Suchergebnisse

Section I: Introduction -- 1 History of Teratology -- 2 Current Status of Teratology—General Principles and Mechanisms Derived From Animal Studies -- 3 Relation of Animal Studies to the Problem in Man -- Section II: Causes of Maldevelopment -- 4 Action of Mutagenic Agents -- 5 Radiations and Other Physical Agents -- 6 Infectious Diseases -- 7 Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses -- 8 Embryotoxicity of Drugs in Man -- 9 Environmental Chemicals -- 10 Maternal Metabolic and Endocrine Imbalances -- 11 Atmospheric Gases—Variations in Concentration and Some Common Pollutants -- 12 Extremes of Temperature -- 13 Interactions and Multiple Causes.

In this inquiry, we focus upon the question, "Why are political parties more competitive in some states than they are in others?" We have measured partisan competition as the closeness between the two major political parties in the results of state-level elections, and we have chosen to analyze elections in American states in the 1970s. To account for variations among the states on the dimension of partisan competitiveness, we formulate and present four discrete lines of reasoning—including socio-demographics, urbanization, diversity, and the strength of party organizations. We test each of these avenues of explanation in turn, always taking into account the watershed between North and South in partisan competition. The results vindicate the utility of our general approach, although we do find that each of the four modes of explanation is wanting in some respect. In a full-blown multivariate context, we report that educational levels and urbanization do influence variations among states in partisan competition. Equally compelling and perhaps more interesting, the strength and activism of local party organizations in the states profoundly affect political competitiveness, even when we take stark regional differences into consideration.

In one of 2 recent surveys about cancer in Lansing, Michigan an attempt was made to find out how well informed the average person is regarding the causes of cancer.' Through use of a modified area sampling plan, a random subsample of 310 persons, 18 yrs old & over, were asked a series of questions about the causes & prevention of cancer. The consistently most popular response concerning cause of cancer was one which ascribed cancer to chronic or neglected irritations or injury. This demonstrated the success of campaigns to make people conscious of certain cancer symptoms & the tendency for people not to distinguish between 'symptom' & `cause.' Another tendency in the responses was to blame cancer on habits about which something can be done (eg, smoking, overwork, dietary habits) & which are such that a cancer patient can be somewhat blamed for his fate. In contrast, other responses included heredity & specific environmental causes. The popular prescriptions for prevention of cancer were regular check-ups & physical examinations. Advice included curtailment of smoking & improving personal habits. Around half of the group mentioned smoking as a specific cause of lung cancer & as a habit which might increase one's chances of getting cancer. AA.

It has been thousands of years since psychology has been researched, but with the clearer distinguishment and conception, there are still many debates and confusion between psychologists to be clarified. Fear, as one of the most common emotion of people, have anyone think about the cause for the chilling feeling for their difficulties in facing the situations or objects? There are much debate of what is the leading cause for the intense fear generated by people which is deemed as a disorder and needed experiences in the past to conclude and summarize. This article mainly talks about phobia anxiety disorder, including its symptoms, categories, diagnoses and treatments. The author would discuss on the cause for different types of phobia disorder and give conclusions based on some studies. In this article, the author is going to select three of the most common types of phobia, that are social phobia, agoraphobia and specific phobia, and analysis the cause for phobia. The author states in the conclusion that though most psychologists deem that causes for phobia would be conditioning due to past experiences, genetic relationships can also be part of the reasons for phobia. With different specific kind of phobia, the influence of genetic relationships would be clear as well. Through discovering the etiology, it may be more convenient for psychologists to identify cases of individuals and improve the efficiency of diagnosis of phobia disorders, which is also beneficial to the mental health of patients.

Rape is an increasingly serious social problem; the causes of which are poorly understood and preventative measures are, to date, ineffective. This book provides the reader with theory and research on rapists including adolescents, college students and criminals. Chapters discuss biological, psychological and social causes of rape and investigate recently developed clinical methods which provide hope for decreasing and preventing rape.; Whilst the empowerment of victims and potential victims of sexual aggression is critically important, there is no other type of aggressive sexual act in which