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Die Begriffsgeschichte der Termini Revolution und Evolution ist bereits ausführlich und vielerorts nachgezeichnet worden. Ins Blickfeld geriet jedoch selten ein Übertragungs-, Rückübertragungs- und Veränderungsprozess, der sich vor allem ab Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts abspielte. Während dieses Zeitraumes prägte die Entdeckung der "geologischen Tiefenzeit" zunehmend den naturhistorischen Diskurs, und diese neue Zeit -Vorstellung überschnitt sich mit jener noch wirkmächtigeren politischen und geschichtsphilosophischen Zeit-Vorstellung, die durch die Französische Revolution ausgelöst wurde. Die Übertragungsprozesse von Revolution und Evolution überkreuzten sich in den Debatten der Aufklärung, und während eines bestimmten historischen Zeitraums strukturierten sie gemeinsam den Diskurs der "Geognosie" bzw. "Geogonie", wie zu dieser Zeit die Geologie avant la lettre zu meist genannt wurde. Die Herder'schen Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit können in diesem Kontext der Umbruchphase der Spätaufklärung als repräsentativ für diese semantischen Übertragungs- und Wanderungsbewegungen gelten, denn Revolution und Evolution sind entscheidende entwicklungslogische Interpretationskategorien in Herders geogonischem und geschichts-philosophischem Entwurf. Da Herder keinen Bruch zwischen Naturentwicklung (-geschichte) und Menschheitsentwicklung (-geschichte) sieht, sondern beides unter der Perspektive einer Fortschrittsidee subsumiert, gibt es bei ihm auch noch keine eindeutige Kategorisierung und Zuordnung von Evolution (zu Natur) und Revolution (zu Geschichte). Zugleich lassen sich die Mehrdeutigkeiten beider Begriffe sowie ihre sich beschleunigenden semantischen Verschiebungen besonders augenfällig am Beispiel des Herder'schen Textkorpus belegen, das aus diesem Grunde im Zentrum des vorliegenden Beitrags steht.

Begrüßung: Prof.Dr. Thomas Pfeiffer, Prorektor für internationale Beziehungen der Universität Heidelberg Einführung: Prof. Dr. Andreas Draguhn (Neurophysiologie), Fellow am Marsilius-Kolleg (2010 - 2012) Was sind die Grundlagen unserer hohen kognitiven Fähigkeiten, die uns im Verlauf der Evolution zum Homo sapiens machten, dem weisen Affen? Bis vor kurzem gingen Wissenschaftler davon aus, dass der Cortex die Voraussetzung für höhere kognitive Leistungen darstellt und dass wir Menschen, zusammen mit Delfinen, sowohl absolut als auch relativ den größten Cortex haben. Mittlerweile mehren sich aber die Belege, dass auch Vögel, vor allem Rabenvögel, kognitive Leistungen erbringen können, die auf dem Niveau von Schimpansen liegen oder sie teilweise übertreffen. Doch Vögel haben gar keinen Cortex und sollten deshalb nicht zu höheren Denkprozessen fähig sein. Neurobiologische Studien zeigen nun, dass Vögel einen ganz eigenen Weg bei der Evolution ihres Vorderhirns und des Denkens eingeschlagen haben. Diese neuen Erkenntnisse legen nahe, dass es viele evolutionäre Wege zur Entwicklung komplexer Denkprozesse gibt. Homo sapiens ist nur eine davon.

