Suchergebnisse

This thesis studies the derogatory status of positive action under European Union law, from the principle of equal treatment. Although the principle of equal treatment means that there shall be no discrimination on several prohibited grounds, numerous derogatory and specific regimes, meant to prevent application of this principle, can be found in the secondary legislation implementing it in the member States. Among these various regimes, positive action allows the adoption of preferential treatments for discriminated categories in society, to compensate for the disadvantages they encounter, especially in the labor market. Its legitimacy is founded in the notion of equal opportunities, which competes with the objective of equal treatment by preventing differentiation in norms. Positive action is thus the only derogation from equality justified by equality. This peculiar situation creates a lot of inconsistencies about its meaning, scope, and use, in the European Union legal system and others. This thesis suggests some ways to overcome the derogatory perspective of positive action which restricts its development, while underlining how it represents a useful tool to combat discriminations, favouring integration into internal market on equalized conditions. It also invites to go beyond controversial approaches of a misunderstood and often distorted notion in France. ; Cette thèse analyse la dérogation que constitue l'action positive par rapport au principe de l'égalité de traitement, en droit de l'Union européenne. Défini comme une interdiction de discriminer sur le fondement d'un certain nombre de motifs, le principe d'égalité a pourtant vu se multiplier les régimes destinés à écarter son application, dans le droit dérivé qui assure sa mise en œuvre dans les États membres. Parmi ces différents régimes, l'action positive peut permettre l'adoption de traitements référentiels, entre autres mesures, pour les catégories discriminées de la société, afin de remédier aux désavantages qu'elles connaissent, notamment sur le ...

This thesis studies the derogatory status of positive action under European Union law, from the principle of equal treatment. Although the principle of equal treatment means that there shall be no discrimination on several prohibited grounds, numerous derogatory and specific regimes, meant to prevent application of this principle, can be found in the secondary legislation implementing it in the member States. Among these various regimes, positive action allows the adoption of preferential treatments for discriminated categories in society, to compensate for the disadvantages they encounter, especially in the labor market. Its legitimacy is founded in the notion of equal opportunities, which competes with the objective of equal treatment by preventing differentiation in norms. Positive action is thus the only derogation from equality justified by equality. This peculiar situation creates a lot of inconsistencies about its meaning, scope, and use, in the European Union legal system and others. This thesis suggests some ways to overcome the derogatory perspective of positive action which restricts its development, while underlining how it represents a useful tool to combat discriminations, favouring integration into internal market on equalized conditions. It also invites to go beyond controversial approaches of a misunderstood and often distorted notion in France. ; Cette thèse analyse la dérogation que constitue l'action positive par rapport au principe de l'égalité de traitement, en droit de l'Union européenne. Défini comme une interdiction de discriminer sur le fondement d'un certain nombre de motifs, le principe d'égalité a pourtant vu se multiplier les régimes destinés à écarter son application, dans le droit dérivé qui assure sa mise en œuvre dans les États membres. Parmi ces différents régimes, l'action positive peut permettre l'adoption de traitements référentiels, entre autres mesures, pour les catégories discriminées de la société, afin de remédier aux désavantages qu'elles connaissent, notamment sur le marché du travail. Elle trouve sa légitimité dans un objectif concurrent à celui de l'égalité de traitement par l'indifférenciation de la norme juridique, l'égalité des chances. L'action positive représente donc la seule dérogation à l'égalité justifiée par l'égalité. Cette situation atypique est source de confusion quant à son sens, sa portée et son utilité, dans l'ordre juridique de l'Union comme dans d'autres systèmes. Cette thèse propose des pistes de réflexion pour émanciper l'action positive de la logique dérogatoire qui limite son développement, tout en démontrant son utilité en tant qu'outil de lutte active contre les discriminations et d'intégration sur le marché intérieur dans des conditions égalisées. Elle invite également à dépasser les approches polémiques d'une notion méconnue et souvent dévoyée en France.

