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The Barents Encyclopedia will present comprehensive information about the progress of the Barents Region Project, the project to establish international collaboration across national borders through innovative organizational conceptualizations, an active promotion of a transborder regional identity, and the introduction of new forms of regional governance in the most densely populated and industrialized part of the Arctic. Articles in the encyclopedia will discuss the historical roots of current developments and review the cultural, socio-economic, and political prerequisites for a continued and intensified transborder interaction among citizens inhabiting the Barents Region, a territory so designated through the signing of the 1993 Kirkenes Declaration.

The article focuses on the images of African and particularly Muslim protagonists in an Early Modern dramatic work by Thomas Dekker with the aim of establishing the European perception of Moors, as African Muslims were generally described, in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The purpose of analyzing an English play of this period is to discover the kind of attitudes the English government and certain writers and playwrights displayed in their approach to what was considered as the problem of the presence of the Moors in England, and Europe at large. The article also attempts to locate the debate about the European commercial and strategic policy towards the people of Morocco and the East, into the context of the treatment meted out to the Moors of Spain after the fall of their Empire during the fifteenth century. Moreover, the historical repercussions in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of the expulsion of Moors from Spain and the ensuing concepts of 'ethnic purity' are also discussed in terms of the literary representations of the race and identity of people of colour in Europe. These ideas serve to develop the argument, presented in the article, that the literary propaganda against racial integration paved the way for the prejudicial view of non-European, particularly non-white, people in Europe.

"Using a new approach to ethnicity that underscores its relative territoriality, Zeynep Bulutgil brings together previously separate arguments that focus on domestic and international factors to offer a coherent theory of what causes ethnic cleansing. The author argues that domestic obstacles based on non-ethnic cleavages usually prevent ethnic cleansing whereas territorial conflict triggers this policy by undermining such obstacles. The empirical analysis combines statistical evaluation based on original data with comprehensive studies of historical cases in Central and Eastern Europe as well as Bosnia in the 1990s. The findings demonstrate how socio-economic cleavages curb radical factions within dominant groups whereas territorial wars strengthen these factions and pave the way for ethnic cleansing. The author further explores the theoretical and empirical extensions in the context of Africa. Its theoretical novelty and broad empirical scope make this book highly valuable to scholars of comparative and international politics alike"--

AbstractThis article questions the conventional wisdom which claims forced migration is irreversible following massive ethnic cleansing campaigns, by investigating durable returns to pre‐conflict home communities in Bosnia‐Herzegovina. We formulate a set of novel hypotheses on the demographic determinants of return as well as on the role of social capital, nationalist ideology, integration, and war victimization. We use a 2013 Bosnian representative sample with 1,007 respondents to test our hypotheses. The findings support the expectation that gender and age have a major impact on return. Net of other factors, women and those experiencing wartime victimization are less likely to return. Older Bosnians with positive memories of pre‐conflict interethnic relations are more likely to return than younger persons or those with negative memories. Finally, ethnic Bosniacs are more likely to return than ethnic Croats or Serbs. More nationalistic internally displaced persons (IDPs) are less likely to return.

Taking into account that ethnic cleansing not only undoes the legal and spatial formations within a given territory but also is a productive force aimed at securing and normalizing a new political order within a contested territory, we examine its impact on settler colonial geographies. We show that the relative completeness or incompleteness of ethnic cleansing helps shape the specific configuration of two intricately tied sites of social management – spatial reproduction and legal governance – within settler colonial regimes. We claim that complete ethnic cleansing produces a 'refined' form of settler colonialism resembling the colonial geographies of North America and Australia and is more readily normalized, while incomplete ethnic cleansing produces an 'intermediate' form of settler colonialism similar to the colonial regime in Rhodesia before the settlers lost power and is impossible to normalize due to a series of contradictions stemming from the presence of the 'indigenous other'. To uncover this less acknowledged feature of ethnic cleansing we compare two territories that were colonized by Israel during the 1967 War: the Syrian Golan Heights and the Palestinian West Bank.

This review article outlines the progress that the literature on the causes of ethnic cleansing has made in the last 10–15 years. The article specifically focuses on two lines of research that have expanded our understanding of ethnic cleansing: (a) the studies that focus on the role of wars (this literature can in turn be divided into those works that treat "wars as strategic environments" and those that treat "wars as transformational forces"); (b) the studies that focus on the pre-war domestic or international conditions that hinder or promote ethnic cleansing. The last section of the article suggests several future avenues of research that could further refine the study of ethnic cleansing and its relationship to other types of mass violence.

Part I. Setting the ground -- 1. Preconditions of ethnic cleansing -- The ideology of modern nationalism -- The nation-state in theory and practice -- "Minority problems" -- European modernity -- Christian intolerance -- Part II. Phases and agents of ethnic cleansing -- 2. Ethnic cleansing as an instrument of international politics (1912-25) -- The Balkan Wars and their consequences -- Deportations in World War I -- Postwar migrations -- Triage in Alsace -- The protection and reduction of minorities in the Paris Peace Treaties -- The Treaty of Lausanne -- 3. Total war and total cleansings (1938-44) -- From the Munich Agreement to World War I -- Heim ins Reich -- Under Nazi occupation -- Soviet ethnic cleansing -- Wars within the war : the Ukrainian-Polish and the Serbo-Croatian Conflict -- More cases in Germany's sphere of influence -- Ethnic cleansing of Jews -- 4. A clean new order in Europe (1944-50) -- Allies plans -- Poland and Czechoslovakia -- More cases in the Soviet sphere of influence -- At the former lines of the Cold War -- On the British track : India and Palestine -- Part III. Ghosts of the past -- 5. The former Yugoslavia and the Caucasus (1991-99) -- The breakup of Yugoslavia -- Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina -- Kosovo -- Conflicts in the Caucasus compared -- Conclusion and historical typology -- Annotated bibliography -- Comprehensive histories of ethnic cleansing -- Literature on the resettlement of ethnically cleansed regions -- Literature on remembrance and collective memory -- Literature on individual countries

The article deals with the case-study of the Armenian genocide committeed by the Ottoman government in the mid-WWI. The aim of the investigation is to present an ideological background of the Armenian genocide, its course and its consequences. In order to effectively realize the aim of the investigation, the research methodology of the text analysis of historical sources and scholarly research literature is implemented as the fundamental study approach. The final findings of the investigation suggest that the Armenian genocide of 1915−1916 had a deeper ideological-religious background, that was done for the very political-religious purposes having immediate consequences at the time of the next world war as unspoken and unpunished example of successful and brutal ethnic cleansing. The Armenian genocide can be called as the first modern Islamic-Jihad ethnic cleansing.

The article deals with the case-study of the Armenian genocide committeed by the Ottoman government in the mid-WWI. The aim of the investigation is to present an ideological background of the Armenian genocide, its course and its consequences. In order to effectively realize the aim of the investigation, the research methodology of the text analysis of historical sources and scholarly research literature is implemented as the fundamental study approach. The final findings of the investigation suggest that the Armenian genocide of 1915−1916 had a deeper ideological-religious background, that was done for the very political-religious purposes having immediate consequences at the time of the next world war as unspoken and unpunished example of successful and brutal ethnic cleansing. The Armenian genocide can be called as the first modern Islamic-Jihad ethnic cleansing.