan las características particulares de las empresas de la muestra y que están relacionadas con el consumo de agua. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la reducción del consumo industrial de agua parece debida a la tributación ambiental, más que a un incremento en el coste del agua para las empresas. ; The Spanish Water Act, 2001 shifted responsibility for wastewater treatment from municipal to regional government, and as a consequence the Autonomous Communities have begun to levy a Sanitation Charge, apparently with environmental objectives. Industrial demand for water in Aragon is estimated in this paper using a double logarithmic model with panel data to establish whether regional Sanitation Charges rationalise water onsumption. The key explanatory variable is the Sanitation Charge, in addition to the water supply charges payable in the towns and cities of Aragon and other variables which capture the characteristics of the firms in the sample. The reduction in water demand achieved appears to be due to the environmental charge rather than to any actual increase in firms' water costs.

Ecuador, país rico en recursos hídricos, donde la interacción del hombre con la biosfera suscita problemas relacionados con la contaminación del agua, el suelo y el aire, elementos que inciden en el hambre y la pérdida de la flora y fauna autóctona. Son interrogantes para la ecología y la bioética dentro de la Pachamama. En América Latina, el reconocimiento del agua como derecho humano fundamental y como sujeto de derechos a la naturaleza dentro del marco constitucional del pluralismo jurídico constituye un paso para precautelar la seguridad hídrica que garantice el efectivo goce y ejercicio de los derechos. Por la permanencia de los ciclos naturales del agua como un bien desde los pueblos originarios dentro del sumak kwasay es necesario su protección adecuada. El agua tiene múltiples dimensiones en relación a cantidad, calidad y distribución. Su no adecuada calidad, afectada por actividades y procesos contaminantes ante la ausencia del impuesto por vertido en la política estatal es un fenómeno social, económico y ambiental. Constituye uno de los obstáculos para el "buen vivir", implica fomentar la formación jurídica ambiental desde la bioética. Se han utilizado los métodos de la investigación como el histórico-lógico, el de análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción, y comparación jurídica. ; Ecuador, rich country in hydric resources, where the man's interaction with the biosphere provokes problems related with the contamination of water, the ground, and the air, elements that they have an effect on hunger and the loss of the flora and autochthonous fauna. They are interrogating for ecology and the bioetic within the Pachasucks. The hydric certainty constitutes a step for pre-preventive in Latin America, the recognition of the water like human fundamental right and like subject of rights to the nature within the juridical pluralism's constitutional frame that you guarantee the cash, enjoy and exercise of rights. Kwasay is necessary for the permanence of the natural cycles of the water like a good from the originating towns within the sumak his adequate protection. The water has multiple dimensions in relation to quantity, quality and distribution. His not made suitable quality, affected for activities and contaminating processes in front of the absence of the tax for poured the stater is a social, cost-reducing and environmental phenomenon in the politic. It constitutes one of the obstacles for the good living, it implies to foment the juridical environmental formation from the bioética. They have utilized the methods of the investigation like the historic logician, the one belonging to analysis synthesis, induction deduction, and juridical comparison.

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a tool that aims to integrate environmental issues into decision-making processes, usually to support the development of sectoral or territorial plans and programs. SEA is mandatory in the European Union and is applied to water management in France. Water management in Brazil is inspired by the French model, but does not have SEA; in the state of São Paulo watersheds of interest for public supply have specific norms and can count on a Development and Environmental Protection Plan (PDPA). In this research we explore three potential contributions of SEA as adopted in French water management for the case of the PDPA of the Billings Reservoir sub-basin. We conducted an evaluative case study for this PDPA, a literature review on French practices, and comparative analysis. We conclude by indicating potential contributions of SEA for the definition of objectives, scoping, and study of alternatives of the PDPA-Billings. ; Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a tool that aims to integrate environmental issues into decision-making processes, usually to support the development of sectoral or territorial plans and programs. SEA is mandatory in the European Union and is applied to water management in France. Water management in Brazil is inspired by the French model, but does not have SEA; in the state of São Paulo watersheds of interest for public supply have specific norms and can count on a Development and Environmental Protection Plan (PDPA). In this research we explore three potential contributions of SEA as adopted in French water management for the case of the PDPA of the Billings Reservoir sub-basin. We conducted an evaluative case study for this PDPA, a literature review on French practices, and comparative analysis. We conclude by indicating potential contributions of SEA for the definition of objectives, scoping, and study of alternatives of the PDPA-Billings. ; Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a tool that aims to integrate environmental issues into decision-making processes, usually to support the development of sectoral or territorial plans and programs. SEA is mandatory in the European Union and is applied to water management in France. Water management in Brazil is inspired by the French model, but does not have SEA; in the state of São Paulo watersheds of interest for public supply have specific norms and can count on a Development and Environmental Protection Plan (PDPA). In this research we explore three potential contributions of SEA as adopted in French water management for the case of the PDPA of the Billings Reservoir sub-basin. We conducted an evaluative case study for this PDPA, a literature review on French practices, and comparative analysis. We conclude by indicating potential contributions of SEA for the definition of objectives, scoping, and study of alternatives of the PDPA-Billings. ; Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a tool that aims to integrate environmental issues into decision-making processes, usually to support the development of sectoral or territorial plans and programs. SEA is mandatory in the European Union and is applied to water management in France. Water management in Brazil is inspired by the French model, but does not have SEA; in the state of São Paulo watersheds of interest for public supply have specific norms and can count on a Development and Environmental Protection Plan (PDPA). In this research we explore three potential contributions of SEA as adopted in French water management for the case of the PDPA of the Billings Reservoir sub-basin. We conducted an evaluative case study for this PDPA, a literature review on French practices, and comparative analysis. We conclude by indicating potential contributions of SEA for the definition of objectives, scoping, and study of alternatives of the PDPA-Billings.

