En áreas urbanas, las inundaciones y anegamientos son considerados como los principales impactos ambientales de las precipitaciones intensas. Sin embargo, existen otros procesos que no se vinculan directamente con la acumulación de agua si no con el transporte de sedimentos que provoca su escurrimiento. En la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, el efecto más común que se deriva de este tipo de fenómeno meteorológico sobre la población y su orga nización espacial es el aislamiento de los barrios cuyas calles no han sido pavimentadas. El ingreso de agua a las viviendas, a escuelas y organismos públicos es otra de las consecuencias negativas de las lluvias fuertes. Por otra parte, en las zonas de mayor altitud el escurrimiento del agu a ocasiona una doble problemática: erosionar las calles sin pavimentar y depositar el material socavado en niveles inferiores. Es por ello, que el objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer las caract erísticas geomorfológicas y su posible condicionamiento sobre los efectos de las precipitaciones intensas en la ciudad Bahía Blanca. Se consultaron artículos de la prensa local y se digit alizaron las curvas de nivel de las cartas topográficas del IGM escala 1:50.000 de 1967. Se analizaron intensidad y frecuencia de los datos de precipitación y se identificaron las características geomorfológicas del área urbana y periurbana. Se reconoció un importante condicionamiento de las características geológico-ambientales sobre el escurrimiento del agua derivada de las precipitaciones intensas. La cartografía síntesis demostró la existencia de zonas de distintos tipos de procesos de erosión – deposit ación como consecuencia de diferentes intensidades de precipitación. El crecimiento urban o es otro factor de influencia en este sistema que modifica la escorrentía natural y contribuye a la g eneración de nuevos procesos erosivos. ; In urban areas, floods and inundations are consider ed the main environmental impacts of heavy precipitation. However, other processes not d irectly linked to the accumulation of water but more to the transport of sediment exist, caused by water run-off. In the city of Bahia Blanca, the mos t common effect that results from this type of weathe r phenomenon on the population and its spatial organization is the isolation of areas where street s are not paved. The ingress of water to homes, schools and government buildings is another negativ e impact of heavy rains. Moreover, in areas of higher altitude water run-off causes two problems: erosion of unpaved streets and deposits of eroded material at lower levels. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the geomorphological characteristics and possible solutions to the the e ffects of heavy precipitation in the city Bahia Blanca. Local press articles were consulted and contours fr om IGM 1967 topographic maps at 1:50.000 scale were digitized. The intensity and frequency of rain fall were analysed and the geomorphology of urban and suburban areas were identified. It was recogniz ed that there was an important conditioning by environmental geological characteristics on the run -off of water derived from rainfall. Mapping revealed the existence of areas with different type s of processes of erosion-deposition as a result of different intensities of rainfall. Urban growth is another factor influencing the system that changes the natural run-off flow and contributes to the generat ion of new erosion. ; Fil: Zapperi, Paula Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; Argentina ; Fil: Campo, Alicia María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geografía y Turismo; Argentina
El artículo analiza el déficit histórico en materia de políticas de gestión hídrica en Buenos Aires buscando identificar el modo en que este último condiciona las estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático. Se trata de un asunto alta complejidad en una metrópolis que se ha desarrollado en presencia de fuertes desigualdades sociales y ambientales. Se adopta un enfoque centrado en la perspectiva de la justicia ambiental, buscando mostrar cambios institucionales recientes a partir de la intervención de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación en una causa judicial donde los ciudadanos han exigido la recuperación ambiental de la cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo ejerciendo el derecho constitucional al ambiente sano.Consideramos el valor heurístico que tiene este conflicto para identificar los desafíos que enfrenta la gestión ambiental metropolitana y hacer un balance de las oportunidades y barreras en materia de políticas de adaptación al cambio climático en el mediano plazo. ; This paper focuses on the historically deficient water resource management policies of Buenos Aires, trying to show how they constrain climate change-adaptation strategies. The scenario is particularly complex in a metropolitan area marked by great social and environmental inequalities. The problem is approached from an environmental justice perspective, showing how institutional change was recently brought about by the intervention of the Supreme Court of Justice in a case in which citizens demanded the environmental remediation of the Matanza-Riachuelo basin, based on the constitutional right to a healthy environment. I underline the heuristic value of this conflict as it allows us to identify the challenges facing metropolitan environmental management and to assess opportunities and obstacles for the shaping of middle-term climate change-adaptation policies. ; Fil: Merlinsky, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina
La crisis del agua es un proceso planetario que muchas localidades ya enfrentan y otras enfrentarán algún día. Sin embargo, aún es posible pensar en soluciones para promover un modelo de desarrollo regional efectivo, basado en la justicia social, hídrica y ambiental. De esta manera, existe el trasvase del Tajo-Segura del sureste español, que completó 40 años de operación en 2019, y también la transposición brasileña, la del río São Francisco, que comenzó a operar en 2018, solo en uno de los ejes, el Este. Nuestra pregunta en este artículo es la siguiente: ¿en qué medida la presencia de un modelo de gobernanza del agua impacta positivamente en el postrasvase y qué experiencias puede demostrar Tajo-Segura en la transposición de São Francisco? Por lo tanto, al investigar el modelo de Tajo-Segura y el modelo de São Francisco in loco, tener acceso a documentos, legislación y un amplio marco teórico, aplicar el método inductivo y comparativo, fue posible llevar el impacto de una transposición a el desarrollo regional del sureste español y pensar en los problemas que tiene