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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dummadri-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 585 ha in Dummadri-4 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 96 per cent area is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4 per cent is not suitable.  About 89 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 7 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 35 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 61 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 72 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline soils (pH 8.4-9.0) and 24 per cent very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 118 ha (20%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 83 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 66 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 30 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 76 per cent and 20 per cent high (>20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 5 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 562 (96) - Guava - 562 (96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 562 (96) Jamun - 562 (96) Soybean 562 (96) - Musambi 562 (96) - Bengalgram 562 (96) - Lime 562 (96) - Sunflower 562 (96) - Cashew - - Cotton 562 (96) - Custard apple 562 (96) - Sugarcane - - Amla 562 (96) - Mango - - Tamarind - 562 (96) Sapota - 562 (96) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16045' – 16048' North latitudes and 76030' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 585.29 ha, bounded by Dummadri, Kachapura, Vadagera and Sumbada villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dummadri-4 micro-watershed (Dummadri subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.5 to 38.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 69.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 70.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the households.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 30 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.98 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 27.6 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 65.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 19429 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 7929 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 57222 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock in sample households.  The average per capita food consumption is around 869 grams (1871.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55082 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2707. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 894 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 502518 per year for the total area of 563 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 20104/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 29367) followed by redgram (Rs. 20481) and paddy (Rs. 10464).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1366/ ha/year is paddy.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 59056), cotton (Rs. 48673) and paddy (Rs. 29483). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is paddy (55.0 %) followed by cotton (24.9 %) and red gram (20.1 %)  In Dummadri micro-watershed, major soil are Yedrami (YDM) series having very deep soil depth cover around 88.6 % of area; the main crop are cotton (24.6 %), paddy (55.4 %) and redgram (20.0 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for paddy in YDM soil is Rs.27719/ha (with BCR of 1.41). 3  In cotton the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs.20164/ha (with BCR of 2.52) and red gram the cost of cultivation in YDM soil is Rs 17487/ha (with BCR of 2.19).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in paddy (69.9%), cotton (29.3%) and redgram (11.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Mormanchi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 597 ha in Mormanchi microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 81 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 15 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 9 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 25 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 62 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 76 per cent low (51- 100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 95 per cent has soils that are low (20 ppm) in about 1 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 56 (9) 61 (10) Guava - - Maize - 61 (10) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 117 (20) Jamun - 37(6) Sunflower 56 (9) - Musambi 37(6) 20 (3) Cotton 56 (9) 61 (10) Lime 37(6) 20 (3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 56 (9) 61 (10) Custard apple 56 (9) 61(10) Bengalgram 118(20) 87 (15) Amla 56 (9) 61(10) Mango - - Tamarind - 37 (6) Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helpssustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges.This would helps in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass thus helping in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Mormanchi Micro-watershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17036' – 17038' North latitudes and 7704' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 597 ha, bounded by Gobbarwadi, Kinhi, Patvada, Bhimhalli and Chengta villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Mormanchi Microwatershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.4 to 34.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.6 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 40.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) among the all sample households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Majority of farm households (10 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.9 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 1.9 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making of agriculture production among the all sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.91 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.4 per cent and agriculture is a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 23900 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 11500 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having ploughed and bullock cart.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 43000 per household; about 58 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 870.5 grams (2046.91 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.37480 per household. Among the all farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2375. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1441 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 827326 per year for the total area of 597.20 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7005/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 11324) and black gram (Rs. 2685).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in black gram (Rs. 72496) and red gram (Rs. 64245). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (91.0 %) followed by black gram (9.0 %). 3  In Mormanchi Micro-watershed, major soil is Basaltic landforms of Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 52.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Matki (MAT) series are also having very shallow soil depth cover around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing black gram. Dinsi (DSI) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 10.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 50083/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs. 32666/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.57).  In black gram the cost of cultivation is in MAT soil Rs 28808/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 4.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chik Hangargi-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 711ha in Chik Hangargi-2 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 98 per cent area is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 24 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm), 33 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 39 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) and 24 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 33 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 6 ha (1%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 94 per cent has soils that are low (1 per cent high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 76 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 22 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 71 per cent, 15 per cent high (>20 ppm) and 12 per cent low (1.0 ppm) in about 1%.  