The transition to low-carbon urban water utilities is an innovative idea, only embraced by a few forward thinking utilities currently. This roadmap is directed at urban water utility managers in charge of planning future actions, as well as at the stakeholders who will support the utility action plans. Because only a few "early adopters" utilities have embarked on the Low-Carbon transition, this roadmap intends to support other utilities understand and champion the need for contribution to a carbon neutral future and well as to guide them through a process of change. This roadmap is potentially applicable to all utilities worldwide, but was specifically written for utilities in emerging economies where service performance and data management challenges are often prominent in driving future planning.

The objective of the present investigation was to establish, legally and theoretically, that environmental contamination and the lack of municipal ordinances is a cause of violation of the rights of nature. It was developed in the Cantón Montalvo, located in the Province of Los Ríos, where there is high water pollution that violates the rights of the environment and the population. From the quantitative paradigm and the perspective of the analytic-synthetic method, which I allow to work from an object of study (environmental regulations), the analytical decomposition of its parts and then be interpreted. We proceeded methodologically from a descriptive documentary type with bibliographic design. It was concluded that the Autonomous Decentralized Municipal Government of the Canton Montalvo does not have ordinances that help reduce, protect and sanction the pollutants of rivers, streams and streams and worse still with works that guarantee an adequate environment for the inhabitants of the Canton. ; El objetivo de la presente investigación fue fundamentar jurídica y teóricamente, que la contaminación ambiental y la falta de ordenanzas municipales es una causa de vulneración a los derechos de la naturaleza. El mismo se desarrolló en el Cantón Montalvo, con ubicación en la Provincia de los Ríos, donde existe alta contaminación hídrica que vulnera los derechos del medio ambiente y de la población. Desde el paradigma cuantitativa y la perspectiva del método analítico-sintético, lo que permito trabajar a partir de un objeto de estudio (normativa ambiental), la descomposición analítica de sus partes para luego ser interpretadas. Se procedió metodológicamente desde un tipo descriptivo documental con diseño bibliográfico. Se concluyó que el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del Cantón Montalvo no cuenta con ordenanzas que ayuden a disminuir, proteger y sancionar a los contaminantes de ríos, esteros y quebradas y peor aún con trabajos que garanticen un medio ambiente adecuado para los pobladores del Cantón.

Producción Científica ; This paper analyzes the dynamic interaction between two regions with interconnected river basins. Precipitation is higher in one river-basin while water productivity is higher in the other. Water transfer increases productivity in the recipient basin, but may cause environmental damage in the donor basin. The recipient faces a trade-off between paying the price of the water transfer, or investing in alternative water supplies to achieve a higher usable water capacity. We analyze the design of this transfer using a dynamic modeling approach, which relies on non-cooperative game theory, and compare solutions with different information structure (Nash open-loop, Nash feedback, Stackelberg) with the social optimum. We first assume that the equilibrium between supply and demand determines the optimal transfer price and amount. We show that, contrary to the static case, in a realistic dynamic setting in which the recipient uses a feedback information structure the social optimum will not emerge as the equilibrium solution. We then study different leadership situations in the water market and observe that the transfer amount decreases towards a long-run value lower than the transfer under perfect competition, which in turn lays below the social optimum. In consequence, the water in the donor's river-basin river converges to a better quality in the presence of market power. Finally, we numerically compare our results to the Tagus-Segura water transfer described in Ballestero (2004). Welfare gains are compared for the different scenarios. We show that in all dynamic settings, the long-run transfer amount is lower than in Ballestero's static model. Further, we show that the long-run price settles at a lower level than in Ballestero's model, but is still higher than the average cost-based price determined by the Spanish government.

The major environmental concerns of agriculture in Mexico are related to water resources and deforestation, in addition to the increasingly important issues of pesticide use, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. This situation worsens in arid or semiarid regions, such as the state of Zacatecas, where the main source of water is 34 aquifers, 15 of which are overexploited. One option for reducing environmental deterioration is to encourage production units to adopt environmental management systems (EMS). These systems, however, are not well known to growers at the local or national level. The establishment of an EMS in the agricultural sector is relatively new, although it is widely used in other industrial sectors. This study determined the views, drivers and barriers to adopting an EMS in the vegetable sector of the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. A questionnaire was given to 202 technicians or owners of vegetable production units. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Improving access to markets was the most important driver for EMS adoption, while the lack of government support was the main barrier. The study demonstrated that views of sustainability are closely related to attitudes toward environmental management actions and environmental sustainability. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas UAZ

Scholars from different political approaches argue that governance may harmonize antagonistic interests. However, governance's concept is still imprecise, and it has been used in a contradictory way. This paper's aim is to discuss governance limitations to overcome obstacles regarding land monopolization and water 'commoditization'. Through California experience, this paper shows how historic legacies have reinforced changes in commodity market, narrowing the margin of maneuver of vulnerable households. Inclusive governance may be the best shot to reduce inequalities regarding water access, but it is not a magical solution. There is a long way to follow and political fights still must happen.