Within the EU, migrant workers are nationals of Member States and third countries. But the rules that apply to them are very different. Workers who are nationals of the Member States have a privileged status linked to the free movement and citizenship of the EU. However, they face discrimination, exacerbated by disparities in national legislation and the economic crisis. The picture is even less striking for workers who are nationals of third countries. At their level, discrimination on several levels is linked to the multiplicity of the statutes of third-country nationals.The scattering of the applicable rules between national laws, EU law and international agreements generate a legislative and regulatory imbroglio.The segmentation of the law applicable to migrant workers thus leads to disparities in treatment and competition between workers. The improvement of their legal situation is therefore necessary. It can be achieved through the harmonization of the status of all migrantworkers: a source of social cohesion and equality. It involves equal treatment of workers, which is necessary for access to employment, normal family life, the enjoyment of social benefits and participation in the management of the city. Pending the adoption of European citizenship of residence which would greatly reduce the scattering of rules and discrimination, the quest for equality will require the acquisition of the nationality of the host country. In principle, the rights inherent in nationality remain the best guarantee of equal treatment. ; Au sein de l'UE, les travailleurs migrants sont ressortissants des États membres et des État tiers. Mais, les règles qui leur sont applicables sont très différentes. Les travailleurs ressortissants des États membres ont un statut privilégié lié à la libre circulation et à la citoyenneté de l'UE. Toutefois, ils sont confrontés aux discriminations exacerbées par la disparité des législations nationales et la crise économique. Le tableau est encore moins reluisant pour les travailleurs ...

Does Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights not state that "All women and men are born and remain free and equal in rights"? Do non-discrimination as well as equal treatment of subject of law in court not constitute the core principles relating to the protection of human rights? Law and practices tend to not consider the so-called "undocumented migrants" as public service users, thus denying their legal personality. However, the respect of foreigners' rights is an essential sign of the degree of protection and effectiveness of rights and freedoms in a country. In recent years, associations and organizations working for the respect of human rights have constantly emphasized the gap between the officially proclaimed rights and the rights actually exercised by foreigners on the European Union territory. Consequently, the problem of real harmonization and communitisation of European migration policies has arisen. This thesis put forward a contribution to a detailed and comparative analysis of the public treatment of undocumented migrants in France and Sweden. It's is motivated by my personal experience of the issue dealing with foreigners' law in Europe and insists on the mutation of the collective action through juridification and the Europeanization. The numerous difficulties encountered by the public authorities to promote a singular public policy specific to undocumented migrants draws a set of hypotheses that will help us to better understand and identify the problem. ; L'article 1er de la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme, ne déclare-t-il pas que « Tous les hommes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits »? La non-discrimination ainsi que l'égalité de traitement des sujets de droits devant les juridictions ne constituent-ils pas le socle des principes cardinaux relatifs à la protection des droits de l'homme ? Le droit et les pratiques ont tendance à ne pas considérer les personnes dites « sans-papiers » comme des usagers du service public reniant ainsi leur personnalité ...

Does Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights not state that "All women and men are born and remain free and equal in rights"? Do non-discrimination as well as equal treatment of subject of law in court not constitute the core principles relating to the protection of human rights? Law and practices tend to not consider the so-called "undocumented migrants" as public service users, thus denying their legal personality. However, the respect of foreigners' rights is an essential sign of the degree of protection and effectiveness of rights and freedoms in a country. In recent years, associations and organizations working for the respect of human rights have constantly emphasized the gap between the officially proclaimed rights and the rights actually exercised by foreigners on the European Union territory. Consequently, the problem of real harmonization and communitisation of European migration policies has arisen. This thesis put forward a contribution to a detailed and comparative analysis of the public treatment of undocumented migrants in France and Sweden. It's is motivated by my personal experience of the issue dealing with foreigners' law in Europe and insists on the mutation of the collective action through juridification and the Europeanization. The numerous difficulties encountered by the public authorities to promote a singular public policy specific to undocumented migrants draws a set of hypotheses that will help us to better understand and identify the problem. ; L'article 1er de la Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l'Homme, ne déclare-t-il pas que « Tous les hommes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits »? La non-discrimination ainsi que l'égalité de traitement des sujets de droits devant les juridictions ne constituent-ils pas le socle des principes cardinaux relatifs à la protection des droits de l'homme ? Le droit et les pratiques ont tendance à ne pas considérer les personnes dites « sans-papiers » comme des usagers du service public reniant ainsi leur personnalité ...