Major area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186 (26) - Guava - 14 (2) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 186 (26) Jamun - 186 (26) Soybean 14 (2) 172 (24) Musambi 186 (26) - Bengalgram 186 (26) 235 (33) Lime 186 (26) - Sunflower 186 (26) - Cashew - - Cotton 186 (26) - Custard apple 186 (26) - Sugarcane - - Amla 186 (26) - Mango - - Tamarind - 186 (26) Sapota - 14 (2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lots of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chick Hangargi-2 micro-watershed (Chick Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16045' – 16051' North latitudes and 76032' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 711.06 ha, bounded by Sumbada and Yedrami villages with length of growing period (LGP)120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Chick Hangargi-2 (Chick Hangargi subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.0 to 41.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 48.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 66.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other back ward caste (OBC) is around 80.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10.0 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.70 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 18 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation is 56.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 19206 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 5036 per household, about 59.0 per cent of sample farmers having weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 13667 per household; about 33.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 757.9 grams (1664.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 61121 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 1612. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 683 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 476440 per year for the total area of 698 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 259749/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 504654) followed by cotton (Rs. 242593) and sorghum (Rs. 32000).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 3293/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs 62518), cotton (Rs 53778) and sorghum (Rs 40152). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (58.8 %) followed by cotton (32.8 %), sorghum (7.9 %) and paddy (0.5 %).  In Chick Hangargi-2 micro-watershed, major soil is Margutti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 38.93 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (20.8 %) and redgram (79.2 %). 3 Novinihala (NHA) are having shallow soil depth cover 33.09 % of area, the crops are redgram (67.4 %) and sorghum (32.6 %) and Dimal (DIM) series are having deep soil depth cover around 24.15 % of area, the crops are cotton (67.4 %) and redgram (32.6%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton range between Rs 33716/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.40) and Rs 29641/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.61).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between in MGT soil Rs. 29316/ha (with BCR of 1.60) and Rs 21477/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation Rs 20465/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.45).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (53.1 %), cotton (31.1 to 12.6 %) and redgram (8.9 to 3.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Padasavli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 535 ha in Padasavli-1 microwatershed in Aland taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 786 mm of which about 595 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 116 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture  About 11 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 73 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 11 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 18 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 68 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 14 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 23 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 72 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1 ppm) in available boron.  About 8 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 69 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 33 (6) 131(25) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 164 (31) Jamun - 49 (9) Sunflower 33(6) 24 (5) Musambi 33(6) 24 (5) Cotton 33 (6) 131 (25) Lime 33(6) 24 (5) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 33(6) 131 (25) Custard apple 33(6) 131(25) Guava - - Amla 33(6) 131(25) Mango - - Tamarind - 49 (9) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the field bunds, hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Padasavli-1 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17035'–17036' North latitudes and 76025'– 76028' East longitudes, covering an area of about 534.63 ha, bounded by Chincholi Khurd, Hiroli, Nagalogaon and Matki villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Padasavli-1 micro-watershed (Padasavli subwatershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 57 to 42.1 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 60.2 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among all sample households.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 20 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 89 per cent of sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all the sample households. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 2.67 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 44.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation about 55.3 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 6833. per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 3721 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart (50 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 28125 per household; about 78.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 844 grams (1774 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 65120 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1995. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1260 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 640239 per year for the total area of 534 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 7231/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 15388) followed by sunflower (Rs. 5371) and greengram (Rs.934).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 42840), followed by green gram (Rs. 34116) and sunflower (Rs. 24122). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is red gram (83.7 %) followed by green gram (8.7 %) and sunflower (7.6 %).  In Padasavali-1 Microwatershed, major soil series are Novinihala series are having shallow soil depth covers around 38.7 % of area the major crops are green gram (60 %) and redgram (40 %). Mahagaon soil series having are very deep soils depth covers around 9.22 % of area the crops are redgram. Marugutti soil series are having very shallow depth covers around 9.2 % of area the crops are redgram (44.4 %) and sunflower (55.6 %). Gutti soil series are having moderately shallow depth covers around (4.64) of area the crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 32931/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 18116/ha in MAN soil (with BCR of 2.21). 3  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in MGT soil is Rs.16128/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and green gram the cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs.18826/ha (with BCR of 1.08).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (40.1 to 50.3 %), followed by sunflower (56.0 %) and greengram (42.