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The article raises the issue of the relationship between contributory negligence and recourse between multiple tortfeasors. While using historical and comparative examples, the author concludes that it may be possible to jointly consider these concepts. The Roman law knew neither contributory negligence nor right of recourse which would allow for loss apportionment, and that is associated with punitive features of Roman actions in tort. In Germany, both concepts became widespread no earlier than after the civil law codification, and further case law applied rules on contributory negligence to recourse. In English law, contributory negligence as a partial defence and right of recourse appeared only in the course of the legislative reforms of the 20th century. Considering justifications for the similarity of these concepts offered in the doctrine, the author prefers the view that both imply several parties being outcome responsible for the loss. Upon the analysis of imputing acts of third persons as contributory negligence, it is shown that contributory negligence and right of recourse can be used interchangeably in certain contexts. The observed similarity of the two relation types, if true, by virtue of the equal treatment principle, requires that the same scale be applied to them, and implies admissibility of a parallel study.

Цель данной статьи – сравнительный анализ отношения к этническим мигрантам в двух регионах России: Томской и Владимирской областях. Его актуальность связана с высоким миграционным притоком иностранных граждан в различные регионы Российской Федерации. По данным ООН (2015 г.), наша страна является третьей в мире по притоку мигрантов. При этом отсутствует достоверная и сопоставимая социологическая информация как об отношении к ним со стороны местного населения, так и об определяющих его факторах. На фоне тенденции роста межнациональной напряженности в отношениях с мигрантами результаты подобных исследований приобретают важное социально-политическое значение. Статья опирается на результаты репрезентативных анкетных опросов населения Томской области в 2014 г. (n?= 563) и Владимирской – в 2015 г. (n = 500) с использованием общей методики. В процессе исследования в «принимающем сообществе» были выделены группы с различным уровнем толерантности по отношению к мигрантам. В дальнейшем осуществлялось сопоставление различных групп толерантности населения в двух регионах РФ – Владимирской и Томской областях. Обнаружено, что отношение к мигрантам в регионах может различаться даже при сходных экономических условиях и в рамках однородной политической ситуации. В процессе исследования установлены значительные различия в размерах групп, демонстрирующих неодинаковые степени толерантности по отношению к мигрантам. Если в Томской области половину выборки можно отнести к группе толерантных, то во Владимирском регионе группа толерантных в процентном отношении сопоставима с группой ксенофобов. Специфична структура установок в отношении мигрантов: для Томской области более значимо различие между образовательными и трудовыми мигрантами. Полученные результаты актуализируют вопрос о факторах, дифференцирующих отношение к мигрантам в разных регионах одной страны. На основании полученных результатов выдвинута гипотеза, в соответствии с которой важное место среди этих факторов может занимать специфика локального городского социально-культурного контекста. Так, в Томске, позиционируемом как образовательный центр, имеет место больший уровень толерантности по отношению к мигрантам. Делается вывод о необходимости проведения дополнительных исследований с использованием качественных методов для проверки данной гипотезы. ; This article presents a comparative analysis of attitudes toward ethnic migrants in two Russian regions: the Tomsk and Vladimir Regions. Its relevance is associated with a high migration influx of foreign citizens into various Russian regions. According to the UN data (2015), our country is the third in the world in terms of the migrants' influx. Moreover, there is no reliable and comparable sociological information both about the attitude of the local population to them and about the factors that determine it. Against the backdrop of a growing trend of interethnic tension in relations with migrants, the results of such studies acquire important social and political significance. This article relies on the results of representative questionnaires of the population of the Tomsk (in 2014, 563 respondents) and Vladimir Regions (2015, 500) using the general methodology. In the process of research, groups with different levels of tolerance towards migrants were identified in the "host community". Subsequently, different groups of tolerance of the population were compared in these two regions. The findings show that the attitude towards migrants in the regions can vary even under similar economic conditions and within the framework of a uniform political situation. Significant differences were found in the size of groups that showed varying degrees of tolerance towards migrants. While in the Tomsk Region, the half of the sample can be attributed to the group of the tolerant people, in the Vladimir Region, their percentage is equal to the xenophobes'. The structure of attitudes towards migrants presents particular interest: for the Tomsk Region, the difference between educational and labor migrants is more significant. The obtained results actualize the issue of factors differentiating attitudes towards migrants in different regions of one country. Based on the results obtained, the authors propose a hypothesis that the specificity of the local urban social and cultural context can occupy an important place among these factors. Therefore, in Tomsk (an educational center), there is an obviously higher level of tolerance towards migrants. The authors speak for additional studies using qualitative methods to test their hypothesis.

