Suchergebnisse

Se analiza información sobre el proyecto de la planta cervecera Constellation Brands, ubicada en el municipio de Mexicali, Baja California, a efecto de determinar en qué medida este proyecto está considerando las condiciones de semiaridez, la amenaza de escasez y la sobreexplotación de fuentes de agua. A través de una revisión documental, se indaga en documentos oficiales y estudios técnicos del proyecto. El análisis arroja una falta de apego a los conceptos de Seguridad del Agua, sostenibilidad y gobernanza ambiental democrática, mismos que buscan garantizar un acceso equitativo y justo al agua, minimizar los riesgos ambientales y promover la participación amplia y efectiva de actores sociales en la toma de decisiones vinculadas al proyecto. Se observan inconsistencias en la información y los datos técnicos de consumo, así como un predominio de procesos poco transparentes en la promoción del proyecto, lo que derivó en un conflicto entre los promotores y diversos sectores de la sociedad local. ; This article examines data of the Constellation Brands brewery project in Mexicali, Baja California, to determine the extent to which the context of imminent shortages and current overexploitation of water sources threatening Mexicali's semiarid region is considered into the project. Through a documentary review, official documents and technical studies used as the basis of the brewery project are investigated. The analysis shows the lack of adherence to the concepts of water security (WS), sustainability, and democratic environmental governance, which seek to guarantee fair and equitable access to water, minimize environmental risks and promote the broad and effective participation of social actors in critical decision-making processes. Inconsistencies in technical data related to water consumption are observed, as well as lack of transparency along the process of promotion of the project which resulted in conflicts between promoters and several sectors of local society.

This paper was carried out in the villages of Chiquiza Centro and Juan Díaz in the municipality of Chiquiza in Boyacá, Colombia; the social problems that exist in the southern sector of Chiquiza, especially as a result of the access to water from the Chiquiza river, has caused the inhabitants of this part of the municipality to be involved, for many years, in conflicts that have even reached human losses. The lack of a sense of cooperation in them has also caused a delay in the social and economic development of the area, as well as, family differences block the growth thus causing fear and anxiety due to the violence of the villagers that often nullifies the authority of the local government. By studying the characterization of the different actors such as the municipal administration, Colombia's Natural National Parks, Corpoboyacá, Ministry of Environment, neighboring Municipalities, community of Chiquiza, Environmental NGOs and financial entities in the socio-environmental conflict and, by using the stakeholder circle methodology, they were classified according to their interest and influence, being the most influential in the participation in seeking a solution to the conflict; the municipal administration, the community of Chiquiza and Natural Parks were in order of greater to lesser. By knowing this information, the logical framework methodology was applied; this determined various viable strategies that were presented to the actors, thus allowing to identify and consider one of them, as part of the solution to this problem called the substitution of risk systems, for the benefits, installation times, implementation costs and, social and environmental impacts expected.