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tonsanhalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 576 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2rd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 96 per cent is suitable for agriculture  An area of about 93 per cent of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 2 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  An area of 82 per cent of the microwatershed soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 96 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 68 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 27 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 65 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 30 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 91 per cent of the area is low (57 kg/ha).  About 96 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 36 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 94 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 96 per cent soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed. Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 414 (72) 136(24) Sapota - 550(96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 550(96) Jamun - 537(93) Sunflower 414 (72) 123(21) Musambi 537(93) 13(2) Cotton 414 (72) 136(24) Lime 537(93) 13(2) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 414 (72) 136(24) Custard apple 550(96) - Bengal gram 355(62) 194(34) Amla 550(96) - Guava - 550(96) Tamarind - 537(93) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass.Thus helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology:Tonsanhalli-1 micro-watershed (Mulkod sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17012' – 17014' North latitudes and 7706' – 7709' East longitudes, covering an area of about 576 ha, bounded by Arjamga, Sangai, Mulkod, Mudbol and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Tonsanhalli-1 micro-watershed (Mulkod subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.4 and 48.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 40.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 59.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent sample households.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production is among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 2.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to small and medium and large farmers. The total cultivated land by rainfed land condition is among all the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation around 24.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 73.0 percent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20298 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 208775 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.34167 per household; among all the samples household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1164.4 grams (2590 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 66814 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2060. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.629 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 345861 per year for the total area of 575.55 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 22447/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 24925) and red gram (Rs. 19970).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 61136) and cotton (Rs. 54734). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (92.9 %) and cotton (7.1 %). 3  Tonsanhalli-1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Dhandothi (DDT) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 2.26 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (91.9 %) and cotton (8.1%). Dargha (DGR) are also having deep soil depth cover around 0.39 % of area, the crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 30060/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs. 25022 /ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.94).  In cotton the cost of cultivation in DDT soil Rs 36208 ha (with BCR of 1.70).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (7.1 to14.0 %) and cotton (17.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dharjamga-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Dharjamga-2 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 83 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 17 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 34 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 10 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and 52 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and 60 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 22 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) and about 1 per cent low (1.0 ppm).  About 1 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 85 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 175 (34) 11 (2) Guava - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 186 (36) Jamun - 175(34) Sunflower 108 (21) 67 (13) Musambi 175 (34) - Cotton 175 (34) 11 (2) Lime 175 (34) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 175(34) 11 (2) Custard apple 175 (34) 11(2) Bengalgram 186(36) 39 (8) Amla 175 (34) 11(2) Mango - - Tamarind 175 (34) - Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dharjamga-2 Microwatershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17038' – 17039' North latitudes and 7703' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 511 ha, bounded by Dongaragaon, Hallikheda(K), Margutti, Mormanchi, Nelkud and Patvada villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dharjamga-2 micro-(Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.8 to 34.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 63.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 65.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample household  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making is around among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 1.2 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 7.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 78.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 22413 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 3000 per household, about 10 per sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 21595 per household; among all sample households are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1219.5 grams (2802.78 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 Per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.31423 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2082. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1865 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 919285 per year for the total area of 511.3 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7096/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 14972) and paddy is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2964/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 2964).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 57811) and paddy (Rs. 18595). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (88.86 %) and paddy (11.14 %).  Dharjambaga-2 Microwatershed, major soil is Mannur soils series having is very deep soil depth cover around (20.37 %) of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Dimal (DIM) soils series having are deep soil depth cover around 2.92 % of area; the crops are paddy and redgram. Matki (MAT) soils series having very shallow soil depth cover around 2.10 % of area; the crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 29555/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.55) and Rs. 20390/ha in MAT soil (with BCR of 1.96).  In paddy the cost of cultivation in DIM soil is Rs 30790/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (7.2 %), red gram (11.5 %), redgram (19.0 %), paddy (59.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The Crop resource inventory of Chik Hangargi-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 561 ha in Chik Hangargi-3 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 98 per cent area is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the Crop resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 4 Crop use classes.  The length of Crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like Crop capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Crop suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural Crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 2 per cent is not suitable.  