One of the factors determining the development of the securities market in the country is the level of corporate governance. It is clear that without respect for the rights of small shareholders of the company, is not created for them the possibility of effective enjoyment of these rights and on the possibility of leaving the company, and similar factors make it difficult to attract funding through the securities market. From this point of view, the effect of creating a mechanism to protect investors' rights legislation of the country on the development of the securities market significantly. The financing of the national economy the main role belongs to the market for corporate securities. Securities market creates additional opportunities for financing firms. This creates an incentive for the company's development and corporate management firm. This fiscal squeeze in many cases firms to refrain from taking effective financial decisions, which in turn negatively affects economic development. Emerging in the country system of corporate governance is to ensure equal and fair treatment of all shareholders, including small shareholders, shareholders and foreign shareholders who do not participate in managing the company.

The purpose of the scientific article – to clarify the current state of communication dyad «doctor – patient». On the basis of these in-depth interviews with doctors to show the realities occurring in the relationship between the doctor and the patient about the unity and harmony, mutual claims, trust in the choice of treatment, awareness of mutual responsibility. Questions of professional competence of the doctor, social and psychological contact between doctors and patients are raised. The average characteristics of a modern patient and a modern doctor are proposed. The most common social and psychological problems that negatively affect the process of communication between the doctor and the patient are listed. Discussed on the theme of social portrait of the «ideal» patient. The current views on the modern realities of domestic medicine and health care are discussed.

The main errors in the behavior of a typical patient at a doctor's appointment are indicated. It is established that in the media and literature the issue of compliance with ethical standards, principles and rules of responsible behavior at the doctor's appointment is not given due attention. It is emphasized that the modern patient should know that in addition to the rights, there are legally prescribed obligations that should be followed. It is emphasized that there is a need to establish the boundaries of patient responsibility and responsibility of health workers. It is specified that in the conditions of change of views on health protection from the principle of administrative and legal positions on civil, medical care began to be called medical service which from the point of view of the civil law is understood as the compensated bilateral transaction granting the parties equal rights, duties and responsibility. It is generalized that the negative attitude to the state medicine is more forced and maintained artificially.

It is summarized that in the relations between doctors and patients, a public request for a new partner model of their interaction has long been formed.

The purpose of the study. The study of morbidity with temporary disability of working officers of the Navy, retired and resigned, as well as affecting the level of certain factors.Materials and methods. A sociological survey of 574 officers of the Navy, who were dismissed from the Armed Forces to the reserve (resignation), was held. 32.7% of them at the time of the survey have been working.Results. 48.8% of respondents rated their health at the time of the survey as a good for their age. The level of morbidity with temporary disability (MWTD) in 100 operating reserve (retired) officers amounted to 94 cases. The number of days of temporary disability was equal to 867 days per 100 employed military pensioners. Most long-term treatment (up to 47 days) were required for patients with blood diseases. Analysis of the structure of diseases of reserve (retired) officers leading to temporary disability, showed that the bulk of the cases (63.7 per cent) were diseases of the respiratory organs, in second place were diseases of the circulatory system (24,5%), the third — diseases of the genitourinary system (4.3%). The average number of existing diseases to working military retirees less than idle: 1.9 vs 2.1. The average number of diseases at the single soldiers discharged was significantly more than that of living in family.Conclusion. The features of level and structure, as well as risk factors of MWTD should be considered in the development and adoption of administrative decisions directed on preservation and strengthening of health of reserve (retired) officers. ; Цель исследования. Изучение заболеваемости с временной утратой трудоспособности у работающих офицеров Военно-Морского Флота, уволенных в запас и в отставку, а также влияющих на ее уровень отдельных факторов.Материалы и методы. Проведен социологический опрос 574 офицеров Военно-Морского Флота, уволенных из рядов Вооруженных Сил в запас (в отставку), среди которых 32,7% на момент обследования работали.Результаты. Оценили свое здоровье на момент обследования как хорошее для своего возраста 48,8% респондентов. Уровень заболеваемости с временной утратой трудоспособности (ЗВУТ) на 100 работающих офицеров запаса (в отставке) составил 94 случая. Число дней временной утраты трудоспособности равнялось 867 дням на 100 работающих военных пенсионеров. Наиболее длительное лечение (до 47 дней) требовалось пациентам при болезнях крови. Анализ структуры заболеваний, приведших офицеров запаса (в отставке) к временной утрате трудоспособности, показал, что основная часть случаев (63,7%) приходилась на болезни органов дыхания, на втором месте находились болезни системы кровообращения (24,5%), на третьем — болезни мочеполовой системы (4,3%). Установлено, что среднее число имеющихся заболеваний у работающих военных пенсионеров меньше, чем у неработающих,— 1,9 против 2,1. При этом среднее число заболеваний у одиноких военнослужащих, уволенных в запас, было достоверно больше, чем у проживающих в семье.Заключение. Выявленные особенности уровня и структуры, а также факторы риска ЗВУТ следует учитывать при разработке и принятии управленческих решений, направленных на сохранение и укрепление здоровья офицеров запаса (в отставке).