Suchergebnisse

La comunità scientifica internazionale è ormai concorde nell'attribuire gran parte della responsabilità per il riscaldamento globale alle emissioni antropogeniche di CO2, causate principalmente dalla combustione di carburanti fossili nei sistemi per la produzione di energia. Le scelte industriali e politiche in merito alle fonti primarie di energia sono guidate da considerazioni di carattere fondamentalmente economico, il che spiega come mai il carbone resti il combustibile più usato, pur essendo quello a maggior impatto ambientale, e quanto poco spazio abbiano le fonti energetiche alternative. La tesi si propone di studiare metodologie per la riduzione delle emissioni di CO2, limitatamente ai sistemi per la produzione di energia, fornendo indicatori sulle prestazioni degli impianti che integrano tre dimensioni del sistema: termodinamica, economica, ambientale. Dopo aver esaminato le caratteristiche degli approcci economici e regolamentatori, si concentra l'attenzione sui metodi più ingegneristici, per poi porre la necessità di un approccio multidimensionale alla tematica. Discussi ed esaminati gli strumenti metodologici più evoluti nell'analisi multioggetto, si propongono due metodologie originali, d'impostazione tecnica ed olistica, rispettivamente, con le quali si sviluppano funzioni aggregate per l'analisi dei sistemi energetici, applicate successivamente per confrontare due tipi di impianti.

The green revolution and its related agricultural politics entailed a food production increasing worldwide. Nevertheless, those politics enhanced the biological resources extinction and the depletion of natural areas, creating a deep devastation in the local natural habitats, such as in the Iraqi Mesopotamian area; the indigenous population, the marsh Arabs, violently suffered the effects of these uncontrolled agricultural politics. The environmental depletion, related to ethnic strife motivations generated a progressive exodus from this area: 100.000 of environmental refugees.

Il lavoro si propone di affrontare un problema urgente e non rimandabile: la condizione di emergenza ambientale del pianeta terra. Il fenomeno viene ricostruito storicamente, focalizzando l'attenzione sugli aspetti filosoficamente rilevanti – come, per esempio, il rapporto tra scienza e tecnica – e dimostrando la necessità di un cambiamento di rotta, soprattutto in riferimento al fenomeno del surriscaldamento climatico. A questo riguardo viene passata in rassegna una tassonomia delle etiche ambientali, dividendole tra antropocentriche e anti-antropocentriche e considerando la rilevante eccezione a questo schema rappresentata da Hans Jonas. Vengono sottolineati i problemi che incontra l'etica nell'affrontare un compito complesso, globale, a responsabilità diffusa e per il quale è difficile individuare basi motivazionali come quello della difesa dell'ambiente. Per compensare queste mancanze viene preso in analisi il concetto di beni comuni, sulla scia della sua diffusione avvenuta negli ultimi anni. Questo è analizzato nel suo sviluppo a livello di storia delle idee. Sono presi in considerazione in modo critico i contributi di Garret Hardin, di Elinor Ostrom e dei diversi rappresentati dei fronti italiani, divisi in tre approcci: quello dei benecomunisti, quello giuridico e quello dell'etica della cura. Inoltre tale concetto viene posto in relazione dialogica con quelli di bene comune, democrazia e diritti e viene proposta una tassonomia dei suoi usi che si divide in quattro modalità: economica, giuridica, etica e sociale. Infine, viene valutato in modo critico l'effettivo contributo dei diversi fronti dei beni comuni e di un loro possibile approccio integrato possono fornire a livello etico e normativo per contribuire ala difesa dell'ambiente. L'attenzione viene posta anche sul rapporto tra crisi e opportunità e sull'etica animale. In conclusione, l'approccio dei beni comuni sembra essere insufficiente perché manca di una prospettiva globale per affrontare un problema che invece la richiede come quello ambientale. Vengono, quindi, proposte alcune possibili integrazioni. ; This work wants to face an urgent and not postponable issue: the environmental emergency on Planet Earth. The topic is explored from an historical point of view, focusing on some philosophically considerable issues – as, for example, the connection between science and technology – and showing how a change of human behaviour is needed, especially regarding global warming. A taxonomy of the environmental ethics is described, dividing them in anthropocentric and anti-anthropocentric and considering the exception of Hans Jonas. Ethic has problems to face such a complex, global, and with widespread responsibility task which does not offer a sound ground for motivation as environmental protection. In order to exceed these limits, the attention is focused on the notion of common goods, which has encountered a large use over the last few years. This topic is firstly described under the perspective of the history of ideas. Then some proposals are critically examined as the one of Garret Hardin, Elinor Ostrom and some among the different line-ups of the Italian debate as the "benecomunisti", the juridical and the ethic of care approach. Moreover the notion of commons is related in a dialogic way to other concepts such as common good, democracy and rights and a taxonomy of its uses is proposed diving them into: economical, juridical, ethical and social uses. Finally the different proposals of the commons and the one of their integrated approach are critically analysed regarding the help they can offer from an ethical and normative point of view to the task of environmental protection. Also the crisis/opportunity dialectic and topics from animal ethics are described. In conclusion, the common goods approach is considered not sufficient to face a global issue as environmental emergency because of its lack of a global perspective. Therefore some possible integrations are offered.