About 42 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 29 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm), 1 per cent is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 19 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 6 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) and 30 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 19 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 38 per cent, 50 per cent high (>20 ppm) and 10 per cent low (1.0 ppm) in about 7%.  Major area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 3 per cent is deficient (<4.5ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The Crop suitability for 19 major Crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various Crops but what specific Crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Crop suitability for various Crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 406 (72) - Guava - 238 (42) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 406 (72) Jamun - 402 (71) Soybean 242 (43) 164 (29) Musambi 402 (71) 4 (1) Bengalgram 406 (72) 107 (19) Lime 402 (71) 4 (1) Sunflower 406 (72) - Cashew - - Cotton 402 (71) 4 (1) Custard apple 406 (72) - Sugarcane - - Amla 406 (72) - Mango - - Tamarind - 402 (71) Sapota - 238 (42) Apart from the individual Crop suitability, a proposed Crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable Crops for different Crops and Cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture Crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to Crop production and conserve soil and Crop resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal Crops, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass.This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chick Hangargi-3 Microwatershed (Chick Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, and Gulbarga district) is located in between 16047' – 16049' North latitudes and 76032' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 561.33 ha, bounded by Sumbada village with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Chick Hangargi-3 micro-watershed, (Chick Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.9 to 45.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 47.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among the sample households.  Fire wood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (20 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among the all sample households.  Women participation in decisions making in agriculture production of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1 .7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 62.8 per cent and agriculture as a main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation is 35.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 16445 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 14750 per household; about 67 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 842.1 grams (211.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 30968 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1850. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 586 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 321621 per year for the total area of 549 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8692/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs 15737) followed by red gram (Rs. 9993) and green gram (Rs. 346).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 65777) followed by cotton (Rs. 52738) and greengram (Rs. 39669). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is cotton (51.5 %) followed by red gram (44.9 %) and green gram (3.6%).  In Chick Hangargi-3 micro-watershed, major soils are of Marguti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 6.45 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (77 %) and red gram (23 %). Novinihala (NHA) are having shallow soil depth cover 19.04 % of area, the crops are red 3 gram, Dimal (DIM) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 29.22 % of area, crops grown are cotton (36 %) and redgram (64 %), Mannur (MAR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 42.33 % of area, crops grown are cotton (62 %), green gram (16 %) and red gram (22 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton range between Rs. 52418/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs 41561/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.43).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 42881/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs 36388/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.39).  In greengram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil Rs 28949/ha (with BCR of 1.01).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (32.0 to 19.3 %) and green gram (32.7 %) and red gram (4.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chik Hangargi-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 638 ha in Chik Hangargi-4 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 95 per cent area is covered by soils and 5 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable.  About 30 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 10 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm), 9 per cent is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 14 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 32 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) and 9 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 14 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) and 33 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 74 per cent, 16 per cent high (>20 ppm) and 5 per cent low (4.5 ppm) and 5 per cent deficient (<4.5ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area that is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highlysuitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 311 (49) - Guava - 192 (30) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 311 (49) Jamun - 256 (40) Soybean 311 (49) - Musambi 256 (40) 56 (9) Bengalgram 311 (49) 87 (13) Lime 256 (40) 56 (9) Sunflower 248 (39) 63 (10) Cashew - - Cotton 256 (40) 56 (9) Custard apple 311 (49) - Sugarcane - - Amla 311 (49) - Mango - - Tamarind 255 (40) - Sapota - 192 (30)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chik Hangargi-4 Microwatershed (Chik Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16047' – 16050' North latitudes and 76031' – 76033' East longitudes, covering an area of about 638.66 ha, bounded by Sumbada and Dummadri villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Chik Hangargi 4 micro-watershed (Chik Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 67.5 to 32.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 65 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among the all farm households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking is around 60 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making in agricultural production in the all sample households found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.74 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 22.5 per cent and agriculture as a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.0 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.19280 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.5108 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.39750 per livestock; about 66.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 913.8 grams (2236.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 20 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 35800 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.746. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 945 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 570972 per year for the total area of 638.66 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 16012/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 16294) and cotton (Rs. 15729).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 58479) and cotton (Rs. 41672). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern was red gram (57.4 %) and cotton (42.6 %).  