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IFPRI3; CRP2; F Strengthening institutions and governance ; DSGD; PIM ; PR ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

by Xu Kai. ; Thesis submitted in: December 1999. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-135). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; ABSTRACT (English) --- p.iii ; ABSTRACT (Chinese) --- p.v ; ACKNOWLEDEMENT --- p.vi ; LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii ; Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1. --- Prelude --- p.1 ; Chapter 2. --- The Questions of Intra- and Inter-Organizational Dynamics --- p.5 ; Chapter 3. --- Hybridization: A Historical Trajectory of Chinese Advertising Industry --- p.8 ; Chapter 4. --- Competition and Professionalization: Two Challenges Facing State-Owned Ad Agencies --- p.14 ; Chapter 5. --- The Basic Conceptual Framework and A Chapter Outline --- p.19 ; Chapter Chapter II --- "Space, Spatial Partition and Situated Practices of A State-owned Ad Agency" --- p.22 ; Chapter 1. --- "Strategic Practices, Locale, and Institutional Changes" --- p.22 ; Chapter 2. --- Key Concepts and Their Linkages --- p.27 ; Chapter Chapter III --- Methodology --- p.40 ; Chapter 1. --- Case Study and Case Selection --- p.40 ; Chapter 2. --- PrQcedure of Fieldwork --- p.42 ; Chapter 3. --- Data and My Identities in Data Collection --- p.46 ; Chapter 4. --- Validity of My Interpretation --- p.50 ; Chapter Chapter IV --- Spatial Partitioning and Routine Practices at PAC --- p.53 ; Chapter 1. --- Seaside Province and Phoenix City --- p.53 ; Chapter 2. --- Physical Settings of PAC --- p.57 ; Chapter 3. --- Professionalization of PAC in the Front Region --- p.68 ; Chapter 4. --- The Transformation of Organizational Structure --- p.71 ; Chapter 5. --- Routine and Non-routine Practices in the Back Region --- p.77 ; Chapter 6. --- The Mixture of Two Systems in PAC --- p.93 ; Chapter Chapter V --- Patrolling the Spatial Partition in Competition --- p.97 ; Chapter 1. --- Bidding as A Critical Moment --- p.98 ; Chapter 2. --- PAC's Preparation for Submitting A Bid --- p.99 ; Chapter 3. --- PAC's Excellent Performances in ...

于一个国家而言,民众抗争不仅是一个政府治理和治安问题,也是一个战略沟通问题。本研究即选取社会沟通的视角研究当代中国的社会抗争,旨在了解当代中国逐渐开放的抗争话语的演变、产生条件及其深刻意义。 ; 于定量与定性相结合的研究方法,本文分析了1990至2010年间中国政治社会精英关于民众抗争的话语。研究发现在抗争数量和规模不断增长的同时,抗争的话语环境发生了显著变化并向日趋宽松的方向发展。中国的政治领导人正逐步正视民众抗争,官方话语也开始同情抗争者。从对抗争的报道来看,以往严密的媒体审查制度逐渐放宽,重大事件的详细报道得以频见于报端。与此同时,越来越多的人士加入到抗争的公开讨论中,社会抗争成为激烈的社会争论的焦点。 ; 于以上分析,本文认为政治领导人的话语转变可以被理解为执政当局在一党执政和官民矛盾日益激化的特定条件下为促进政策实施和维持政权合法性而采取的手段,知识分子越来越直言不讳地提出批评意见则源于"话语机会结构的扩展。结合这些见解与已有文献表明,当代中国公民抗争和公共话语似乎彼此促进,形成了一个自我强化的循环。 ; 研究意义而言,本研究首先探讨了"话语机会这一概念的价值及其局限性,继而指出民众抗争,精英话语和政权演变之间存在重要的联系。本文发现,只要能够触动社会精英阶层并激起他们的回应,即使是非持续性的,非跨区域性的公民抗争也会带来抗争政治参与空间隐性但却显著的扩展,以及政治话语实践的转变。因此,虽然抗争者没有直接挑战共产党政权,但他们的行动已经从某种程度上促进了中国的政权演变。 ; For the state, popular protest is not merely a problem of governance and policing, but also an issue of strategic communication. Investigating protest in contemporary China from a communicative and elite-centered perspective, this dissertation shows that in parallel to the constantly growing number and scale of protests, the communicative environment of citizen resistance over the last two decades was significantly transformed and liberalized. Based on a mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis of political discourse between 1990 and 2010, the study seeks to understand the evolution, conditions, and significance of this widening discursive opening. ; The research reveals that the Chinese political leadership gradually addressed the problem of popular protest in the open and shifted its discourse towards more protester-sympathizing assessments. Moreover, tight censorship was gradually lifted and detailed accounts of major protest events emerged in the news media. In parallel to these developments, the topic became accessible to a growing circle of speakers and eventually emerged at the center of a lively and increasingly critical public debate. ; Based on this assessment, the present study argues that the political leadership's discourse can be rendered intelligible as a policy endeavor and a regime-legitimating instrument under the particular conditions of one-party ...