Title from caption. ; Published by: A.K. Butts, "A review of politics, religion, science, literature and art." ; Has occasional supplements. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Die in der jüngsten Vergangenheit feststellbare zunehmende Digitalisierung von Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft erscheint auf ersten Blick als radikal umwälzende Entwicklung. Im Detail betrachtet zeigt sich, dass die aktuellen Tendenzen nur eine Fortsetzung der bestehenden Entwicklungen der vergangenen Jahrzehnte sind - insbesondere der Internationalisierung von Wertschöpfungsketten und den seit den 1990er Jahren bestehenden Automatisierungstendenzen. Die ökonomische Literatur zu den Effekten der Digitalisierung sowie die erfolgreiche Integration der österreichischen Volkswirtschaft in internationalen Wertschöpfungsketten legen nahe, dass die Ausgangsposition Österreichs gut ist, was unter anderem an der signifikanten Industriebasis und dem guten Zugang zu neuen Technologien liegt. Bemerkenswerterweise ergibt sich - unabhängig vom geographischen Entstehen eines globalen Digitalisierungspols - ein positiver Effekt auf die österreichischen Exporte. Zudem erscheinen die Effekte der Digitalisierung auf den österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt tendenziell auf eine niedrige Substituierbarkeit von Tätigkeiten hinzudeuten. Für eine erfolgreiche Bewältigung des digitalen Strukturwandels sind allerdings Anstrengungen auf individueller Ebene sowie Maßnahmen von Seiten der Politik nötig. Dies betrifft die Verfügbarkeit digitaler Netzinfrastruktur ebenso wie eine Umorientierung in Hinblick auf Bildung. Zudem sind weitere Maßnahmen zur strukturellen Entlastung des Faktors Arbeit und Attraktiveren von Unternehmensgründungen im Geiste des Start-up Pakets sowie eine Attraktivierung von innovativen Tätigkeiten in Unternehmen durch mittelfristig ausgerichtete steuerliche Anreize nötig.

This paper proposes an original formal framework to analyze institutional evolution. Institutions have formal (F) and informal (N) aspects that may evolve at different paces, although eventually converging towards each other through an dynamic interactive process. N evolves with capital accumulation, as in learning by doing, and F is optimally chosen by the government who maximizes output given the social and political costs of changing F. As transaction-cost-reducing mechanisms, F and N together define the production technology and affect the income level. As consistent with the evidence, calibrations of the model reveal that optimum F exhibits a punctuated equilibra.

This Working Paper is a chapter forthcoming in Piki Ish-Shalom, Markus Kornprobst, and Vincent Pouliot, eds, Perspectives on Cognitive Evolution and World Ordering: Opening New Vistas, discussing Emanuel Adler's opus magnum on World Ordering. It uses Adler's analysis of power to unpack his political and explanatory theory by making two claims. First, Adler's understanding of power accentuates the agentic components of power - and hence order - and downgrades the role of domination in social order. Whereas his ontology would allow for a wider conception, his communitarian political theory does not. Second, in his explanatory theory, power (as 'epistemic practical authority') becomes a central cause for understanding the evolution of social orders. Yet, assuming evolution to be constituted by contingent and contextual processes that remain indeterminate, epistemic practical authority cannot carry this causal weight.

Abstract Evolution is both a fact and a theory. Evolution is widely observable in laboratory and natural populations as they change over time. The fact that we need annual flu vaccines is one example of observable evolution. At the same time, evolutionary theory explains more than observations, as the succession on the fossil record. Hence, evolution is also the scientific theory that embodies biology, including all organisms and their characteristics. In this paper, we emphasize why evolution is the most important theory in biology. Evolution explains every biological detail, similar to how history explains many aspects of a current political situation. Only evolution explains the patterns observed in the fossil record. Examples include the succession in the fossil record; we cannot find the easily fossilized mammals before 300 million years ago; after the extinction of the dinosaurs, the fossil record indicates that mammals and birds radiated throughout the planet. Additionally, the fact that we are able to construct fairly consistent phylogenetic trees using distinct genetic markers in the genome is only explained by evolutionary theory. Finally, we show that the processes that drive evolution, both on short and long time scales, are observable facts.

Values are a universal attribute of humankind. All humans have moral values; that is, they accept standards according to which their conduct is judged right or wrong, good or evil. People have also other sorts of values: economic, aesthetic, gastronomic, and so on. Where do moral values come from? Some moral values are widespread and perhaps universal, like not to kill, not to steal, and to honor one's parents. But the moral values by which people judge their behavior vary at present from culture to culture and have changed in important ways through historical times. Different ethnic groups, different nationalities, different tribes, and even different individuals exhibit different moral values and different norms by which they evaluate their actions. Think of the difference between a modern American and an Islamic fundamentalist with respect to the rights of women, or between most modern Americans and the official doctrine of the current Russian government concerning homosexuality.2 Darwin expressed horror at the burning of widows by Hindus and thought absurd the proscription of Muslim women to expose their faces.