el modelo, o la falta de un modelo, de transponer el "Velho Chico". Por lo tanto, se pensó presentar estas intervenciones en contextos similares, sin embargo, buscando comprender la experiencia de cada una y, principalmente, cómo se desarrolló el modelo de gobernanza en la transferencia de Tajo-Segura. Por lo tanto, fue posible encontrar espacios vacios en el ejemplo brasileño. Entre ellos, se destacó el vacío institucional que transpone el São Francisco, lo que dificulta el desarrollo de múltiples usos del agua para el desarrollo regional, además del postrasvase es un problema grave que debe verificarse, esto incluye el saneamiento y recuperación ambiental de la cuenca. ; The water crisis is a planetary process that many localities are already facing and others will face one day. However, it is still possible to think of solutions to promote an effective regional development model, based on social, water and environmental justice. In this way, there is the transposition of the Tajo-Segura of the Spanish southeast, which completed 40 years of operation in 2019, and also the Brazilian transposition, that of the São Francisco River, which started its operation in 2018, only in one of the axis, the east. Our question in this article is: To what extent does the presence of a water governance model positively impact on post-transposition and what experiences can Tajo-Segura demonstrate in transposing São Francisco? Thus, by investigating the Tajo-Segura model and the São Francisco model in loco, having access to documents, legislation and a broad theoretical framework, applying the inductive and comparative method, it was possible to bring the impact of a transposition to the regional development of the Spanish southeast and to think about the problems that the model, or the lack of a model, of transposing the "Velho Chico" has. Therefore, it was thought to present these interventions in similar contexts, however, seeking to understand the experience of each one and, mainly, how the governance model in the transfer of Tajo-Segura was developed. Thus, it was possible to find gaps in the Brazilian example. Among them, the institutional vacuum that transposes the São Francisco stood out, which makes it more difficult to develop multiple uses of water for regional development, in addition to the post transfer is a serious issue to be verified, this includes the sanitation and environmental recovery of the hydrographic basin
La crisis del agua es un proceso planetario que muchas localidades ya enfrentan y otras enfrentarán algún día. Sin embargo, aún es posible pensar en soluciones para promover un modelo de desarrollo regional efectivo, basado en la justicia social, hídrica y ambiental. De esta manera, existe el trasvase del Tajo-Segura del sureste español, que completó 40 años de operación en 2019, y también la transposición brasileña, la del río São Francisco, que comenzó a operar en 2018, solo en uno de los ejes, el Este. Nuestra pregunta en este artículo es la siguiente: ¿en qué medida la presencia de un modelo de gobernanza del agua impacta positivamente en el postrasvase y qué experiencias puede demostrar Tajo-Segura en la transposición de São Francisco? Por lo tanto, al investigar el modelo de Tajo-Segura y el modelo de São Francisco in loco, tener acceso a documentos, legislación y un amplio marco teórico, aplicar el método inductivo y comparativo, fue posible llevar el impacto de una transposición a el desarrollo regional del sureste español y pensar en los problemas que tiene el modelo, o la falta de un modelo, de transponer el "Velho Chico". Por lo tanto, se pensó presentar estas intervenciones en contextos similares, sin embargo, buscando comprender la experiencia de cada una y, principalmente, cómo se desarrolló el modelo de gobernanza en la transferencia de Tajo-Segura. Por lo tanto, fue posible encontrar espacios vacios en el ejemplo brasileño. Entre ellos, se destacó el vacío institucional que transpone el São Francisco, lo que dificulta el desarrollo de múltiples usos del agua para el desarrollo regional, además del postrasvase es un problema grave que debe verificarse, esto incluye el saneamiento y recuperación ambiental de la cuenca. ; The water crisis is a planetary process that many localities are already facing and others will face one day. However, it is still possible to think of solutions to promote an effective regional development model, based on social, water and environmental justice. In this way, there is the transposition of the Tajo-Segura of the Spanish southeast, which completed 40 years of operation in 2019, and also the Brazilian transposition, that of the São Francisco River, which started its operation in 2018, only in one of the axis, the east. Our question in this article is: To what extent does the presence of a water governance model positively impact on post-transposition and what experiences can Tajo-Segura demonstrate in transposing São Francisco? Thus, by investigating the Tajo-Segura model and the São Francisco model in loco, having access to documents, legislation and a broad theoretical framework, applying the inductive and comparative method, it was possible to bring the impact of a transposition to the regional development of the Spanish southeast and to think about the problems that the model, or the lack of a model, of transposing the "Velho Chico" has. Therefore, it was thought to present these interventions in similar contexts, however, seeking to understand the experience of each one and, mainly, how the governance model in the transfer of Tajo-Segura was developed. Thus, it was possible to find gaps in the Brazilian example. Among them, the institutional vacuum that transposes the São Francisco stood out, which makes it more difficult to develop multiple uses of water for regional development, in addition to the post transfer is a serious issue to be verified, this includes the sanitation and environmental recovery of the hydrographic basin