Questo saggio apre il cluster «Storie della crisi ecologica», cinque scritti che, partendo dalle prospettive della letteratura, del cinema, della storia am- bientale e dell'attivismo eco-culturale, inquadrano le dinamiche intrecciate di ecologia, società. Seguendo il percorso del discorso ambientale dagli ini- zi negli anni '70 all'affermazione delle environmental humanities, il saggio ri ette sulla struttura complessa della crisi ecologica. La crisi ecologica, si sostiene, non va vista come una crisi "al singolare", limitata alle dinamiche "naturali", ma come un complesso sistema di crisi, in cui s'intrecciano eco- logia, politica, società, nature umane e non umane. L'aspetto prevalente di questa crisi, tuttavia, è quello culturale: sono immagini sociali e stili di vita non sostenibili che spesso determinano squilibri ambientali e forme di ingiu- stizia sociale. L'emergenza delle environmental humanities o scienze umane ambientali è la risposta a questo problema: con nare l'ambiente al solo di- scorso scienti co, infatti, equivale a rinunciare alla responsabilità educativa che le scienze umane hanno di plasmare forme di consapevolezza essenziali alla vita politica. Tra le scienze umane, ci si sofferma sulla funzione della letteratura e dell'ecocritica, viste come momenti di avvicinamento etico e conoscitivo agli intrecci della vita ambientale. Se, come sostengono i teorici della narratologia cognitiva, la letteratura ci dà un'"esperienza vicaria" di re- altà che non fanno parte del nostro quotidiano, le narrative possono non solo ricondurci alle trame del mondo, ma anche contribuire a liberare la natura e gli esseri non umani dal loro silenzio, costituendo uno strumento decisivo di educazione ambientale.

Environment and society are increasingly affected by human activity. World society must constantly face many problems such as climate change, air, water and soil pollutions, resources overuse, human rights, child labor, social inequalities, health and safety. Since companies are the most responsible actors for these troubles, they are stimulated to develop and adopt policies of sustainable development. Practices of Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility are increasing within many businesses for reasons which go beyond the mere compliance with legislations and regulations. Nowadays, sustainable and responsible companies behave ethically for competitive reasons as well. The connections between sustainability and business strategy occurs through the pursuit of eco-socio-efficiencies, resources cost cutting, product-service differentiation, access to ethical funds, image and reputation, and the avoidance of fines, penalties and environmental taxes. Sustainability management occurs through a process that starts with identification of key stakeholders and the relative types of environmental or social impacts generated. Then, strategy must be developed, and communicated to all level of the organization. Leadership and commitment of top management are fundamental in order to diffuse sustainability guidelines, support the organizational structure and spread the new culture. In addition, performance measurement and management systems should drive the attainment of sustainability objectives. Environmental and social accounting systems must provide meaningful data in order to monitor the accomplishment of strategy and, at the same time, disclose the sustainability reports addressed to stakeholders. One important aspect of the process above mentioned regards the connection between strategy and performance measurement system. In order to translate sustainability strategies into actions measurable through performance indicators, it must be emphasized the support of Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The multidimensional conception of the tool advises to integrate environmental and social aspects of business activity within the four traditional perspectives of management in the BSC (financial, customers, processes, learning and growth). Therefore, the emerging concept of Sustainability Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) is referred to the additional feature of considering the environmental and social issues connected directly or indirectly with the execution of the business processes and thus with economic success. Cause and effect relationships in the strategy map show the relations between better social and environmental performances with increasing competitiveness and profitability. The airline sector is facing many challenges of sustainable development. Hence the case developed about a real carrier can help to better understand the matter. The implementation of a Sustainability Balanced Scorecard in Lufthansa Passenger Airline consists in a simulation of the process that starts with the identification of stakeholders and related environmental and social impacts. Based on these exposures, sustainability strategies are developed and formalized as several strategic objectives belonging to the different perspectives of SBSC. Afterwards, for each sustainability objective, numerous key performance indicators are developed in order to monitor single operative aspects related to the achievement of objectives. Finally, the construction of strategy map makes clear how sustainability performances are connected with financial ones. In conclusion, the analysis of environmental, social and economic performances achieved by the German carrier and the comparison with direct European competitor Air France KLM and other minor competitors helps to identify the successes and criticisms deriving from sustainability purposes.