In Chik hangargi 4 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Marguti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 32.23 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (30.3 %) and red gram (69.7 %), Mannur (MAR ) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 30.13 % of area, the crops grown are cotton (19.8 %) and redgram (80.2 %). Dimal (DIM) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 9.89 % of areas, crops grown is red gram (50.0 %) and Novinihala (NHA) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around (6.73 %) of area, crops grown is cotton. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 21176/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.97) and Rs.25630/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.69).  In red gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs 19350/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.83) and Rs.23475/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.81).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in Redgram (1.1 to 23.6%) and cotton (27.7 to 45.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kirinala-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 750 ha in Kirinala-2 microwatershed in Afzalpur taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 680 mm, of which about 482 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 119 mm during north-east and the remaining 79 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 18 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area has deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils in the microwatershed.  Entire area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity,  About 40 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 60 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 71 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 29 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Entire area has strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 -9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 42 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 11 per cent area.  Available boron is low (4.5ppm) in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, farm price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum - 750 (100) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 750 (100) Jamun - 750 (100) Sunflower - 750 (100) Musambi 532 (71) 217 (29) Cotton - 750 (100) Lime 532 (71) 217 (29) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 750 (100) Custard apple 750 (100) - Guava - - Amla 532 (71) 217 (29) Mango - - Tamarind - (75000) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 1 identified LUC by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomas. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kirinala-2 Microwatershed (Mannur sub-watershed, Afzalpur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17019' – 17021' North latitudes and 7606' – 7608' East longitudes, covering an area of about 750 ha, bounded by Mashyal, Chikkamanur, Agarkhed villages and Maharashtra State with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kirinala-2 micro-watershed (Mannur subwatershed, Afzalpur taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.8 to 41.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 49.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 98.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to general category is around 80.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  About 10.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land of area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 29.4 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 62.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20203 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 6500 per household, about 10.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough, sprayer and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 18988 per household; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 693.3 grams (1659.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 30564 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1957. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 685 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 512923 per year for the total area of 749.96 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 15631/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 61493) and bengal gram (Rs. 9047).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 65889) and bengal gram (Rs. 53949). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bengal gram (93.5 %) and red gram (6.5 %).  In Kirinala 2 Microwatershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Dimal (DIM) series is having deep soil depth cover around 22.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengal gram (65.4 %) and red gram (34.6 %) and Mannar (MNR) are also having very deep soil depth cover around 77.52 % of area, the crops are bengal gram (94.8 %) and red gram (5.2 %). 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram ranges Rs. 28131/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.34) and Rs.18563/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 24315/ha in DIM soil (with of 1.71) and Rs.15976/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 2.71).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengal gram (35.7 to 48.2 %), and red gram (2.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mannur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 727 ha in Mannur-1 microwatershed in Afzalpur taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 680 mm, of which about 482 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 119 mm during north-east and the remaining 79 mm during the rest of the year. 85 per cent area is covered by soils and remaining 15 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to one soil series and 4 soil phases (mapping units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 18 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area has very deep (>150 cm) soils n the microwatershed.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils in the microwatershed.  Entire area of about 727 ha (85%) has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 70 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 15 per cent area is gently sloping (0-1% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 51 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 33 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and less than one per cent soils are severely eroded (e3).  Entire area is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 -9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 36 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.5%) in 4.5ppm) in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, farm price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 616 (85) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 616 (85) Jamun - 616 (85) Sunflower - 616 (85) Musambi 372 (51) 244 (34) Cotton - 616 (85) Lime 372 (51) 244 (34) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 616 (85) Custard apple 611 (84) 5 (<1) Guava - - Amla 375 (51) 244 (34) Mango - - Tamarind - (6165) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the one identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass, which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and help to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Mannur-1 Microwatershed (Mannur sub-watershed, Afzalpur taluk and Gulbarga district) is located in between 17017' – 17019' North latitudes and 7603' – 7606' East longitudes, covering an area of about 727 ha, bounded by Agarkhed, Chikkamanur, Karajgi villages and Maharashtra State with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Mannur-1 Microwatershed (Mannur subwatershed, Afzalpur taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65 to 35 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 70 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households having Bhīma and Yashaswini health card.  Only 10.0 percent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 .0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.54 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 72.8 % and irrigated land 27.2 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation is around 91 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 22513 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 168445 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and weeder (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 49250 per households; about 73 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 885.7 grams (1944 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 33179 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1338. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 795.55 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 490059 per year for the total area of 727.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 30747/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in onion (Rs.88666) followed by black gram (Rs.14268), redgram (Rs.13686) and bengalgram (Rs. 6367).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 49249) followed by black gram (Rs. 66244), redgram (Rs. 50119) and sugarcane (Rs. 156235). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bengalgram (37 %) followed by and sugarcane (9 %) and redgram (54 %). 3  In Mannur1 micro-watershed, major soil is Mannur series is having very deep soil. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram (36.3 %), redgram (34.8 %) black gram (19.8 %) and sugarcane(9.1 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sugarcane ranges between Rs. 119647/ha in MAR soil (with BCR with of 1.74).  In redgram cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs 32345/ha (BCR with of 1.48)  In bengalgram cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs. 25724/ha (with BCR of 1.59).  In blackgram cost of cultivation in MAR soil is Rs. 24101/ha (with BCR of 1.59).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengalgram (51.3 %), Sugarcane (44.6 %), redgram ( 24.6 %) and blackgram (1.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balbatti-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 437 ha in Balbatti-3 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 99 per cent area is covered by soils and 1 per cent is by Habitation and waterbody. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  About 83 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100->150 cm) and 16 per cent are very shallow to shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 16 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in 137 ha (31%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 73 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in iron and 22 per cent deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 363 (83) - Guava - 363 (83) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - - Jamun - 363 (83) Soybean 363 (83) - Musambi 363 (83) - Bengalgram 363 (83) 68 (16) Lime 363 (83) - Sunflower 363 (83) - Cashew - - Cotton 363 (83) - Custard apple 363 (83) - Sugarcane - - Amla 363 (83) - Mango - - Tamarind - 363 (83) Sapota - 363 (83) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Balbatti-3 micro-watershed (Dummadri sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16046' – 16048' North latitudes and 76034' – 76036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 437.16 ha, bounded by Balbatti, Vadagera, Sumbada, Shivapura and Hangalga (K) villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Balbatti 3 Microwatershed (Dummadri subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 61.9 to 38.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 66.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward castes (OBC) of all sample farmers.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 50 per cent of the sample farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all of sample households. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.4 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total land cultivated on dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 59.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 31 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 38206 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets value is around Rs. 8270 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (50 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 7500 per household; about 20.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 892.3 grams (2082.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 32636 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1958 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.680 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.293762 per year for the total area of 437.16 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 15325/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 21581) followed by red gram (Rs. 19148), and paddy (Rs. 5245).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 9959/ ha/year of paddy.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 61447) followed by cotton (Rs. 51622) and paddy (Rs. 33325). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (56.6 %) followed by cotton (39.7 %) and paddy (3.7 %).  In Balbatti 3 micro-watershed, major soils are soil of Balbatti (BBT) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 48.95 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (16.8 %) and redgram (83.2 %), Novinihala (NHA) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around 54.0 % of area, the crops are cotton (60.4 %) and red gram (39.6 %). Yedrami (YDM) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 34.18 % of areas, crops are cotton.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.35129 /ha in YDM soil (with BCR of 1.98) and Rs. 20615/ha in BBT soil (with BCR of 1.92).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 27848/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 2.08) and Rs.26102/ha in BBT soil (with BCR of 1.96).  In paddy the cost of cultivation is Rs. 38578/ha in YDM soil (with BCR of 1.39).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (42.2 to 18.1 %), red gram (10.1 %) and paddy (66.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balbatti-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 714 ha in Balbatti- 4 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 98 per cent area is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by Habitation and waterbody. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land Use Classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  90 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 9 per cent is not suitable.  About 82 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100->150 cm), about less than one per cent is moderately shallow(50-75 cm) and 16 per cent are very shallow to shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity and about 16 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in 6 ha (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 12 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 6 per cent area.  About 86 per cent area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in iron and 12 per cent deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 571 (80) 19 (3) Guava - 519 (73) Maize - 7 (1) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 591 (83) Jamun - 583 (82) Soybean 507 (71) 84 (12) Musambi 571 (80) 12 (2) Bengalgram 578 (81) 63 (9) Lime 571 (80) 12 (2) Sunflower 571 (80) 12 (2) Cashew - - Cotton 571 (80) 19 (3) Custard apple 571 (80) 19 (3) Sugarcane - - Amla 571 (80) 19 (3) Mango - - Tamarind - 584 (82) Sapota - 519 (73) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that are edible, economical and produce lot of biomass which helps im restoring the ecological balance and mitigate the climate change phenomenon. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Balbatti 4 Microwatershed (Dummadri sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16046' – 16048' North latitudes and 76032' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 714.49 ha, bounded by Balbatti, Vadagera, Sumbada, and Hangalga (K) villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Balbatti-4 Microwatershed (Dummadri subwatershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 62.0 to 38.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64.0 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 78.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) of all sample farmers.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Only 30.0 per cent of sample farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 10.0 per cent of households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.2 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The dry land account for 98.7 per cent of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 36.