A lo largo de la presente investigación se pone de manifiesto al tratar de las dimensiones ambientales del agua que pese a la proliferación de algunos factores como son, los avances tecnológicos en comunicación y transportes o la cooperación de muchos países en temas relacionados con la seguridad, narcotráfico, terrorismo y materia medioambiental, en algunos casos, la fuerte democratización de los sistemas políticos estatales, han beneficiado a que las administraciones públicas y los políticos nacionales se inclinen hacia un trato cercano al ciudadano y, por lo tanto, de su descentralización, floreciendo las posiciones que defienden las esferas locales, regionales o nacionales (de hecho un claro ejemplo lo localizamos en el derecho comunitario, en el que el principio de subsidiariedad, prevalece de forma cada vez más creciente en la administración pública y en la gestión política) , con lo que aquellas cuestiones que puedan responderse y solucionarse eficientemente desde un ámbito local, excluyen su realización en otros perímetros provinciales, regionales o nacionales (así sucesivamente, aquello que pueda hacerse desde la escala regional, relega y descarta la actuación de las administraciones nacionales, e igual con el horizonte nacional en relación con el supranacional). No obstante la aparición de problemas ambientales (y humanos en general), de magnitud y trascendencia global, ha favorecido la labor de organizaciones supranacionales que a través de la cooperación internacional intentan dar respuesta (primordialmente desde el compromiso y la vinculación jurídica del mayor número de estados posibles), a los contratiempos a los que se enfrenta (debido a la acción del ser humano), nuestro planeta (su entorno natural), y que repercuten de manera dramática en la existencia de millones de personas en todo el mundo. ; Throughout this research, it is clear when dealing with the environmental dimensions of water that despite the proliferation of some factors such as technological advances in communication and transport or the cooperation of many countries on issues related to safety, drug trafficking, terrorism and environmental matters, in some cases, the strong democratization of state political systems, have benefited the public administrations and national politicians to lean towards a treatment close to the citizen and, therefore, their decentralization, flourishing the positions defended by local, regional or national spheres (in fact, we can find a clear example in community law, in which the principle of subsidiarity prevails more and more in public administration and political management), what those questions that can be answered and solved efficiently from a local level, exclude their realization in other provincial, regional or national perimeters (so on, what can be done from the regional scale, relegates and discards the action of national administrations, and the same with the national horizon in relation to the supranational). Despite the appearance of environmental problems (and human problems in general), of global magnitude and significance, it has favored the work of supranational organizations that, through international cooperation, try to respond (primarily from the commitment and legal connection of the largest number of possible states), to the setbacks it faces (due to human action), our planet (its natural environment), and which have a dramatic impact on the existence of millions of people around the world. ; Tout au long de cette recherche, il est clair, face aux dimensions environnementales de l'eau, qu'en dépit de la prolifération de certains facteurs tels que les progrès technologiques en matière de communication et de transport ou la coopération de nombreux pays sur des questions liées à la sécurité, trafic de drogue, terrorisme et questions environnementales, dans certains cas, la forte démocratisation des systèmes politiques étatiques, ont profité aux administrations publiques et aux politiciens nationaux pour pencher vers un traitement proche du citoyen et, par conséquent, leur décentralisation, florissante les positions défendues par les sphères locale, régionale ou nationale (en fait, on peut trouver un exemple clair dans le droit communautaire, où le principe de subsidiarité prévaut de plus en plus dans l'administration publique et la gestion politique), avec ce que ces questions qui peuvent être répondues et résolues efficacement à partir d'un environnement local l, exclure sa réalisation dans d'autres périmètres provinciaux, régionaux ou nationaux (ainsi de suite, ce qui peut être fait à l'échelle régionale, relègue et écarte l'action des administrations nationales, et de même avec l'horizon national par rapport à celui supranational). Malgré l'apparition de problèmes environnementaux (et de problèmes humains en général), d'ampleur et d'importance mondiale, il a favorisé le travail des organisations supranationales qui, à travers la coopération internationale, tentent de répondre (principalement par l'engagement et le lien juridique du plus grand nombre de états possibles), aux revers auxquels elle est confrontée (du fait de l'action de l'être humain), à notre planète (son environnement naturel), et qui ont un impact dramatique sur l'existence de millions de personnes dans le monde.

The neoliberal globalization design, alien to the most elementary ethical principles, far from slowing down the environmental degradation, reduce the wealth inequalities and guarantee fundamental right to the most poor, as the access to drinkable water, has open the water management to the market, as a business space, fostering then the water resources depredation and making weak people more vulnerable. In sum, we face a global water crisis that will get worse, mostly for vulnerable populations and particularly for the poorest communities, if the right politics of adaption are not adopted against droughts and rainfall that are going to be more intense and frequent. We need a new ethic scope, based on sustainability, equity and non violent principles. We face the need to promote a New Water Culture that recovers, from modernity, the old wisdom of ancient cultures based on prudence and respect for the nature. ; El vigente modelo neoliberal de globalización, ajeno a los más elementales principios éticos, lejos de frenar la degradación ecológica, reducir los gradientes de riqueza y garantizar a los más pobres derechos fundamentales, como el acceso al agua potable, ha abierto al mercado la gestión de aguas como espacio de negocio, acelerando la depredación de los recursos hídricos y aumentando la vulnerabilidad de los más débiles. En síntesis, afrontamos una crisis global del agua que sin duda se agravará por efecto del cambio climático en curso si no se adoptan adecuadas políticas de adaptación que amortigüen la vulnerabilidad de la población, particularmente de las comunidades más pobres, ante los riesgos de sequía y de fuertes precipitaciones, que aumentarán en intensidad y frecuencia. Se requiere un nuevo enfoque ético, basado en principios de sostenibilidad, equidad y no-violencia. Nos encontramos ante la necesidad de promover una "Nueva Cultura del Agua" que recupere, desde la modernidad, la vieja sabiduría de culturas ancestrales que se basaba en la prudencia y en el respeto a la naturaleza.