El agua es un recurso natural, a menudo escaso en cantidad y calidad, susceptible de ser analizado desde una perspectiva económica. El valor económico total del agua tiene su origen en los distintos servicios ambientales que proveen los ecosistemas hídricos, los cuáles tiene la capacidad de producir bienestar de forma activa y pasiva. A pesar del interés social en preservar y proteger estos servicios ambientales, las presiones e impactos generados por la actividad humana ha deteriorado el estado de los ecosistemas hídricos. Para hacer frente a esta situación, en la Unión Europea han sido desarrolladas diferentes normativas, de las cuáles la más ambiciosa de todas es la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA). El objetivo de la DMA es alcanzar el buen estado ecológico de las aguas europeas en el año 2015. Sin duda, una de sus contribuciones más relevantes para la política de aguas es el papel dado al Análisis Económico. Aunque dicho papel está claramente establecido, todavía existen aspectos que necesitan ser desarrollados de una manera más operativa: (i) la estimación de costes ambientales y del recurso y de los beneficios ambientales resultantes del buen estado ecológico, (ii) la selección de medidas coste-efectivas para conseguir los objetivos de la DMA, y (iii) la evaluación de la proporcionalidad de los costes de los Programas de Medidas. El objetivo general de esta Tesis Doctoral es contribuir al desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de métodos de Análisis Económico para la implementación de la DMA. Esta investigación parte de la hipótesis de que existe una demanda social de servicios ambientales producidos por los ecosistemas hídricos que debe ser internalizada en la evaluación de políticas, planes, programas y proyectos de conservación y mejora del estado ecológico de las masas de agua. Así, las decisiones que se tomen a este respecto disfrutarán de una mayor aceptación social cuanto más se ajusten a las preferencias de los diferentes agentes implicados. Esta hipótesis es contrastada mediante la aplicación de métodos y técnicas de Análisis Económico para el caso de la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura. Con este propósito, esta investigación se desarrolla a través de dos etapas sucesivas y complementarias que se corresponden con dos momentos clave de la Directiva Marco del Agua. La primera etapa consiste en valorar en términos monetarios cambios en el estado ecológico de las masas de agua, con el fin de estimar los beneficios o costes ambientales de dichos cambios, así como costes del recurso. En el primer caso de estudio, se estima el valor económico total de las aguas del acuífero del Gavilán. El Método de la Función de Producción es utilizado para calcular el valor de esta agua subterránea en su uso en regadío, y el Método de la Valoración Contingente es aplicado para estimar el valor de los servicios de recreo y de soporte del ecosistema. En el segundo caso de estudio, se ha simulado un mercado hipotético a través de un Modelo de Elección (Ranking Contingente) para el caso del río Segura. Así, este método ha sido utilizado para la valoración económica de los beneficios ambientales de la mejora de la calidad del agua del río y para conocer las preferencias sociales acerca de las actuaciones de recuperación ambiental que en él se están ejecutando. El último escenario de valoración económica tiene como objetivo valorar los beneficios ambientales de la mejora de la calidad del agua en el Mar Menor mediante el Método de la Valoración Contingente. La segunda etapa metodológica de esta investigación consiste en la evaluación de Programas de Medidas. Este trabajo propone un enfoque novedoso para seleccionar medidas coste-efectivas que combina, en un procedimiento de dos etapas, Análisis Coste-Eficacia y la participación activa de stakeholders, basado en caso del Mar Menor. Primero, se llevan a cabo entrevistas personales para involucrar activamente a los stakeholders. En esta etapa, la eficacia y el impacto relativo de un conjunto de medidas son evaluados mediante la técnica de la Comparación por Parejas. En segundo lugar, la eficacia relativa de cada medida es comparada con sus costes para analizar su coste-efectividad. Finalmente, el Programa de Medidas propuesto para el Mar Menor es evaluado utilizando diferentes enfoques de Análisis Coste Beneficio (ACB) (Convencional, Extendido y Extendido Dual), para determinar si su implantación es económica y socialmente viable. Los principales resultados de esta investigación se pueden resumir en los siguientes. (i) El valor económico total de las aguas subterráneas del acuífero del Gavilán ha sido estimado en 0,45 €/m3. Si el recurso fuera modificado o eliminado y, por tanto, no pudiera cumplir con sus funciones, este valor actuaría como coste de la actividad causante del cambio del estado original. El coste del recurso incluiría el valor de agua para riego, mientras que el valor ambiental y de recreo de las aguas se incluiría en la categoría de costes ambientales. (ii) En cuanto al caso del Río Segura, desde el punto de vista social, la prioridad de gestión es mejorar la calidad del agua, seguida de las medidas de restauración de su entorno. El valor económico del caudal ecológico en el tramo estudiado es de 0,45 €/m3, y su pérdida daría lugar a un coste ambiental de esa magnitud. (iii) Los beneficios ambientales de mejorar el estado ecológico del Mar Menor han sido estimados en 17,4 millones de euros, de los cuales 7,7 se corresponden con un incremento en los valores de uso del ecosistema y 9,7 con valores de no uso. (iv) De acuerdo con las opiniones de los stakeholders entrevistados, la medida más coste-efectiva para mejorar la laguna costera del Mar Menor es construir humedales artificiales para la retención de nutrientes a modo de zonas tampón o filtros verdes. También arguyeron que los beneficios de mercado y no mercado generados por dicha mejora justificarían incluso la ampliación del Programa de Medidas. (v) El valor actual neto de mejorar el Mar Menor mediante las medidas ya propuestas ha sido estimado en 275 (ACB Extendido) y 363 (ACB Extendido Dual) millones de euros. Estos resultados también confirman la viabilidad socioeconómica de ampliar el número de medidas a aplicar. Como conclusión, una política de aguas, basada en la DMA, eficiente desde el punto de vista económico debe prestar atención a aspectos intangibles. Por un lado, no debe ignorar la existencia de valores de uso indirecto, no uso o de opción, pues también contribuyen de manera significativa al bienestar social. De otro lado, el compromiso con las generaciones actuales y futuras debe estar reflejado en los procesos de toma de decisión. En el caso de la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura, este trabajo ha demostrado que hay una demanda social de la mejora y conservación de los ecosistemas hídricos. Por esta razón, los gestores deben ser conscientes de los múltiples beneficios que el buen estado de los ecosistemas hídricos genera, que van más allá del simple uso consuntivo del recurso. Los casos de estudio aquí presentados constituyen un buen ejemplo de las potencialidades positivas de la apuesta por una política de conservación de los ecosistemas hídricos. En definitiva, el actual marco institucional y territorial favorece un cambio en la política de aguas, tradicionalmente basada en un modelo de oferta de recursos, hacia un paradigma basado en la concepción del agua como un activo