Cover Liebessemantik und Sozialstruktur -- Danksagung -- Vorwort -- Inhalt -- Redaktionelle Hinweise -- 1. Eine theoretische Einführung: Semantik, Medien und Sozialstruktur -- Sinnverarbeitung und soziokulturelle Evolution -- Typen der Gesellschaftsdifferenzierung -- Semantische Evolution -- Medien -- Evolution der Liebessemantik und Gesellschaftsdifferenzierung -- Exkurs: Entstehung der Gattung des Romans und Wandel der Individualitätsformel in der deutschen Literaturgeschichte -- 2. Sozialstruktur und Medien im frühneuzeitlichen Japan -- Sozioökonomischer Hintergrund -- Etablierung des Büchermarkts und Durchsetzung der Druckmedien als Erfolgsmedien -- Das Vergnügungsviertel als Ort der kulturellen Vergesellschaftung und der sozialen Reflexion -- 3. Liebessemantik in der Genroku-Epoche -- Die iki-Interaktionssemantik -- I. Was ist iki? -- II. Der Code iki/yabo und Differenzierungsformen in der E d o- Zeit -- III. Drei Momente von iki -- IV. Iki und honnêteté im Vergleich -- Verortung der Liebe und amour passion in der Genroku-Literatur -- Yonosuke, dreitausendfache Liebhaber: ein Überblick -- Fünf Geschichten von liebenden Frauen -- Chikamatsu Monzaemon und seine Dramen: der Doppelselbstmord der Liebenden -- Bemerkungen zur Liebessemantik in der Genroku-Literatur -- Schlussbemerkung zu Kapitel 3 -- 4. Liebessemantik in der Kasei-Epoche -- Leitdifferenzen -- Handlungmuster und semantische Struktur eines ninjôbon-Romans -- Evolution der Liebessemantik in der Kasei-Epoche -- Quantitative Analyse der ninjôbon-Literatur -- Schlussbemerkung zu Kapitel 4: Medien, Semantik und soziale Praxis -- 5. Der Wandel der Liebessemantik seit der Meiji-Restauration -- Meiji-Restauration und Gesellschaftsumbruch