The major environmental concerns of agriculture in Mexico are related to water resources and deforestation, in addition to the increasingly important issues of pesticide use, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. This situation worsens in arid or semiarid regions, such as the state of Zacatecas, where the main source of water is 34 aquifers, 15 of which are overexploited. One option for reducing environmental deterioration is to encourage production units to adopt environmental management systems (EMS). These systems, however, are not well known to growers at the local or national level. The establishment of an EMS in the agricultural sector is relatively new, although it is widely used in other industrial sectors. This study determined the views, drivers and barriers to adopting an EMS in the vegetable sector of the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. A questionnaire was given to 202 technicians or owners of vegetable production units. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Improving access to markets was the most important driver for EMS adoption, while the lack of government support was the main barrier. The study demonstrated that views of sustainability are closely related to attitudes toward environmental management actions and environmental sustainability.

The San Juan Estuary Bay is place of many contrasts. On one hand, is one of the most valuable ecosystems within Puerto Rico's Metropolitan Area. On the other, the urbanization of nature through the Island modernization process has resulted in historic water quality problems. Recently, the SJEBP identified 12 critical areas where there are serious water contamination problems due to sewage discharges. The challenge now consists in generating the public participation and environmental policy action framework to foster its restauration on the long run. In this article we reflect upon the possibilities of community-based water quality monitoring as an approach to cultivate a political consciousness and environmental activism about water relations in the city. Through the lenses of Political Ecology, Participatory Action Research and Popular Education we reflect upon some preliminary findings about a current research effort aimed at documenting the water conflicts and generate the social mobilization needed to contribute to SJEB restauration.

A bill pending in the Brazilian Senate may change profoundly the characteristics and practice of environmental licensing in Brazil, including removing the obligation to obtain an environmental license for specific projects, such as those related to water supply and sanitary sewage. This timely bibliographical and documental study aims to analyse the development of specific legislation on environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental licensing of these two types of projects and compare them with the changes provided by the proposed Licensing Law. The work uses the identification and analysis of specific rules and legal documents that make up the current regulatory framework for licensing and the changes provided by the bill. The flexibility and exclusion of environmental licensing, without scientific rigour, ignore the importance of this instrument for environmental integration into decision-making. Furthermore, projects could damage the environment without such analysis due to the need to expand water supply and sanitation systems. ; A bill pending in the Brazilian Senate may change profoundly the characteristics and practice of environmental licensing in Brazil, including removing the obligation to obtain an environmental license for specific projects, such as those related to water supply and sanitary sewage. This timely bibliographical and documental study aims to analyse the development of specific legislation on environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental licensing of these two types of projects and compare them with the changes provided by the proposed Licensing Law. The work uses the identification and analysis of specific rules and legal documents that make up the current regulatory framework for licensing and the changes provided by the bill. The flexibility and exclusion of environmental licensing, without scientific rigour, ignore the importance of this instrument for environmental integration into decision-making. Furthermore, projects could damage the environment without such analysis due to the need to expand water supply and sanitation systems. ; A bill pending in the Brazilian Senate may change profoundly the characteristics and practice of environmental licensing in Brazil, including removing the obligation to obtain an environmental license for specific projects, such as those related to water supply and sanitary sewage. This timely bibliographical and documental study aims to analyse the development of specific legislation on environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental licensing of these two types of projects and compare them with the changes provided by the proposed Licensing Law. The work uses the identification and analysis of specific rules and legal documents that make up the current regulatory framework for licensing and the changes provided by the bill. The flexibility and exclusion of environmental licensing, without scientific rigour, ignore the importance of this instrument for environmental integration into decision-making. Furthermore, projects could damage the environment without such analysis due to the need to expand water supply and sanitation systems. ; A bill pending in the Brazilian Senate may change profoundly the characteristics and practice of environmental licensing in Brazil, including removing the obligation to obtain an environmental license for specific projects, such as those related to water supply and sanitary sewage. This timely bibliographical and documental study aims to analyse the development of specific legislation on environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental licensing of these two types of projects and compare them with the changes provided by the proposed Licensing Law. The work uses the identification and analysis of specific rules and legal documents that make up the current regulatory framework for licensing and the changes provided by the bill. The flexibility and exclusion of environmental licensing, without scientific rigour, ignore the importance of this instrument for environmental integration into decision-making. Furthermore, projects could damage the environment without such analysis due to the need to expand water supply and sanitation systems.