ecosocial. Water is a natural resource – frequently scarce in terms of quantity and quality - that can be analysed from an economic perspective. The total economic value of water is due to the different ecosystem services that aquatic ecosystems provide, which are able to generate social welfare actively and passively. Despite the social interest in preserving and protecting aquatic ecosystems services, the pressures and impacts of human activities have damaged them. Being aware of this, the European Union has created many laws to protect and preserve aquatic ecosystems. The most ambitious measure for the protection of the aquatic environment is the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/CE). The objective of the WFD is to achieve a good ecological status of European water bodies by 2015. One of the most important contributions of the WFD for water policy is the crucial role given to Economics. Although such role is established clearly in the WFD, there are three main questions that still need to be operationalized: (i) the estimation of environmental and resource costs as well as the environmental benefits resulting from the good ecological status, (ii) the selection of cost-effective measures for achieving the WFD targets, and (iii) the assessment of the proportionality of Programmes of Measures. The overall objective of this PhD dissertation is to contribute to the development and improvement of economic analysis methods for implementing the main economic aspects of the WFD. The hypothesis underlying this work is that there is a social demand of aquatic environmental services that must be internalized in the decision-making processes to evaluate policies, plans, programmes and projects related to the management of water bodies. Thus, final decisions will have high acceptance if they are adopted taken into account social preferences of the different societal actors. This hypothesis is contrasted by the application of economic methods and techniques for the case of the Segura River Basin District. For this purpose, this research is developed through two successive and complementary stages that correspond to two key moments of the WFD. The first stage consists in valuing changes in the ecological status of water bodies in order to estimate environmental benefits or cost as well as resource costs. In the first case study, the total economic value of the groundwater of the Gavilán aquifer is estimated. The Production Function Approach is used to calculate the value of this groundwater for irrigation and the Contingent Valuation Method is applied to estimate the value of recreation and supporting services. In the second one, a hypothetical market is simulated through the Choice Modelling Method (via Contingent Ranking). This method is used for the economic valuation of the environmental benefits of the improvement on water quality and for knowing the social preferences about projects related to the recovering of a stretch in the Segura River. The last economic valuation scenario is aimed at valuing the benefits of the improvement of the water quality in the Mar Menor by means of the Contingent Valuation Method. The second methodological stage of this PhD dissertation deals with the evaluation of Programmes of Measures. This work proposes a novel approach to select cost-effective measures by combining Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and stakeholder participation in a two-stage procedure based on the Mar Menor case study. Firstly, face-to-face interviews are conducted to actively involve stakeholders. In this stage, relative effectiveness and relative impacts of a set of measures are estimated by means of the Pairwise Comparison Technique. Secondly, relative effectiveness is compared with costs to obtain cost-effectiveness ratios. Finally, the Programme of Measures proposed for the Mar Menor is evaluated using different schemes of Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) such as Classical, Extended and Dual Extended approaches in order to determine whether its implementation is economic and socially feasible. The main findings of this research can be summarised as follows. (i) The total economic value of the groundwater of the Gavilán Aquifer has been estimated in 0.45 €/m3. If the resource was modified or eliminated, and, therefore, their functions were not fulfilled, this value would act as costs for the activity responsible for the change of the original status. The resource cost would include irrigation use value, whereas both the environmental value and recreational use value would have to be included in the environmental cost category. (ii) Regarding the Segura River case study, the management priority for the society is to ensure the river water quality, followed by the restoration measures of its surroundings. The economic value of its ecological flow value is 0.45 €/m3 and its lost would lead to an environmental costs. (iii) The environmental benefits of improving ecological status in the Mar Menor have been estimated at 17.4 million euros, of which 7.7 and 9.7 are related to the increase in the use and non-use values, respectively. (iv) As stakeholders agreed, the most cost-effective measure to improve the Mar Menor coastal lagoon is to construct wetlands as buffer zones or "green filters". They also argued that market and non-market benefits generated by the improvement of this lagoon would justify even the extension of the Programme of Measures. (v) The net present value of improving the Mar Menor by such set of measures has been estimated in 275 (Extended CBA) and 363 million of euros (Dual Extended CBA). These results also confirm the socioeconomic feasibility of extending the number of measures to be applied. To conclude, we believe that an economically efficient water policy, based on the Water Framework Directive, must pay attention to intangible aspects. On one hand, it must not ignore the existence of indirect, non-use or option values, because they also contribute meaningfully to social welfare. On the other hand, the commitment with the current and future generations must be reflected in the decision-making processes. In the case of the Segura River Basin District, this work has demonstrated that there is a social demand for improving and preserving aquatic ecosystems. For that reason, practitioners must be aware of the multiple benefits that the good ecological status of water ecosystems generates, which go beyond consumptive uses. Finally, we believe that the current institutional and territorial framework facilitates an outright shift in water policy, traditionally based on a resource supply approach, towards a paradigm based on the conception of water as an eco-social asset.