The Italian municipalities have taken only the first steps on the road to smart cities. By 2020 thanks to the European Community and the Mayors agreement in 2008, cities aiming to be smart (for energy management,transport, digital technologies, social policy) will focus on sustainable development, by innovations and adequate partners. The general goal of resource saving and use of renewable energy has become a strategic necessity, fully involving architecture, whose environmental load in industrialized countries has become unsustainable. The national regulatory framework is constantly evolving, because the new European Directive 31/2010/CE, repealing the E.D. 91/2002/CE, obliges from January 2021 energy consumption close to zero for all new buildings. Objectives can only be achieved with the contribution of all actors of the building process and the use of effective tools for management and control of environmental quality, associated with the construction activity. Within this framework planning and building tools are essential, whose regulatory strategies are also activated at the regional scale. In Italy, many regions have begun to address the problem, for which there is a wide range of regional regulations and building regulation (R.E.) where sustainability criteria were introduced, assigning volume premiums or economic incentives, aimed at promoting the reduction of energy consumption. The paper presents the first results of the research, aimed to produce guidelines, useful for eco-building regulations, for the Sicilian regional context, such as basic regulation instruments of constructive activity, oriented towards sustainability, with the support of environmental assessment criteria. After a survey on the state of the more virtuous municipal building regulations, the energy and environmental legislation, the good practices such as eco-districts, it was possible to define the framework of parameters characterizing on which elaborating the building intervention, with high energy and environmental significance, the sustainable and interested thematic areas, aims, actions and possible interventions.

Titre traduit : La caractérisation des fonctions agro-envoronnementales : une apporche par l'agronomie des territoires (français) ; European agro-environmental policies target several environmental resources used for farming. Difficulties in considering multiple agro-environmental functions (AEF) and farming activities, along with lack of databases, hinder the implementation of such policies at regional scale. Hence we propose a method to qualify AEF fulfilment at landscape and regional scales. Starting from the relationships among farming systems, agro-environmental processes and land use patterns, we suppose a link between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment obtained from bio-physical conditions influencing such processes. The method was multiple functions oriented, because of the current agro-environmental policies; at multiple levels, because of the complex relationships between our research subjects; spatially-explicit, to be reproducible for different time spans; empirical, because partially based on assumed relationships between descriptors of AEF fulfilment. We have tested the method in two European NUTS3: Puy-de-Dome (France) and Grosseto Province (Italy), presenting similar agro-environmental heterogeneity (e.g. varying from arable crops plains to extensive livestock mountains) and different conditions (e.g. soil quality, land use, climate). Even though facing some different AEF, both areas presented a good correspondence between the AEF fulfilment at the farming region and landscape scales. In the French case, we found a higher composition variability of AEF fulfilment but a small spatial variability resulting in a quite homogeneous contribution of farms to AEF and in a poor added value of land use patterns. In the Italian case, we found a correspondence between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment resulting in an high predictive value of land use patterns, overcoming farm technical data. We conclude that land use patterns may be a promising tool to assess AEF only when there is a high AEF spatial variability, which is typical of Mediterranean areas. ; Plusieurs enjeux concernant les ressources environnementales mobilisées par l'agriculture sont l'objet de politiques européennes. Leur implémentation régionale est difficile du fait d'un manque d'outils et de données pour évaluer en même temps des fonctions agro-environnementales (FAE) et différentes activités agricoles. En analysant les relations entre systèmes de production, processus agro-environnementaux et configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol, nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'il existe un lien entre ces configurations spatiales et la réalisation des FAE, résultant de conditions influençant ces processus. Notre méthode se caractérise par la prise en compte de multiples fonctions, l'articulation de plusieurs niveaux spatiaux, l'utilisation d'analyses spatiales, une confrontation au terrain par des approches empiriques sur deux régions. Nous l'avons testée dans deux NUTS 3, le département du Puy-de-Dôme (France) et la province de Grosseto (Italie) ayant en commun une hétérogénéité de conditions agro-environnementales (plaines céréalières / élevage extensif en montagne) et d'importantes différences (climat, occupation du sol). Ces régions montrent une réalisation semblable des FAE aux niveaux de la petite région et d'entités paysagères. Le cas français présente une forte variabilité de réalisation des FAE, relativement groupées dans l'espace ; de ce fait, la prise en compte des configurations spatiales apporte peu de nuances supplémentaires pour appréhender la réalisation des FAE dans des espaces restreint. Dans le cas italien au contraire, la réalisation des FAE est très variable dans l'espace et cette variabilité est liée aux configurations spatiales qui améliorent la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE. En conclusion, les configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol semblent plus utiles à la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE dans des régions où la variabilité spatiale des FAE est importante, comme en zone méditerranéenne.