Le présent article propose une analyse de deux interventions chapeautées par les institutions en charge de l'égalité des sexes en Suisse, d'un côté la journée annuelle consacrée au choix professionnel depuis 2001, Journée des filles (et ses avatars ultérieurs), de l'autre, le matériel pédagogique produit par la Conférence romande de l'égalité et diffusé auprès des enseignant-es depuis 2006, L'école de l'égalité. Partant des travaux de Boltanski et Thévenot (1991) sur les principes de justice auxquels font appel les acteurs et actrices sociaux, cette contribution examine comment se construit l'accord au sein des institutions et quels sont ses fondements normatifs pour expliquer le devenir contrasté de ces deux interventions en faveur de l'égalité. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Der vorliegende Artikel analysiert zwei Projekte des schweizerischen Gleichstellungsbüros: Einerseits den seit 2001 jährlich durchgeführten Tag zur Berufswahl "Journée des filles" (und Nachfolgekonzepte), andererseits das seit 2006 von der "Conférence romande de l'égalité" erarbeitete und Lehrpersonen zur Verfügung gestellte Schulmaterial "L'école de l'égalité". Ausgehend von der Studie von Boltanski und Thévenot (1991) zu Gerechtigkeitsprinizipien sozialer Akteur/-innen untersucht dieser Beitrag, wie innerhalb der Gleichstellungsbüros Einigkeit hergestellt wird und welche normativen Grundlagen den unterschiedlichen Werdegang der beiden Gleichstellungsinitiativen erklären. (DIPF/Orig.)

Decision-making procedures can be justified in democracy by invoking either their fairness or their ability to produce good outcomes. Recent political theory has often favored the first approach, since it does not require to discriminate between good and bad decisions, and thus to decide between political opinions. In such a view, the main advantage of majority rule is that it treats all expressed opinions fairly by giving each an equal weight, without any regard for their content. Against such a claim, this article contends that one cannot justify the use of majority rule without referring to epistemic considerations. If majority rule is to be favored over other available procedures, it is because it alone can meet simultaneously-as much as this is possible-concerns for fairness and for truth. It is fairer than decision-making via bargaining or contest, but it is also more responsive than lottery voting to the value assigned to the competing options. Furthermore, concerns for fairness and for truth are not incompatible, since the principle of equal treatment of all opinions does not rest on relativism, but on faillibilism. Adapted from the source document.

Within the EU, migrant workers are nationals of Member States and third countries. But the rules that apply to them are very different. Workers who are nationals of the Member States have a privileged status linked to the free movement and citizenship of the EU. However, they face discrimination, exacerbated by disparities in national legislation and the economic crisis. The picture is even less striking for workers who are nationals of third countries. At their level, discrimination on several levels is linked to the multiplicity of the statutes of third-country nationals.The scattering of the applicable rules between national laws, EU law and international agreements generate a legislative and regulatory imbroglio.The segmentation of the law applicable to migrant workers thus leads to disparities in treatment and competition between workers. The improvement of their legal situation is therefore necessary. It can be achieved through the harmonization of the status of all migrantworkers: a source of social cohesion and equality. It involves equal treatment of workers, which is necessary for access to employment, normal family life, the enjoyment of social benefits and participation in the management of the city. Pending the adoption of European citizenship of residence which would greatly reduce the scattering of rules and discrimination, the quest for equality will require the acquisition of the nationality of the host country. In principle, the rights inherent in nationality remain the best guarantee of equal treatment. ; Au sein de l'UE, les travailleurs migrants sont ressortissants des États membres et des État tiers. Mais, les règles qui leur sont applicables sont très différentes. Les travailleurs ressortissants des États membres ont un statut privilégié lié à la libre circulation et à la citoyenneté de l'UE. Toutefois, ils sont confrontés aux discriminations exacerbées par la disparité des législations nationales et la crise économique. Le tableau est encore moins reluisant pour les travailleurs ressortissants d'États tiers. A leur niveau, les discriminations sont à plusieurs échelles liées à la multiplicité des statuts de ressortissants d'États tiers.L'éparpillement des règles applicables entre droits nationaux, droit de l'UE et accords internationaux génèrent un imbroglio législatif et réglementaire. La segmentation du droit applicable aux travailleurs migrants est ainsi source de disparité de traitement et de concurrenceentre les travailleurs. L'amélioration de leur situation juridique est dès lors nécessaire. Elle peut se faire grâce à l'harmonisation du statut de tous les travailleurs migrants : source de cohésion sociale et d'égalité. Elle passe par l'égalité de traitement entre les travailleurs qui est nécessaire pour l'accès à l'emploi, une vie familiale normale, le bénéfice des prestations sociales et la participation à la gestion de la cité. En attendant l'adoption de la citoyenneté européenne de résidence qui réduirait fortement l'éparpillement des règles et les discriminations, la quête de l'égalité passera par l'acquisition de la nationalité du pays d'accueil. Les droits inhérents à la nationalité restent, en principe, le meilleur garant de l'égalité de traitement.