Coastal areas provide important benefits to humans in terms of food resources and ecosystem services. At the same time, human activities can have significant negative impacts on ecosystem health. Thus, control of watershed pollution is both necessary and essential in order to reduce and systematically eliminate the detrimental consequences that are evident in marine and estuarine ecosystems. The present study investigated the distribution of metals at the Guandu Watershed. Five sampling sites were selected for the soil analysis. Samples were collected from February 2013 to December 2014 and analysed for concentrations of As, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Co, using ICP. For control, some samples were used in uncontaminated areas outside the direct effect of chemical industries. The data indicate the presence of metals at the research sites. While the levels of contamination are still slightly below the peak concentrations established by Brazilian legislation, they are approaching levels of concern, particularly with regard to As, Cd, Pb and Cr. The results indicate that the use of water from the Guandu Watershed for recreational purposes and fishing is harmful to both human health and the environment. ; As zonas costeiras proporcionam benefícios importantes para os seres humanos em termos de recursos alimentares e serviços ecossistêmicos. Ao mesmo tempo, as atividades humanas podem ter impactos negativos significativos sobre a saúde dos ecossistemas. Assim, o controle da poluição das bacias hidrográficas, além de necessária, é fundamental para reduzir e sistematicamente eliminar as atuais consequências impactantes que são evidentes nos ecossistemas marinhos e estuarinos. O presente estudo investigou a distribuição de metais na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Guandu. Cinco pontos de amostragem foram selecionados para as análises de solo. As amostras foram coletadas a partir de fevereiro a novembro de 2014, e analisadas para as concentrações de As, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni e Co, utilizando ICP. Para o controle, algumas amostras foram utilizadas em áreas não-contaminadas, fora do efeito direto das indústrias químicas. Os dados indicam a presença dos metais pesquisados no solo dos locais de pesquisa estão contaminados; ainda que levemente abaixo das concentrações máximas estabelecidas por referência brasileira, mas atingindo concentrações preocupantes, destacando As, Cd, Pb e Cr. No que diz respeito aos resultados, sinaliza que o uso da água da bacia hidrográfica do Guandu para fins recreativos e pesca é prejudicial para a saúde humana e ambiente. ; Coastal areas provide important benefits to humans in terms of food resources and ecosystem services. At the same time, human activities can have significant negative impacts on ecosystem health. Thus, control of watershed pollution is both necessary and essential in order to reduce and systematically eliminate the detrimental consequences that are evident in marine and estuarine ecosystems. The present study investigated the distribution of metals at the Guandu Watershed. Five sampling sites were selected for the soil analysis. Samples were collected from February 2013 to December 2014 and analysed for concentrations of As, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Co, using ICP. For control, some samples were used in uncontaminated areas outside the direct effect of chemical industries. The data indicate the presence of metals at the research sites. While the levels of contamination are still slightly below the peak concentrations established by Brazilian legislation, they are approaching levels of concern, particularly with regard to As, Cd, Pb and Cr. The results indicate that the use of water from the Guandu Watershed for recreational purposes and fishing is harmful to both human health and the environment.
El trabajo adopta un enfoque socio-histórico de largo plazo para examinar algunos aspectos clave de las relaciones entre los procesos de control social del agua y formación de poder estatal, tomando como ejemplo el caso de México. A partir de algunas de las sugerencias conceptuales del sociólogo alemán Norbert Elias, en particular la noción de "proceso de monopolización", el texto explora el carácter sui generis de las formas de control social del agua, que, a diferencia del caso de la tenencia de la tierra, han tendido hacia la concentración del poder formal sobre este bien común en instituciones de carácter público. El trabajo también discute la aplicación del concepto de "régimen socio-ecológico", en este caso aplicado a los "regímenes hidráulicos", o formas de control del agua en mayor o menor medida institucionalizadas, que pueden identificarse en el caso mexicano, en perspectiva histórica. Además de los aportes de Norbert Elias, el trabajo dialoga con autores ya clásicos en la literatura sobre aspectos sociales, legales y políticos del agua, la historia ambiental y económica, la antropología, y la rica tradición de trabajos sobre historia de la tecnología del agua, con énfasis en el caso mexicano. Este texto forma parte de una investigación que examinó la formación de derechos de ciudadanía, parte constitutiva del proceso de formación estatal, observando las interrelaciones entre la sociogénesis del poder estatal y el desarrollo de los derechos ciudadanos en México. Este tema es de alta relevancia, ya que el control del agua y los debates en torno al estatus del agua (¿es el agua un bien común? ¿un bien público? ¿una mercancía? ¿debe existir un derecho al agua?) constituyen un elemento central en las luchas sociales y políticas contemporáneas. ; The paper adopts a long-term socio-historical approach to examine some aspects of the interrelations between processes of social control over water and the formation of State power, focusing on the case of Mexico. Drawing on conceptual contributions from German sociologist Norbert Elias, in particular his notion of "monopoly process", the work explores the sui generis character of the social forms of water control that, in a way dissimilar from the case of land tenancy, have tended towards the concentration of formal power over this common good in the hands of public institutions. The paper also discusses the use of the concept of "socio-ecological regime" in relation to "hydraulic regimes", that is, forms of water control with different degrees of institutionalization that can be identified in the Mexican case, in historical perspective. In addition to Norbert Elias' contributions, the paper brings together other classical authors from the literature on water-related social, legal and political aspects, environmental and economic history, anthropology, and the rich tradition of work on the history of water technology, with emphasis on the Mexican case. This work forms part of a research that studied the formation of citizenship rights, which are constitutive of the state-formation process, by observing the interrelations between state power and the development of citizenship rights in Mexico. This topic is highly relevant, given that control over water and the debates around the status of water (is it a common good? Is it a public good? Is it a commodity? There should be a right to water?) constitute a central element in contemporary social and political struggles. ; Fil: Castro, José Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario; Argentina
El presente estudio se basa en el desarrollo de una metodología para el monitoreo ambiental de cursos hídricos urbanos intervenidos con obras hidráulico sanitarias por la Empresa Pública Metropolitana de Agua Potable y Saneamiento, en la quebrada Ortega y sus afluentes. Se realiza el estudio hidráulico e hidrológico del sector de la quebrada Ortega, mediante el cual se definió las épocas lluviosa y seca. Para la definición de los parámetros físico-químicos y microbiológicos, se toma como referente la legislación ambiental vigente ecuatoriana, indicada en el Acuerdo Ministerial No. 097-A, Anexo 1 del libro VI, tabla 2 y tabla 2-a, Registro Oficial 387, del 4 de junio de 2015, además de los registros históricos de la quebrada Ortega de los años 2012, 2013, 2014. Adicionalmente se realiza el estudio de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, como indicadores de la calidad ecológica de las aguas de la Quebrada Ortega y sus afluentes, a través del índice BMWP. Es así que se propone una metodología con la finalidad de generar una base técnica para el control de la contaminación antropogénica que interfiera en el plan de descontaminación de los Ríos de Quito. ; The current study focuses on the development of a methodology to perform environmental monitoring of the urban hydraulic resources intervened with sanitary civil works by the Metropolitan Public Company of Water Treatment and Sanitation on the Ortega ravine and its tributaries. The rainy and dry seasons where defined based on hydraulic and hydrologic studies performed on the ravine. In order to characterize the physiochemical and microbiological parameters, multiple factors were taken into account such as the current Ecuadorian environmental legislation (Ministerial agreement No 097-A, Annex 1 from book VI, tables 2 and 2-a, Official Record 387, June 4, 2015), and the historic records of the ravine of 2012, 2013, and 2014. Moreover, the study of aquatic macroinvertebrates was carried out through the BMWP index to characterize the water quality running through the Ortega ...