The article reviews the issue of water, a renewable natural resource, but unevenly distributed, which has become a rare commodity for some populations. The access to clean water is essential to health, one of the basic human rights and a component of effective policies for the protection of health (WHO, 2006), both in Peru and the world. ; El artículo revisa la característica del agua, un recurso natural renovable, pero distribuido de forma irregular, que se ha convertido en un bien escaso para algunas poblaciones. El acceso al agua potable es fundamental para la salud, uno de los derechos humanos básicos y un componente de las políticas eficaces de protección de la salud (OMS, 2006), tanto en el Perú como el mundo entero

This is the second issue developed by members of the WATERLAT-GOBACIT Network's Thematic Area 10, Water and Violence. Research done by members of this TA focuses on how violence, whether systemic-structural, subjective, symbolic, or in any other of its many forms, has become the key mechanism through which the relations between human beings, and between humans and Nature, are de-structured and reconfigured, and new kinds of relations are created, producing new forms of territorial, social and political power and domination. TA10 aims to explore, examine, and contribute to a better understanding of the often-traumatic experiences emerging from these processes of social reordering, whose consequences of socio-ecological dispossession can be observed in the form of environmental deterioration and destruction of the material basis of life, and most notably in the case of water sources. Its objective is to also contribute towards the development of conceptual and methodological frameworks that place the emphasis on understanding and explaining how the use of violence as a mechanism has an impact in the evolving forms of water politics and management currently being implemented worldwide, particularly looking at the consequences of these processes, as well as at the potential alternatives to confront the rapid increase of inhuman and anti-democratic practices and discourses in the processes of water control and accumulation. Within this framework, the present issue, organized by Dr Karina Kloster, from the Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), includes four articles that are the result of ongoing research covering experiences of water-related violences and injustices identified in Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico. Many of these events are the result of criminal activities carried out by governments' security forces, illegal groups, and other violent actors, often working jointly to impose the appropriation of land, water, and other resources belonging to rural, indigenous and peasant communities. The issue is an ...

Summary analyses information on the Constellation Brands brewery project, located in the municipality of Mexicali, Baja California, in order to determine the extent to which this project is considering the semi-aridity conditions, the threat of scarcity and the overexploitation of water sources. Through a desk review, official documents and technical studies of the project are investigated. The analysis reveals a lack of adherence to the concepts of water safety, sustainability and democratic environmental governance, which aim to ensure equitable and fair access to water, minimise environmental risks and promote the broad and effective participation of social actors in decision-making linked to the project. There are inconsistencies in consumer information and technical data, as well as a predominance of non-transparent processes in promoting the project, resulting in a conflict between promoters and various sectors of local society. ; Resumen Se analiza información sobre el proyecto de la planta cervecera Constellation Brands, ubicada en el municipio de Mexicali, Baja California, a efecto de determinar en qué medida este proyecto está considerando las condiciones de semiaridez, la amenaza de escasez y la sobreexplotación de fuentes de agua. A través de una revisión documental, se indaga en documentos oficiales y estudios técnicos del proyecto. El análisis arroja una falta de apego a los conceptos de Seguridad del Agua, sostenibilidad y gobernanza ambiental democrática, mismos que buscan garantizar un acceso equitativo y justo al agua, minimizar los riesgos ambientales y promover la participación amplia y efectiva de actores sociales en la toma de decisiones vinculadas al proyecto. Se observan inconsistencias en la información y los datos técnicos de consumo, así como un predominio de procesos poco transparentes en la promoción del proyecto, lo que derivó en un conflicto entre los promotores y diversos sectores de la sociedad local.

Se presenta el resultado de la investigación en educación ambiental, realizada entre los años 2014 y 2015, en torno a la construcción de una cultura ambiental alrededor del agua y la transformación de las realidades ambientales en comunidades educativas del Departamento del Atlántico - Colombia. En el proceso de la investigación se desarrollaron estrategias dialógicas dentro de la educación ambiental en las cuales se incluyeron componentes estéticos, éticos y comunicativos; estas incluyeron, realización de actividades lúdicas con posterior retroalimentación de las mismas ; The results of environmental education research, conducted between the years 2014 and 2015, are presented in the construction of an environmental culture around water and the transformation of environmental realities in educational communities in the Department of Atlántico - Colombia. In the research process, dialogic strategies were developed within environmental education in which aesthetic, ethical and communicative components were included; These included, carrying out recreational activities with subsequent feedback of the same