Drawing on the concept of representative bureaucracy, this article examines how two multi-lingual states-Canada and Switzerland-deal with issues related to the participation of different linguistic communities in the federal public service. Following a political mobilisation of the linguistic cleavage, strategies to promote multilingualism in the public service have been adopted in both countries. The Canadian strategy focuses on equal treatment of Anglophones and Francophones in the public service. In Switzerland, adequate representation of the linguistic communities is the primary goal. These differences are explained by the characteristics of the linguistic regimes in each of the two countries, as well as by the peculiarities of consociational democracy in Switzerland. In both countries, the linguistic origins of public administration staff, overall, mirrors the proportions of the linguistic communities in the wider society. Within administrative units, however, linguistic diversity is hampered by the logics of language rationality, where minorities are under pressure to communicate in the language of the majority. Adapted from the source document.

Based on the historical analysis of the mobilisations of opponents of 'marriage for all' and the arguments put forward by legal operators (judges, academic writers) and politicians (experts, politicians, etc.) against the extension of the right to marriage and parentage for same-sex couples, this article examines both savoury and activist strategies that make it possible to sketch equality and therefore justify the differentiated treatment of same-sex couples and homeless families. ; International audience ; Based on the historical analysis of the mobilisations of opponents of 'marriage for all' and the arguments put forward by legal operators (judges, academic writers) and politicians (experts, politicians, etc.) against the extension of the right to marriage and parentage for same-sex couples, this article examines both savoury and activist strategies that make it possible to sketch equality and therefore justify the differentiated treatment of same-sex couples and homeless families. ; A partir de l'analyse historique des mobilisations des opposants au "mariage pour tous" et des arguments avancés par les opérateurs juridiques (juges, doctrine) et politiques (experts, politiciens.) contre l'élargissement du droit au mariage et à la filiation pour les couples de même sexe, cet article étudie les stratégies aussi bien savantes que militantes permettant d'esquiver l'égalité et justifiant, par conséquent, les traitements différenciés des couples homosexuels et des familles homoparentales.

Using data from international surveys, quantitative indicators have been developed to describe how education systems treat the young generations under their responsibility and how they perfom their task (Baye, Demeuse, Monseur & Goffin, 2006; European Group for Research on Equity in Education systems, 2005; OCDE, 2005). While initial research in this area concentrated mainly on the efficiency of education systems, an interest in equity gradually developed, based at first on existing documents such as the OECD's Education at a Glance, and then followed by specific documents (Baye, 2005; Gibson & Meuret, 1995; Hutmacher, Cochrane & Bottani, 2001). Starting with the concept of equal access, such as the right for everyone to attend school regardless of origin, and moving on to equal treatment consisting in an identical service being offered to all, modern society is increasingly demanding with respect to school in terms of equality of performance and achievements. Thus, in most European countries, schools are expected to produce students with equal performance levels at the end of a given stage of education, at least in terms of basic skill acquisition, and a minimum level in the skills considered essential for life. This should obviously not prevent an increasing number of them from extending their time at school to a greater or lesser degree beyond compulsory education. In the following text, we only deal with the education received by all during the period of compulsory education, which should be of equal benefit to everyone in terms of life skills (OECD, 1999, 2003), even if some of the data used to analyse performance at this level are derived from higher education data. ; Les données issues des enquêtes internationales ont permis de réaliser des indicateurs quantitatifs qui décrivent la manière dont les systèmes éducatifs traitent la jeune génération dont ils ont la charge et la manière dont ils s'acquittent de cette tâche (Baye, Demeuse, Monseur et Goffin, 2006 ; European Group for Research on ...

Our study focuses on the protect shareholders during the capital increase of the joint stock companys - comparative study French and Iraqi law in order to improve Iraqi law. It focuses on the risks that may affect financial rights, political rights and the property rights of shareholders and their treatments. We note that the protect under French law seems more beneficial to shareholders that Iraqi law. We demonstrate that, although the protect of shareholders in Iraqi law includes strengths, it is not sufficient to guarantee their equal treatment. This protect can be improved by the Iraqi legislature on the basis of proposals which we reach the general conclusion of our research. ; Notre étude porte sur la protection des actionnaires à l'occasion de l'augmentation de capital des sociétés anonymes - étude comparée des droits français et irakien en vue d'une amélioration du droit irakien. Elle se focalise sur les risques pouvant toucher les droits pécuniaires, les droits politiques et les droits patrimoniaux des actionnaires et sur leurs traitements. Nous remarquons que la protection en droit français paraît plus avantageuse pour les actionnaires qu'en droit irakien. Nous démontrons que, même si cette protection des actionnaires dans le droit irakien comprend des points forts, elle n'est pas suffisante afin de garantir leur égalité de traitement. Cette protection peut être améliorée par le législateur irakien en s'inspirant des propositions auxquelles nous arrivons dans la conclusion générale de notre recherche.