Estuaries are crucial areas from a socio-environmental point of view, being the ecosystem for a wide range of life forms, the economic foundation of many coastal nations, and the connection between land and open sea. Communities inhabiting these areas need to transport people and commodities by water, thus entailing the dredging of waterways to inland ports. Deepening of navigation channels in estuaries usually results in the alteration of tidal behavior and related morphodynamic processes. The knowledge of the spatio-temporal response of estuaries to dredging activities is still limited; therefore there is a real need to use and combine different methods and tools when exploring the effects of such interventions. It is the aim of this Thesis to enhance the understanding of the main morphodynamic processes involved in the dredging activities, and the implementation of multiple tools when assessing these projects in estuaries. This Thesis achieved the objective using data and field measurements in two Andalusian estuaries, where both the role of the forcings and the dredging strategies differ: the Guadalquivir estuary and the Punta Umbría inlet. In the case of the Guadalquivir estuary, whose inland port belongs to the Spanish Port System, the presence of numerous stakeholders pose a challenge when managing dredging projects. The recent proposal to deepen the navigation channel confront the interests of different parties due to the possible environmental impacts in the system. This concern attains the effects of tides and freshwater discharge into the turbidity, saline intrusion and, generally, the ecological and chemical state of water masses. In the case of Punta Umbría inlet, the Regional Government of Andalusia manages the inland port. A database specifically designed to assess the dredging projects in these regional ports was used. The evaluation of all these dredging activities executed in the past twenty years pointed Punta Umbría as a particularly problematic port. Indeed, it has one of the highest average prices per intervention, where the volume of mobilized sediment in the navigation channels is the second highest. ; Tesis Univ. Granada. Programa Oficial de Doctorado en: Dinámica de Flujos Biogeoquímicos y sus aplicaciones
El presente trabajo consiste en un estudio para la implementación de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental en la Planta Procesadora "El ELÉN - ERPE". El objetivo de la investigación es identificar las condiciones ambientales actuales en las que se encuentra la Planta Procesadora de Quinua "El ELÉN - ERPE", y el desarrollo de los programas ambientales que permitan minimizar los Impactos Ambientales adversos. Con relación a la metodología se ha procedido a realizar una Revisión Ambiental Inicial en la que se obtuvo el balance de materiales, la caracterización de las aguas residuales, la caracterización del suelo de los tanques de sedimentación, la determinación del nivel de ruido, la generación del material particulado, y la declaración ambiental. Posteriormente se redactó la política ambiental y se identifican objetivos y metas ambientales, luego se realizó un Plan de Manejo Ambiental y se complementa con la redacción del Manual del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental. El trabajo realizado se determinó que la Planta Procesadora "EL ELÉN - ERPE" presenta un Impacto Ambiental Severo, por lo que se procedió al cambio de la etapa de lavado por la de escarificado lográndose reducir el porcentaje de pérdida en el producto en 9%; de igual forma se reduce el consumo de agua en 65%, de combustible en 51% y el tiempo del proceso. Se concluye con el desarrollo del Manual del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental que contiene programas ambientales dirigidos a cumplir los porcentajes anteriormente expuesto. La puesta en marcha del Sistema de Gestión Ambiental estará a cargo de los directivos de la Fundación ERPE. ; The present work consists on a study for the implementation of a System of Environmental Management in the Plant Processor "El ELÉN - ERPE." The objective of the investigation is to identify the current environmental conditions in those that it is the Plant Processor of Quinua " El ELÉN - ERPE", and the development of the environmental programs that they allow to minimize the adverse E nvironmental Impacts. With relationship to the methodology you has proceeded to carry out a Revision Environmental Initial in which was obtained the balance of materials, the characterization of the residual waters, the characterization of the floor of t he sedimentation tanks, the determination of the level of noise, the generation of the particle material, and the environmental declaration. Later on the environmental politics was edited and objectives and environmental goals are identified, then it was c arried out a Plan of Environmental Handling and it is supplemented with the writing of the Manual of the System of Environmental Administration. Of the carried out work it was determined that the Plant Processor "El ELÉN - ERPE" it presents a Severe Envi ronmental Impact, for what you came to the change of the stage from having washed by the one of having harrowed achieving you to reduce the percentage of loss in the product in 9%; of equal it is formed it reduces the consumption of water in 65%, of fuel i n 51% and the time of the process. You conclude with the development of the Manual of the System of Environmental Management that contains environmental programs directed to complete the previously exposed percentages. The setting in March of the Syste m of Environmental Management will be in charge of the directive of the Foundation ERPE.