Alternative justice is an access to self-compositional justice where dialogue and communication represent decision-making for the individual and collective good. In situations of conflict of interest in environmental matters (ejidos, water, soil, among others), decision-making must be born from the consensus of those who directly impact the environmental damage (action or omission) in conjunction with the competent authorities of The matter. For this, the techniques and tools provided by alternative mechanisms strengthen conflict processes that can be managed and resolved in a participatory and inclusive way. It is to be recognized that the Mexican State within its legislative competence has progressively proclaimed and established laws regarding the integration of alternative justice in environmental conflicts. ; La justicia alternativa es un acceso a la justicia auto compositiva en donde el diálogo y comunicación representan toma de decisiones para el bien individual y colectivo. Ante situaciones de conflicto de interés en materia ambiental (ejidos, agua, suelo, entre otros) la toma de decisiones debe nacer desde el consenso de los que de forma directa impacta el daño ambiental (acción u omisión) en conjunto con las autoridades competentes de la materia. Para ello, las técnicas y herramientas que proporcionan los mecanismos alternativos afianzan procesos de conflictos que puedan ser gestionados y solucionados de forma participativa e inclusiva. Es de reconocer que el Estado mexicano dentro de su competencia legislativa ha proclamado y establecido leyes de manera progresiva en cuanto la integración de la justicia alternativa en conflictos de materia ambiental.

[ES] The III National R & D Plan for the period 1996-99 — approved by the Government in July 1995 — includes a National Water Resources Programme, which aims to increase knowledge of resources and demands. The scientific and technical objectives of the programme have been grouped under the following strands: water resource management, water quality, water related environmental problems, applications of new technologies, surface and groundwater hydrology, and agrohydrology. The main recipients of the results of the programme will be the Directorate-General for Hydraulic Works, responsible for the National Hydrological Plan, the Directorate-General for Water Quality, which manages the National Plan for Waste Water Sanitation and Depuration, and the Directorate-General for Rural Planning and Natural Environment, which is currently drawing up the National Irrigation Plan, and the socio-economic sectors involved in water issues. Other programmes of the National R & D Plan relate to this programme, in particular those for the Environment and Agricultural R & D, which respectively include aspects of pollution, water erosion and measures to protect them. The objectives of this programme are also partly in line with those of the Fourth European Framework Programme, although the latter's objectives are particularly focused on the impact of climate change on water resources, as well as on technologies for forecasting and preventing hydrological risks, with a greater focus on lasinundation than droughts. The instruments to implement the Programme are primarily R & D projects, the results of which inform national water management plans. However, the participation of companies in projects and in the transfer of research results will be enhanced, especially with regard to new technologies and water-related materials and equipment. Martínez Beltrán, J. (1995). The National Water Resources Programme. Water engineering. 2 (3): 69-72. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.1995.2683 ; 69 72 2 3 ; [ES] The III National R & ...

Although numerous modelling efforts have integrated food and water considerations at the farm or river basin level, very few agro-economic models are able to jointly assess water and food policies at the global level. The present report explores the feasibility of integrating water considerations into the CAPRI model. First, a literature review of modelling approaches integrating food and water issues has been conducted. Three agro-economic models, IMPACT, WATERSIM and GLOBIOM, have been analysed in detail. In addition, biophysical and hydrological models estimating agricultural water use have also been studied, in particular the global hydrological model WATERGAP and the LISFLOOD model. Thanks to the programming approach of its supply module, CAPRI shows a high potentiality to integrate environmental indicators as well as to enter new resource constraints (land potentially irrigated, irrigation water) and input-output relationships. At least in theory, the activity-based approach of the regional programming model in CAPRI allows differentiating between rainfed and irrigated activities. The suggested approach to include water into the CAPRI model involves creating an irrigation module and a water use module. The development of the CAPRI water module will enable to provide scientific assessment on agricultural water use within the EU and to analyze agricultural pressures on water resources. The feasibility of the approach has been tested in a pilot case study including two NUTS 2 regions (Andalucia in Spain and Midi-Pyrenees in France). Preliminary results are presented, highlighting the interrelations between water and agricultural developments in Europe. As a next step, it is foreseen to further develop the CAPRI water module to account for competition between agricultural and non-agricultural water use. This will imply building a water use sub-module to compute water use balances.