嚴復為晚清介紹西學的先驅人物,但嚴氏並非只以翻譯西書為專門,亦致力於中西學術之調和,其會通中西學的貢獻在於使學界耳目一新,並使學人之援用西方理論有所依據,蓋晚清至民初數十年間學術思想之丕變,則嚴氏之影響實有其特殊的意義。本文欲經由嚴復《莊子評點》的義理思想,論述嚴氏中西會通的理念,再加以釐清其中西會通的學術價值。根本上,嚴氏之學雖以儒學為基礎,但大抵能兼採道、釋觀點並用以闡述西學之學說,其認為道家與儒、釋的義理實可與部份西學說法統一,故可知嚴氏並不囿於中西學的藩籬,取其可用之概念進行會通是為其鵠的。如其《莊子評點》乃結合《莊子》哲學、儒家的「易道」與西方哲學之「天演」、自然科學,欲架構一特殊的宇宙論,以至於演繹「道」化之下所派生的種種社會現象。故《莊子評點》非但是嚴氏闡述其經世致用的一大著作,亦是嚴氏調和中西哲學的一大發揮,而嚴氏最終的目的則在於雜糅《莊子》與西學「天演」的終極「道」說,進以成就一家之言。 ; Yan Fu was a pioneer figure in introducing Western learning in late Qing Dynasty. However, Yan not only specialized in translating Western books, but also endeavored to integrate Chinese and Western academic research. His contribution of a harmonious blend and a thorough grasp of Sino-Western studies resulted in making the academic circles undergo a pleasant change of atmosphere, thus enabling the scholars to have a basis in citing Western theories. Therefore, for the immense change of academic thought in the hundreds of years from the late Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, Yan's influence actually had special meaning. This thesis would like to expound Yan's idea of a harmonious blend and a thorough grasp of Sino-Western studies from the argumentation and thought of Yan Fu's Comment on Zhuang Zi, and make clear his academic value of a harmonious blend and a thorough grasp of Sino-Western studies.Basically, although Yan's research took Confucianism as a foundation, generally speaking, he could adopt the viewpoints of Daoism and Buddhism, and use them to expound the theories of Western studies; he thought that the argumentations of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism could be united with the partial theories and methods of Western learning; hence, we can know that Yan was not confined by the hedge between Sino studies and Western learning, and taking usable concepts to create a harmonious blend and a thorough grasp was his target. For example, his Comment on Zhuang Zi was to combine the philosophy of Zhuang Zi the Dao of Zhou Yi of Confucianism, and theory of "evolution" and natural science of Western philosophy, with the desire to construct a special cosmology, in order to deduce all kinds of social phenomena derived under the theory of "Dao." Therefore, Comment on Zhuang Zi was not only a great work of Yan's by expounding his statecraft, but also a great elaboration of Yan's integrating Chinese and Western philosophy, and Yan's final objective was to mix and blend Zhuang Zi and "evolution" of Western learning to create the ultimate theory of "Dao" so as to further expound his theory.

With the evolution of digital and material technologies, Japanese designers and architects are seeking ways to reverse the wholesale destruction of traditional public space in Japan brought about by industrialisation, automobiles, and Western-style concrete and steel interventions. Japanese public spaces (hiroba, or wide open areas), human-scale spaces traditionally fashioned of warm and renewable materials, are making a comeback thanks to technological breakthroughs in glass and non-flammable woods that allow the expression of highly refined and delicate qualities. Includes an essay by Kengo Kuma and numerous exemplary projects

Qingwang and Junxue present the findings of the ""Study of the Optimal Size and Structure of China's Regional Governments"" conducted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. In an innovative theoretical analysis, it builds a framework upon the theories of intergovernmental fiscal relations and government administration to examine the endogenous determinants of the size, structure, and evolution of regional governments and the influence they have on China's socio-economic development. It also takes a more microscopic perspective, looking at county-level governments to examine the e

Tang Lok Ming. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-87). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 2. --- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Nature of SARS --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Impacts of SARS --- p.9 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Literature of SARS --- p.13 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Evolution of SARS in Mainland China --- p.16 ; Chapter 3. --- Event Study Methodology --- p.18 ; Chapter 4. --- Data --- p.24 ; Chapter 5. --- Results --- p.25 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Hong Kong --- p.26 ; Chapter 5.2 --- Mainland China --- p.31 ; Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.47 ; Figures --- p.50 ; Tables --- p.59 ; Appendix --- p.64 ; References --- p.86