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo entender el grado de aplicación y efectividad que tiene la utilización de las herramientas jurídicas de "Acceso a la Información, de Participación y Justicia (Principio 10)". El estudio realiza una contextualización internacional, nacional, regional y local sobre la normatividad y políticas públicas y el estado de conflictividad socio ambiental principalmente en los procesos de licenciamiento ambiental en proyectos de infraestructura física. Se estudia y analiza específicamente el proyecto denominado "Túnel de Oriente" en Antioquia. Este proyecto se ha dilatado por más de 15 años debido a la oposición de parte de la sociedad civil al proyecto, principalmente por motivos ambientales -fundamentalmente por el impacto negativo sobre el recurso hídrico-, y también porque se considera innecesario. Por medio del análisis de los antecedentes administrativos y judiciales del estudio, creación y análisis de información geográfica, de recolección y análisis de información primaria y secundaria (prensa, entrevistas, encuestas, reuniones, talleres de reflexión, etc.) se pretende entender la dinámica y tendencias seguidas por los principales actores identificados en el proceso. Aún persiste una "resistencia" por parte de las autoridades estatales en compartir "la gobernanza" ambiental y esto provoca la resistencia civil y por tanto la utilización –a veces hasta desmedida- del P10. Paradójicamente, esto también ha contribuido a fortalecer a la sociedad civil local, a mejorar la calidad ambiental del proyecto y por tanto sus consecuencias ambientales. ; Abstract: The aim of this document is to understand to what extent the legal tools of "Access to information, participation and justice in environmental matters", so – called "Principle 10", are effective and applicable. This is carried out by means of an international, national, regional and local contextualization of regulations, public policies, and socio-environmental conflicts, especially those of the environmental licensing processes for physical infrastructure projects. The project named "Túnel de Oriente" (Eastern Tunnel) has been specifically studied and analyzed in this paper. The Easter Tunnel realization has been delayed for over 15 years due to civil society opposition as deemed unnecessary, and because of its negative impact on water resources. The dynamic and trends followed by the main actors identified in the process are intended to be understood by the study of judicial and administrative precedents, the study, creation and analysis of geographic information, and by the collection of primary and secondary data (press, interviews, surveys, meetings, reflection workshops, others). Relevant public authorities are still resisting to share environmental "governance", which leads to a civil resistance and, therefore, to a sometimes excessive use of Principle 10. Paradoxically, this has also contributed to strengthen local civil society capacity to improve the project´s environmental quality and, thus, its environmental consequences. ; Maestría
Since the mid-twentieth century, a conflict has developed on a national scale between the provinces of La Pampa and Mendoza (Argentina), producing a so-called decrease in the amount of water from the Atuel river. The main objective of the study is to try to reconstruct the hydrological conditions of Atuel river, from the end of the eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century and, in this way, analyze the claim of La Pampa about the water volume reduction, attributed to the intensive agricultural use made by Mendoza, in the middle basin. For this, a trend line of the Atuel river flows was created, using archival documents, traveler stories, studies of naturalists, and military incursions, in which the pre-instrumental period is especially considered. Subsequently, a comparison was made, based on reconstructions developed from other related disciplines such as dendrochronology, glaciology, and meteorology. The results confirm that the Atuel River presents a sustained decrease in its flow —although with pulses of floods and cyclical droughts— since the end of the nineteenth century. In the observed pulses, important dry periods appear during the nineteenth century, which even would have prevented that the basin flowed into its waters to the Colorado River, which was supposed to be the normal situation before 1900.Main Ideas: Review article that proposes a hydroclimatic reconstruction of the Atuel river based on the analysis of historical documentation, contributing to the debate on the interprovincial conflict between Mendoza and La Pampa, and the research about the appropriation of water from "irrigated land" vs "deserts". ; Desde mediados del siglo XX, se ha desarrollado un conflicto a escala nacional, entre las provincias de La Pampa y Mendoza (Argentina), cuya causa es una supuesta disminución en la cantidad de agua proveniente del río Atuel. El objetivo principal del estudio es tratar de reconstruir las condiciones hidrológicas del río Atuel, desde finales del siglo XVIII hasta mediados del siglo XX, para analizar el reclamo pampeano sobre la disminución del volumen hídrico, la cual se le atribuye al uso agrícola intensivo que realizó Mendoza en la cuenca media. Para ello, se elaboró una "línea de tendencia" de los caudales del río Atuel, a partir de documentos de archivo, relatos de viajeros, estudios de naturalistas e incursiones militares, en los que se tuvo en cuenta especialmente el periodo preinstrumental. Después, se realizó una comparación, a partir de reconstrucciones elaboradas para áreas vecinas, desde la dendrocronología, la glaciología y la meteorología. Los resultados comprueban que el río Atuel presenta una disminución sostenida de su caudal —aunque con pulsos de crecidas y sequías cíclicas— desde finales del siglo XIX. En los pulsos observados aparecen importantes periodos secos durante el siglo XIX, los cuales incluso habrían impedido que la cuenca volcara sus aguas al río Colorado, como se supone que era normal antes de 1900.Ideas destacadas: artículo de revisión que propone una reconstrucción hidroclimática del río Atuel, a partirdel análisis de documentación histórica; aporta al debate sobre el conflictointerprovincial entre Mendoza y La Pampa, y a la investigación sobre la apropiación del agua de los "oasis" vs "desiertos". ; Desde a metade do século XX, desenvolveu-se um conflito de escala nacional, entre os estados de La Pampa e Mendoza (Argentina), cuja causa é uma suposta diminuição da quantidade de água proveniente do rio Atuel. O objetivo principal do estudo é tentar reconstruir as condições hidrológicas do rio Atuel, desde o final do século XVIII até a metade do século XX, para analisar a reclamação pampiana sobre a diminuição do volume hídrico, que é atribuída ao uso agrícola intensivo que realizou Mendoza na bacia media. Para isso, criou-se "uma linha de tendência" dos caudais do rio Atuel, a partir de documento de arquivo, relatos de viajantes, estudos de naturalistas e incursões militares, em que o período pré-instrumental foi especialmente levado em consideração. Foi então feita uma comparação, com base nas reconstruções realizadas nas áreas vizinhas desde a dendrocronologia, a glaciologia e a meteorologia. Os resultados comprovam que o rio Atuel apresenta uma diminuição prolongada de seu fluxo — ainda que com pulsos e crescidas e secas cíclicas — desde o final do século XIX. Nos pulsos observados, surgem importantes períodos secos durante o século XIX que haveriam impedido, inclusive, que a bacia desembocasse suas águas no rio Colorado como se supunha que foi a situaçãonormal antes de 1900.Ideias destacadas: artigo de revisão que propõe uma reconstrução hidroclimática do rio Atuel, com base na análise de documentação histórica; contribuindo para o debate sobre o conflito interprovincial entre Mendoza e La Pampa, e à pesquisa sobre a apropriação da água dos "oásis" vs "desertos".