El objetivo de este trabajo es fomentar el reconocimiento del acceso al agua potable, como derecho humano universal, indivisible e imprescriptible. La metodología utilizada fue documental, mediante la recopilación de información factible respecto al tema y análisis de la información donde se analizó, evaluó e interpretó las coincidencias y discordancias del material bibliográfico recopilado. Los principales resultados evidencian que todavía no existe un mercado de servicios ambientales, ni hidrológicos, las experiencias mencionadas operan en un rango de compensación indirecta hasta llegar a la compensación directa. Se concluye expresando que la dimensión cultural del agua es demasiado importante y política para ser ignorada o menospreciada. ; The objective of this work is to promote the recognition of access to drinking water, as a universal, indivisible and imprescriptible human right. The methodology used was documentary, through the collection of feasible information regarding the subject and analysis of the information where the coincidences and disagreements of the collected bibliographic material were analyzed, evaluated and interpreted. The main results show that there is still no market for environmental or hydrological services, the mentioned experiences operate in an indirect compensation range until direct compensation is reached. It is concluded by expressing that the cultural dimension of water is too important and political to be ignored or belittled.

Through the application of "neoliberal" principles - private property rights, markets, and deregulation - the aim of Chile's 1981 Water Code was to foster user investment in water infrastructure and efficiency in water use. However, the Water Code is increasingly being challenged over its association with the over-exploitation of water bodies for economic gain at the expense of human and environmental needs. Many analyses have examined how the Water Code affects water management but have paid less attention to water governance: the institutional structures, processes, and practices of decision-making around water. The aim of this paper is thus to analyse how the Water Code has configured governance, how this governance has shaped the social relations of control over water, and how these social relations of control over water configure the wider political-economic order of the country. While analyses of governance as the practice of regulation shed light on the nature and functioning of the Water Code, the paper argues that approaching governance as the process of regulation-making reveals the power relations embedded in the framework and how these have transformed water-society relations to privilege capitalist and elite power. Revealing the power relations in the design, implementation, and defence of the Water Code both reveals the limitations of existing proposals for change and indicates new avenues for hydrosocial transformation. ; Mediante la aplicación de principios "neoliberales" (derechos de propiedad privada, mercados y desregulación), el objetivo del Código de Aguas de Chile de 1981 era fomentar la inversión de los usuarios en la infraestructura hidráulica y la eficiencia en el uso del agua. Sin embargo, el Código de Aguas se ve cada vez más cuestionado por su asociación con la sobreexplotación de los cuerpos de agua para obtener ganancias económicas a expensas de las necesidades básicas y la protección ambiental. Muchos análisis han examinado los efectos del Código del Agua en la gestión del agua, ...

This paper presents an approach to the creation of an agent-based system for the assessment of environmental impact upon human health. As indicators of the environmental impact water pollution, indexes of traffic and industrial activity, wastes and solar radiation are assumed. And as human health indicator morbidity is taken. All the data comprise multiple heterogeneous data repositories. The system is logically and functionally divided into three layers, solving the tasks of information fusion, pattern discovery and decision support making, respectively. The outcomes of the system design phase under Prometheus methodology and the complete characteristics of the agents forming the proposal are discussed. The discovered patterns are used as a foundation for real-time decision making, which is of great importance for adequate and effective management by responsible governmental authorities.

This paper proposes an approach about the management of water sources, hydraulic systems and the measures taken by the city government of San Luis Potosí (México) concerning the need of water supply during the years 1831 to 1886. This paper examines two important projects on water management in the city: the aqueduct of La Cañada del Lobo and the policies taken by the authorities on waterways through La Corriente. Both projects faced several problems, including the outbreak of illnesses associated with bodies of water and shortage of liquid flow through the aqueduct of La Cañada del Lobo. ; Este trabajo plantea una aproximación sobre la gestión de cuerpos de agua y de los sistemas hidráulicos en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí (México), durante el período 1831-1887, a partir de las medidas que tomó el gobierno municipal para atender las necesidades de abastecimiento de agua. El texto analiza dos proyectos importantes en el manejo del agua: el acueducto La Cañada del Lobo y las acciones sobre las derivaciones de aguas a través de La Corriente. Los dos proyectos enfrentaron diversos problemas, entre ellos, el brote de enfermedades asociadas a los cuerpos de agua y la escasez del flujo de líquido a través del acueducto de La Cañada del Lobo.