Li Wei. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-84). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; English Abstract --- p.ii ; Chinese Abstract --- p.vii ; Acknowledgements --- p.vi ; Table of Contents --- p.vii ; List of Graphs and Tables --- p.ix ; Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review ; Chapter 2.1 --- Social Security and Savings --- p.3 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Pension Funds and Financial Markets --- p.10 ; Chapter 2.3 --- China's Pension Reform --- p.14 ; Chapter Chapter 3: --- China's Pension Reform ; Chapter 3.1 --- The Evolution of Pension System --- p.18 ; Chapter 3.2 --- The Background for Current Reform --- p.21 ; Chapter 3.3 --- The New Pension System --- p.27 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Key Issues for Future Reform --- p.31 ; Chapter Chapter 4: --- The Impact of Pension Reform on Private Savings in China ; Chapter 4.1 --- The Theory --- p.36 ; Chapter 4.2 --- The Model --- p.40 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Data and Methodology --- p.45 ; Chapter 4.4 --- Empirical Results --- p.49 ; Chapter Chapter 5: --- The Interaction between Pension Reform and Financial Marketin China ; Chapter 5.1 --- The Effects of A Funded Pension System on Financial Market --- p.53 ; Chapter 5.2 --- Pension Reform and Financial Market in China --- p.59 ; Chapter Chapter 6: --- Experiences of Chile and Singapore and the Implications for China ; Chapter 6.1 --- The Pension Reform in Chile --- p.69 ; Chapter 6.2 --- The Central Provident Funds in Singapore --- p.70 ; Chapter 6.3 --- The Implications for China --- p.71 ; Chapter Chapter 7: --- Conclusion --- p.76 ; Bibliography --- p.79 ; Data Appendix --- p.85

Yau, Sin Yee Christine. ; "November 2010." ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-229). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; Acknowledge --- p.iii ; Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Background: --- p.6 ; What is Demeanor? --- p.6 ; What is Resistance? --- p.8 ; Who are they? --- p.9 ; Chapter - --- Heunggongyahn --- p.9 ; Chapter - --- Daaihlohkyahn --- p.10 ; Chapter - --- Gwailou --- p.11 ; Research Significance --- p.12 ; Literature Review: --- p.13 ; Demeanor: Cultural Knowledge --- p.14 ; Demeanor: Embodiment and Presentation of Cultural Identities --- p.16 ; Politicizing Demeanor: Struggling for Power and Conveying Messages --- p.17 ; Hong Kong Identity: Its Shaping Process --- p.19 ; Methodology: --- p.21 ; Entering the Field: Daily Observation --- p.21 ; Pilot Test --- p.22 ; "In-depth, Semi-structured, and Structured Interviews" --- p.23 ; Participant Observation --- p.24 ; Organization of the Thesis --- p.25 ; Informants' Details --- p.28 ; Chapter 2. --- Heunggongyahn and Daaihlohkyahn --- p.30 ; Introduction --- p.30 ; "Pride: Certain Demeanor as ""Superior"" Prestige" --- p.31 ; The Prestige in Not Disturbing Others --- p.32 ; "The Prestige in Sitting ""Properly"": Preserving City's Image" --- p.34 ; "The Prestige in Having Gungdaksam, Public Virtue" --- p.41 ; The Prestige in Keeping some Distance from Strangers --- p.43 ; The Prestige in Endurance and Keeping Quiet: Saving Face --- p.44 ; "Prejudice: Certain Demeanor as ""Inferior"" Stigma" --- p.47 ; The Stigma of Squatting --- p.48 ; The Stigma of Public Excretion --- p.56 ; The Stigma of Nose Picking --- p.62 ; The Stigma of Spitting --- p.63 ; Conclusion --- p.67 ; Chapter 3. --- My Informants' Everyday Life --- p.69 ; Introduction --- p.69 ; "The Civilizing Process: Demeanor as a ""Linear Evolution""" --- p.70 ; "Using Seat-Toilets ""Properly""" --- p.71 ; Lining up --- p.76 ; Demeanor as Capital --- p.81 ; Cultural Capital --- p.81 ; Symbolic Capital ...