International audience ; The sub-basins of the Maravilla-Chiz and Quebrada Honda Rivers have an approximate area of 46.8 km2 and are located in the eastern part of the Costa Rican metropolitan area, where agricultural and livestock productions are the main economic activity. The sub-basins supply the populations nearby with groundwater sources. The objective of the paper was to determine the possible groundwater contamination by assessing the state of the protection areas of springs used for public water supply. For such purposes, potential point, line, and diffuse sources of contamination were considered and classified according to the POSH (Pollutant Origin and its Surcharge Hydraulically) method. The protected area corresponded to a 200 m radius around the headwaters (Costa Rican Law 276). Results identified that 7% of the area showed diffuse sources of high potential generating pollutant load, due to the large quantities of pesticides used in greens and vegetables, while 55% presented a moderate potential in plots of sugarcane, coffee, and urban areas with no sanitary sewer. Half of the point sources found were classified as a high potential and 46% as moderate. Of the 252 line-kilometers corresponding to rivers, road network, and pipeline, 89% was classified as moderate potential, 10% as high, and 1% as reduced. Finally, the invasion of line and diffuse sources in the spring protection areas was confirmed; therefore, the local government is recommended to start a legal procedure to address the problem. ; Las subcuencas del río Maravilla-Chiz y Quebrada Honda, localizadas en la región oriental del área metropolitana de Costa Rica, tienen una superficie aproximada de 46,8 km2, donde la principal actividad económica es la producción tanto agrícola como pecuaria y su población se abastece de fuentes de agua subterránea. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la amenaza de contaminación del agua subterránea, mediante la evaluación del estado de las áreas de protección en manantiales de abastecimiento ...
A growing awareness of environmental concerns is attracting increasing attention to the problem of underwater noise pollution and its effects. Several studies have demonstrated that anthropogenic ambient noise has a serious adverse impact on the health of marine biosystems and their fauna. In this scenario, governments and public administrations have started to take action; for instance, the European Parliament has defined a framework for community action in marine environmental policy through Directive 2008/56/EC and further documents, in which measuring underwater noise levels along European coasts and creating noise maps were identified as preliminary tasks necessary to establish the extent of the problem and to define further corrective actions. At the same time, it is recommend the use of propagation models to strengthen the analyses by "addressing the bias introduced by the variability of the spatial distribution of human pressure, and by the natural variability of the environment" as well as to extend the results to larger areas due to the impracticality of making measurements at all points. Present work carries out a study of the methodologies for the creation of underwater noise maps in shallow waters, proposing a practical solution for the evaluation of the specific environment of the ría de Vigo (42º 14.5'N, 8º 43.4'W). The selected environment stands out for being an area of great density and variety of traffic, with the port of Vigo as a world reference. It's a shallow water area (<45m) with more complex propagation characteristics (multipath, influence of bathymetry, influence of the bottom, etc.) and less historically investigated than deep waters. However, the solutions presented are easily exportable to deep water environments where the mechanisms of sound propagation are simplified. That is why the methodologies used during this project, despite being adjusted to a specific environment, can be considered generic in terms of validity and execution possibilities. Firstly, we will study the underwater noise measurement techniques proposing both methods for measuring sound pressure level and propagation losses. The measurement techniques are built upon the deep water normative, in spite of the lack of shallow water one. Propagation losses measurements have been made using a calibrated underwater source emitting tones in 1/3 octave frequency bands to a line of measuring points. These measurement techniques will be used to study the main noise sources, the vessels. Series of recording campaigns have been made in order to get more information of the different sources implied. All these measurements have been collected –and also all the information of the environmental conditions, source characteristics, measurement setup, etc.– to create an online database called ShipsEar, with open access to the research community. The usefulness of ShipsEar is illustrated through a simple experiment of vessel detection and vessel classification by size, with and overall classification rate over 75% and a 100% detection rate. On the other hand, we will study the modeling techniques used for the estimation of the propagation losses and the vessels source levels. The models selection will be adjusted trough measurements in two phases: we will first adjust the propagation model using propagation losses measurement to then jointly adjust the optimized propagation model and the source model with monitoring measurements at different points of the ría. A complete methodology based on this modeling and measurements techniques will be developed, aided by the construction of an independent AIS station and a control application –ShipsEar Mapping– to create, present and storage underwater noise maps. Finally, the proposed application is developed and detailed. ShipsEar Mapping allows the generation of underwater noise maps, detects areas where underwater fauna is affected and evaluates possible solutions. The tool reflects the recommendations of European regulations –as well as other examples of application that can serve as feedback to studies by biologists and all kinds of marine researchers– and gives the first estimate of underwater noise in the Vigo estuary following Marine Framework Strategy Directive indicators for the evaluation of continuous low frequency sound, related to maritime traffic.