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 54.0 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 22852 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 206583 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 53888 per household; about 50.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 849.1 grams (2033.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.48156 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1797. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 995 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 6999398 per year for the total area of 714.49 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 19675/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 30989) followed by red gram (Rs. 21364) and paddy (Rs. 6667).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3779/ ha/year is paddy.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.59185) followed by cotton (Rs.52852) and paddy (Rs 33058). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (42.0 %) followed by cotton (38.9 %) and paddy (19.1 %).  In Balbatti 4 micro-watershed, major soils are soil of Balbatti (BBT) series is having deep soil depth cover around 31.75 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Marguti (MGT) is having very shallow soil depth cover around 3.93 % of area; the crops grown are cotton (100 %). Novinihala 3 (NHA) series is having shallow soil depth cover 16.84 % of area, the crops grown are red gram (100 %) and Yedrami (YDM) series is having deep soil depth cover 40.89 % of area, the crops grown are cotton (14.6 %), paddy (21.8 %) and red gram (63.6 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs.44136 /ha in YDM soil (with BCR of 2.38) and Rs 32414/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 2.26).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 36880/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.83) and Rs.21756/ha in BBT soil (with BCR of 1.65).  In paddy the cost cultivation in YDM soil is Rs.45635/ha (with BCR of 1.16).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (28.7 to 22.9 %), redgram (26.4 to 7.8 %) and paddy (66.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 461 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and one per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 2 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 76 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 58 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 42 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 58 per cent area is slight eroded (e1) and 42 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Entire area has strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  Entire area is non saline (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  About 45 per cent area is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 11 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 352 (76) 108 (23) Pomegranate - 360 (78) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Groundnut - - Jamun - 359 (78) Sunflower 352 (76) 8 (2) Musambi 352 (76) 8 (2) Cotton 359 (78) 100 (22) Lime 352 (76) 8 (2) Red gram 359 (78) Cashew - - Bengalgram 359 (78) 100 (22) Custard apple 359 (78) 100 (22) Chilli - - Amla - 459 (99) Tomato - - Tamarind - 360 (62) Drumstick - 360 (78) Marigold - 459 (99) Mulberry 101 (22) Chrysanthemum - 459 (99) Mango - - Jasmine - 100 (22) Sapota - - Crossandra 336 (73) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kavalur East-4 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15016' – 15019' North latitudes and 75058' – 76001' East longitudes, covering an area of about 435.01 ha, bounded by Kavalura, Alavandi and Thalakalla villages with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kavalur East-4 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 48.5 to 51.5 per cent to the total sample population. Majority of male population in large farmers (75.0 %) and female population (61.5%) in medium farmers.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 66.7 per cent to the total sample population. About 100 per cent of younger comes under small farmer of size group.  Literacy population is around 90.9 per cent of sample households. The highest in semi medium farmers (92.3%) of size groups.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 12.5 per cent. Around 50.0 per cent of other backward caste in semi medium farmers.  Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking about 62.5per cent of sample farm households.  About 25.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 50 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system was among 62.5 per cent of households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent.  Around 12.1 per cent of households co-operated to in institutional participation among them majority of participating households are medium farmers. 2  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 25.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 75.0 per cent of sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 6.8 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and small farmers. The dry land account for 48.7 % and fallow land is 51.3 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation is around 22.4 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation is around 53.1 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 59290 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 53578 per household; about 37.5 per cent of sample farmers are having weeder.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1951.2 kilo calories against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 2250 kilo calories. Around 100 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 39196 per household: All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1233. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 4843/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sunflower (Rs. 10808) followed by bengalgram (Rs. 8566), sorghum (Rs. 3504), greengram (Rs. 1922) and maize is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1387/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs.1976) and sorghum (Rs. 798).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengalgram (Rs.36558) followed by sunflower (Rs. 31203), sorghum (Rs.19501), greengram (Rs. 16300) and maize (Rs. 15092). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bengal gram (44 %) followed by greengram (26.3 %) sorghum (20.7 %), sunflower (4.9 %) and maize (4.0 %).  Kavalur East-4 Micro-watershed, major soils are soil Ravanaki (RNK) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 21.64 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram. Bardur (BDR) soil series are having verydeep soil depth cover around 56.09 per cent of areas, crops are bengalgram, sorghum, sunflower, maize and green gram.  The data on cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram range between Rs. 15018/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.47) and Rs. 12792/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.29).  In green gram the cost of cultivation is Rs.9171/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.22).  In maize the cost of cultivation is Rs 14169/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.10).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs.17002 /ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.65) and sorghum cultivation is Rs 10678/ha in BDR soil (with BCR of 1.47).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengal gram (41 to 63 %), green gram (61.8 %), maize (78.3 %), sorghum (66.4 %) and sunflower (13.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tonsanhalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 676 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 1 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area of the microwatershed has suitable for agriculture  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  All the soils of the microwatershed are gravelly (15-35%)  Entire area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1- 3% slope) lands.  