by Pang Kin-Man, James. ; Questionnaire in English and Chinese. ; Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 25-26). ; ABSTRACT --- p.ii ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv ; LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.viii ; Chapter ; Chapter I. --- BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM --- p.1 ; A History of the KCR --- p.1 ; A New Era for KCR --- p.3 ; The Market Profile --- p.4 ; The Evolution of Open Competition --- p.9 ; Social Changes --- p.9 ; Economic Changes --- p.10 ; Political Changes --- p.10 ; Declining Competitive Advantage --- p.11 ; The Business Problem --- p.12 ; Market Segmentation --- p.12 ; Peak Hour Services --- p.14 ; Non-peak Hour Services --- p.14 ; Aims of the Project --- p.15 ; Chapter II. --- RELATED LITERATURE: CRITIQUE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.17 ; Related Literature --- p.17 ; Fare --- p.17 ; Services and Facilities --- p.19 ; Overall Image --- p.22 ; Bibliography --- p.25 ; Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.27 ; Exploratory Research --- p.27 ; Data Collection --- p.28 ; Secondary Data --- p.28 ; Primary Data --- p.29 ; Questionnaire --- p.29 ; Sampling Design --- p.29 ; Information Sought --- p.31 ; Pretest and Revision --- p.32 ; Data Compilation and Analysis --- p.32 ; Chapter IV. --- FINDINGS --- p.33 ; The Secondary Research --- p.33 ; Market Share of the KCR --- p.33 ; The Peak-hour and Non-peak-hour Segments --- p.34 ; Attitudes of Passengers in the Peak-hour Segment --- p.36 ; The Primary Research --- p.37 ; Demographics of Respondents --- p.37 ; Travelling Habits in the Non-peak-hour Segment --- p.38 ; Criteria in the Non-peak-hour Market --- p.43 ; Awareness of Places in the NT --- p.45 ; Consideration of Using KCR in Leisure Time --- p.47 ; Conclusion --- p.49 ; Chapter V. --- SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.52 ; Summary --- p.52 ; The Competitive Forces --- p.52 ; Alert to Changes --- p.54 ; Recommendation --- p.54 ; A Positioning of the Corporation --- p.54 ; The Objectives --- ...

本文以明初官定程朱理學讀本《四書五經性理大全》的成書和思想反應為中心,旨在探討朱子學在14、15世紀流衍、官學化乃至自我更新的過程。作為士人參加科舉考試的必讀之書,《四書五經性理大全》原則上締造著明代士人的思維結構乃至行事方式,成為他們為學從政的依據和根基。全文主要分為三個部份:第一部份重點討論此書萌生於14世紀的主要學術背景,指出它是在元代浙江、江西、徽州三地朱子學並競發展的多元化局面中醞釀而生的。第二部份首先檢討了明初洪武、永樂兩朝帝王一脈相承卻又有不同的理學取態。同樣尊信理學可以幫助治國,太祖樂於以務實態度來修正和完善朱子學並顯現出他淩駕於道統的情形,而明成祖則將程朱理學視作其政權合法性的依據進而操縱了儒家道統,《大全》正是在明初政治文化微妙而重大轉變中應運而生的。本文接著考察了《大全》的編纂、取材與影響,從中指出編纂地選在北京對成祖遷都部署的配合作用,並分析《大全》內容取材的地域特色,及此特色所受敕撰要求、書籍流通、人事安排等因素的影響;統計其刊行情況以證實《大全》地位在有明一代從未被動搖,在晚明乃至成為商業出版中有利可圖的公共文化資源的情形。本文第三部份重點以15世紀持續出現的多種《大全》反應性著作為分析對象,從中觀察《大全》被作為舉業的讀本、行道的載體、救正時弊乃至變革士人思想的必由取徑,而在地方學官、著名儒者以及土木之變後學者型官員中引發的激烈迴響和對其批評、質疑、修正的相應行動。透過這些討論,本文期望檢討14世紀朱子後學的多元化發展與並競局面、明初帝王的理學取態對於明初理學的官學化進程的實際影響,以及15世紀的菁英士大夫如何運用"統一"後的理學學說來應對現實危機與朱子學發展困境等議題。 ; This dissertation studies the formation of and intellectual responses to the Sishu Wujing Xingli Daquan( Great Compendia of the Four Books, Five Classics and Human Nature and Heavenly Principle), which were compiled in the Yongle period (1403-1424), in the context of the spreading and self renewal of Zhu Xi's philosophical school in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. As must-read books for the imperial examinations, the Compendia affected Ming scholars' mode of thinking and their way of doing things. They also formed the basis of their classical learning and political participation. ; The study begins with an analysis of the intellectual background of the Compendia in the fourteenth century. It points out that there were three types of development and competition patterns of Yüan Neo-Confucianism in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Huizhou. ; The research then reviews the important changes of attitude from the Hongwu emperor to the Yongle emperor towards Neo-Confucianism. Although both emperors believed that Neo-Confucianism could help them better govern the country, the Hongwu emperor was keen to see revisions of Zhu Xi's classical exegesis. To meet his realistic needs he even ignored the Neo-Confucian orthodoxy. The Yongle emperor, however, used Neo-Confucianism as the basis of his political legitimacy and thus ...