Titre traduit : La caractérisation des fonctions agro-envoronnementales : une apporche par l'agronomie des territoires (français) ; European agro-environmental policies target several environmental resources used for farming. Difficulties in considering multiple agro-environmental functions (AEF) and farming activities, along with lack of databases, hinder the implementation of such policies at regional scale. Hence we propose a method to qualify AEF fulfilment at landscape and regional scales. Starting from the relationships among farming systems, agro-environmental processes and land use patterns, we suppose a link between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment obtained from bio-physical conditions influencing such processes. The method was multiple functions oriented, because of the current agro-environmental policies; at multiple levels, because of the complex relationships between our research subjects; spatially-explicit, to be reproducible for different time spans; empirical, because partially based on assumed relationships between descriptors of AEF fulfilment. We have tested the method in two European NUTS3: Puy-de-Dome (France) and Grosseto Province (Italy), presenting similar agro-environmental heterogeneity (e.g. varying from arable crops plains to extensive livestock mountains) and different conditions (e.g. soil quality, land use, climate). Even though facing some different AEF, both areas presented a good correspondence between the AEF fulfilment at the farming region and landscape scales. In the French case, we found a higher composition variability of AEF fulfilment but a small spatial variability resulting in a quite homogeneous contribution of farms to AEF and in a poor added value of land use patterns. In the Italian case, we found a correspondence between land use patterns and AEF fulfilment resulting in an high predictive value of land use patterns, overcoming farm technical data. We conclude that land use patterns may be a promising tool to assess AEF only when there is a high AEF spatial variability, which is typical of Mediterranean areas. ; Plusieurs enjeux concernant les ressources environnementales mobilisées par l'agriculture sont l'objet de politiques européennes. Leur implémentation régionale est difficile du fait d'un manque d'outils et de données pour évaluer en même temps des fonctions agro-environnementales (FAE) et différentes activités agricoles. En analysant les relations entre systèmes de production, processus agro-environnementaux et configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol, nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'il existe un lien entre ces configurations spatiales et la réalisation des FAE, résultant de conditions influençant ces processus. Notre méthode se caractérise par la prise en compte de multiples fonctions, l'articulation de plusieurs niveaux spatiaux, l'utilisation d'analyses spatiales, une confrontation au terrain par des approches empiriques sur deux régions. Nous l'avons testée dans deux NUTS 3, le département du Puy-de-Dôme (France) et la province de Grosseto (Italie) ayant en commun une hétérogénéité de conditions agro-environnementales (plaines céréalières / élevage extensif en montagne) et d'importantes différences (climat, occupation du sol). Ces régions montrent une réalisation semblable des FAE aux niveaux de la petite région et d'entités paysagères. Le cas français présente une forte variabilité de réalisation des FAE, relativement groupées dans l'espace ; de ce fait, la prise en compte des configurations spatiales apporte peu de nuances supplémentaires pour appréhender la réalisation des FAE dans des espaces restreint. Dans le cas italien au contraire, la réalisation des FAE est très variable dans l'espace et cette variabilité est liée aux configurations spatiales qui améliorent la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE. En conclusion, les configurations spatiales de l'usage du sol semblent plus utiles à la caractérisation de la réalisation des FAE dans des régions où la variabilité spatiale des FAE est importante, comme en zone méditerranéenne.