An area of about 83 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 17 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 76 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 24 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 98 per cent of the area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 1 per cent of the soils are low (4.5 ppm) in 67 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 10 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 676(100) Sapota - 676(100) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 676(100) Jamun - 676(100) Sunflower - 676(100) Musambi 676(100) - Cotton - 676(100) Lime 676(100) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 676(100) Custard apple 676(100) - Bengal gram - 676(100) Amla 676(100) - Guava - 676(100) Tamarind - 676(100) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUC by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Tonsanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mulkod sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17012' – 17014' North latitudes and 7705' – 7708' East longitudes, covering an area of about 676 ha, bounded by Mattimadu, Tengli, Mulkod, Mudbol and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Tonsanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mulkod subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 44.0 to 56.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 86.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 66.7 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 66.7 per cent.  About 22.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (85.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 44.4 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 88.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.2 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 50.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 43.75 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16737 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.107062 per household, about 66.7 per cent of sample farmers having plough, bullock cart and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.31438 per household; about 57 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 767.1 grams (1718.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 77.8 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 28573 per household. About 77.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1560. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 906 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 612754 per year for the total area of 676.39 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 154532/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 41649) followed by sorghum (Rs. 19376) and redgram (Rs. 13624).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 525/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 525).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 58796) followed by cotton (Rs. 58265) and sorghum (Rs. 37643). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is cotton (16.7 %) followed by red gram (67.6 %) and sorghum (15.7 %).  In Tonsanhalli-2 micro-watershed, major soil is Dhandothi (DDT) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 12.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (67.6 %), cotton (16.7 %) and sorghum (15.6%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio in study area for red gram Rs.28033 /ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.68).  In cotton the cost of cultivation in DDT soil Rs. 23427/ha (with BCR of 2.78) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 17674/ha (with BCR of 2.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (56.0 %), cotton (15.3 %) and redgram (11.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Karanji Khurd microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 446 ha in Karanji Khurd microwatershed in Humnabad taluk of Bidar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 811 mm of which about 609 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 93 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent covered by rock lands and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 85 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 15 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture.  About 85 per cent of the soils are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) and 11 per cent are very shallow (25-50 cm) soils.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area is covered by non-gravelly soils.  About 44 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 18 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 33 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%), 4 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 21 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 8 per cent deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, farm price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 197 (44) 82 (19) Sapota - 146 (33) Maize - 82 (19) Jackfruit 66 (15) 79 (18) Red gram - 279 (63) Jamun 66 (15) 276 (62) Sunflower 197 (44) 82 (18) Musambi - 343 (77) Cotton 197 (44) 82 (18) Lime - 343 (77) Sugarcane - 82 (18) Cashew 3 (<1) 165 (37) Soybean 241 (54) 39(9) Custard apple 69 (16) 294 (66) Bengalgram 241 (54) 39(9) Amla 66(15) 297 (67) Guava - 146 (33) Tamarind 66(15) 276 (52) Mango - 78 (18) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LCUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Karanji Khurd micro-watershed (Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk, Bidar district) is located in between 17039' – 17041' North latitudes and 77012' – 77015' East longitudes, covering an area of about 446 ha, bounded by Mustari, Chitgoppa, Bannahalli and Bilkhera villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Karanji Khurd micro-watershed in Raipalli sub-watershed, Humnabad taluk and Bidar district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 71.1 to 28.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group of 18 to 30 populations is around 60.0 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 82.2 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste is around 30.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 75.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 60.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is preventing among 10.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 50.0 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. Total cultivated area by dry land condition of among sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 38.2 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 29.4 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 112687 per household. Mobile and television are popular communication mass media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 250 per household, around 10 per cent of sample farmers having weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19500 per household; about 20.0 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 835.1 grams (1698.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 40.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.42793 per household. About 90.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1765. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 982 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 417469 per year for the total area of 445.9 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 6636/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 9600) followed by soybean (Rs. 3671).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 48024) followed by soybeans (Rs. 20594). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (90.6 %) and soybean (9.4 %).  In Karanji Khurd micro watershed, major soils are Devgiri (DGR) series is having deep soil depth covers around 1.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. BNG soil series are having very deep soil depth covers around 44.2 % of area; the crops are redgram (88.3 %) and soybean (11.7 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 36603/ha in BGN soil (with BCR of 1.32) and Rs. 30426/ha in DGR soil (with BCR of 1.19). 3  In soybean the cost of cultivation in BGN soil is Rs 28478/ha (with BCR of 1.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (39.4 to 50.8 %) and soybean (23.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project