本文主要針對清代杭州城一棟性質在天后宮與天主堂之間多次轉化的宗教建築,探討其對清代杭州城社會生活與公共空間的影響。 ; 除緒論、結論外,全文共包括四章。緒論介紹論文結構,並簡單梳理近來中國城市史研究的進展和相關議題。另外,在緒論中特別提到了韓書瑞(SusanNaquin)關於廟宇與明清北京城市歷史與生活的專著。此書透過宗教建築的變遷和作為城市公共場所的功能來看其對城市歷史的反映以及對城市生活的影響,對本文的研究視角和取徑產生了重要的指導作用。 ; 第一章介紹清代杭州城內政治、經濟與宗教文化等不同區位的形成以及城市管理概況,以說明數座天后宮在杭州城內原本坐落的不同位置以及其後的主要變化。第二章以明末清初到雍正八年之間天主教在杭州的發展歷史為線索,介紹杭州天主堂的建立以及之後因為禁教而改做武林門天后宮的背景,藉以分梳政府宗教政策以及地方宗教管理實務之間的複雜互動。第三章探究武林門天后宮在雍正八年以後的發展,並特別著重討論官員、文人與紳商家族的各種互動關係。第四章討論由鴉片戰爭到太平天國軍隊撤離杭州的道光、咸豐、同治期間,武林門天后宮如何又在戰爭與外交局勢變動過程中而再回天后宮改為天主堂的歷史。結論強調:基於宗教建築不斷變化其性質、功能、以及在城市公共生活中扮演的不同角色,人們可以從中了解國家的對內與對外政策以及地方行政管理如何實際影響著城市的面貌,而變化的城市面貌,又將影響城市的歷史與公共生活。 ; This thesis examines the urban history of Qing dynasty Hangzhou by closely analyzing the religious architecture of one Tianhou temple and one Catholic Church. This examination summarizes the evolution of these features and offers some thoughts on the influence that those changes made to social life and public spaces in Hangzhou. ; Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this thesis consists of four chapters. The introduction briefly reviews works Chinese urban history by scholars from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mainland China and abroad. It then surveys the types of historical material used in the project. In particular, it reviews the contributions in Susan Naquin's work on Beijing'stemples in Ming and Qing China as a major source of inspiration for the perspective taken in this work, as it draws upon Naquin's perspective on religious architecture as a part of a city's public space in order to combine an analysis on social life and urban history. ; The first chapter discusses the history of Hangzhou's administration and its political, economic, cultural and religious development in the Qing Dynasty. It then outlines the history of the locations and major changes to the Tianhou temples dedicated to the goddess Mazu throughout the city. ; The second chapter begins at the end of Ming Dynasty and ends in 1730. Over this period of time, Catholicism became more popular in Hangzhou, and people built a glamorous Catholic ...