Our study focuses on the protect shareholders during the capital increase of the joint stock companys - comparative study French and Iraqi law in order to improve Iraqi law. It focuses on the risks that may affect financial rights, political rights and the property rights of shareholders and their treatments. We note that the protect under French law seems more beneficial to shareholders that Iraqi law. We demonstrate that, although the protect of shareholders in Iraqi law includes strengths, it is not sufficient to guarantee their equal treatment. This protect can be improved by the Iraqi legislature on the basis of proposals which we reach the general conclusion of our research. ; Notre étude porte sur la protection des actionnaires à l'occasion de l'augmentation de capital des sociétés anonymes - étude comparée des droits français et irakien en vue d'une amélioration du droit irakien. Elle se focalise sur les risques pouvant toucher les droits pécuniaires, les droits politiques et les droits patrimoniaux des actionnaires et sur leurs traitements. Nous remarquons que la protection en droit français paraît plus avantageuse pour les actionnaires qu'en droit irakien. Nous démontrons que, même si cette protection des actionnaires dans le droit irakien comprend des points forts, elle n'est pas suffisante afin de garantir leur égalité de traitement. Cette protection peut être améliorée par le législateur irakien en s'inspirant des propositions auxquelles nous arrivons dans la conclusion générale de notre recherche.

Dealing with longer life expectancy and demographic deficit is currently a huge challenge for the social system of European member states. To face this challenge, it is necessary for legislators to develop a dedicated protection policy for the young people in a business relationship context and, at the same time, to redefine age limits policy especially in business relationship termination situation. The presented study focuses on the factuality of the « age » concept. Based on cultural history, confirmed by the legislator analysis of the physiological aging, « age » criterion is closely linked to general principles in E.U. legislation like, for example, the human dignity and the equal treatment. However, the « age » criterion still remains ambivalent which is underlined by the non-discrimination principle. This ambiguity is emphasized in business relationships which leads to the influence of the « age » in an ending working life situation. This intergenerational pact support, which influence the proceed of the pension liquidation, is currently experiencing a revival beyond E.U. member state boundaries. A converging point is achieved in old-age treatment which leads to new solidarity development schemes inside companies (like for example the company occupational scheme). An important objective is to promote the pursuance of a professional activity in order to retire later (increasing in the statutory retirement age, increment or reduce of the retirement pension, restriction of derogations, proscription of business relationship breaches if they are based on age, …) and to redefine the connection between age and business relationships (combined work and retirement, phased retirement, …). By this way, legislators promote a human longevity based age treatment in Europe ; L'allongement de la durée de la vie humaine et le déficit du rapport démographique constituent de véritables défis pour les systèmes sociaux des États membres. Pour y faire face, les législateurs doivent à la fois développer une politique de ...

International audience ; In the study of distributive issues, it is often presupposed that an equal distribution of benefits doesn't stand in need of justification, whereas any unequal distribution calls for justification if it is to be implemented. But the very fact of relying on equality to back social or political projects has its specific problems (normative theoretical problems and practical problems of justification). Confronted with this challenge, we try and distinguish several sorts of negative judgments which follow from a feeling or diagnostic of inequality. We thereby attempt to identify the conditions for the acceptability, from the point of view of social agents, of unequal distributions. Correlatively, we try to show that something is to be gained, when it comes to identifying the inequalities which are relevant for individuals, if we turn away from uniform views of unequal treatment, and recognize instead that significantly "equal" treatment is closely connected with possibly contrasted social ways of life. ; Dans l'examen de problèmes distributifs on admet souvent qu'une répartition égale des avantages ne nécessite aucune justification, une distribution inégale ne pouvant au contraire être instituée qu'à condition d'être justifiée. Or, le fait d'invoquer l'égalité à l'appui d'initiatives sociales ou politiques soulève, en lui-même, des problèmes spécifiques (des problèmes normatifs pour la théorie et, en pratique, des problèmes de justification). En réponse à ce défi, notre intention est de proposer des différenciations parmi les jugements négatifs motivés par un sentiment ou un diagnostic d'inégalité, pour contribuer à identifier les conditions d'acceptabilité ou de manque d'acceptabilité, par les agents sociaux, de configurations inégalitaires. Corrélativement, nous tâchons de montrer que l'identification d'inégalités pertinentes pour les individus profite du renoncement à un point de vue uniforme sur l'inégalité de traitement, au profit de la reconnaissance d'une liaison étroite entre l'égalité de traitement et des formes de vie sociale éventuellement contrastées.