Each part preceded by half title not included in paging. ; Leaves inserted to follow p. 16, 22 and 149. ; Ancient and medieval.--American development.--Problematic world development. ; Mode of access: Internet.

On December 29, 2016, the Croatian Parliament has bestowed upon our esteemed emeritus professor of economics Soumitra Sharma, the highest State Prize for Life Time Achievement in Social Sciences (2015). Professor Sharma has been one-time teacher of many of us and the founding Editor-in-Chief of ZIREB. Accordingly, as a tribute, I have thought it appropriate and worthwhile to evaluate and present to the readers his lifetime achievement in economics.

Many cities in developing countries are confronted with many problems regarding their physical structures. The efforts to overcome these difficulties arose from the political, economic and cultural structural factors that preside over those countries. Iranian cities also follow this pattern of development. However, many of these cities lack the necessary research and scientific knowledge to determine a suitable path for development and planning. Furthermore, policymaking does not rest on a basis of suitable fundamentals and information. Many plans in these cities have therefore led to unsuitable results and, rather than moving existing aims forward, have created new difficulties. Mashad, as the second-largest metropolis of Iran after Tehran and the third-most important religious city of the Islamic world, has a great development potential that should be correctly and properly applied. Essential to this goal is the availability of necessary information about the history and regional and local characteristics of the city and, on the other hand, having enough knowledge about other developing countries' experiences. Using this information and these analyses and tested theories, one can work towards a suitable development program for this unique city. Under this assumption, this dissertation has two main aims. First, the gathering of documentary evidence and categorization of historic information about Mashad, especially in the physical field, and second, the production of a pattern for evaluating the degree of influence of factors that affect the physical evolution of cities and their comparison with each other. This would be effective in discovering the reciprocal relationship of these factors and could pave the way for applying urban experiments in similar future analyses. With these aims, Mashad is used as the case study and Iranian and European cities as the general comparative grounds for this study. Initial results show that effective factors on the physical evolution in Mashad have not only had very different conditions from European cities but also with other cities in Iran. For example, the main influence of political factors on the development of Mashad in all of historic periods and the gradual growth of this effect in Iranian cities versus the decreasing in this effect on the physical development of European cities is significant. At the same time, while social factors (with an emphasis on public participation) have continually grown in their effect on European cities, these show a significant decrease in Iranian cities and especially Mashad over the course of history. This phenomenon can be seen in the lack of urban public spaces for social interactions within the core of the city. These different features fundamentally emphasize a need for new development planning specifically for this city. The presented pattern for estimating the state of a city or cities in various historic and chronological periods and the comparative tables in this pattern prepare the grounds for analysis and produce several results, which are shown in detail in the dissertation. Without exaggerating, the lack of information about Mashad and the need for completing this work before producing schedules, diagrams and analytic and comparative tables have made this dissertation the equivalent of two theses in the frame of one research project; I hope this will be considered.

When Aristotle asked at what particular moment we can say that an army is fleeing, which is certainly not when individual soldiers start leaving the battlefield, he formulated a problem that is important also for today's art history: are there any moments in the history of art that can be called turning points? In individual artistic careers, such points are related to crises, allowing the artist to overcome an impasse and find a way toward reaching a goal. Quite often, such a turn occurs suddenly, at some particular moment which ancient Greeks called the kairos. The changes in art approached en bloc also happen thanks to the background of values and some goal of artistic creation. A turning point may imply overcoming a crisis or a period of decline and decadence – always a state of affairs defined in negative terms. A separate case is definitely a political decree that triggers off a change, which implies violence committed on culture. Finally, in academic art history a turning point may be related not only with a crisis, but also with evolution. It's perception is relative, but because of that the history of art can be rewritten.

C.L.-O. is supported by grants from European Union (DeAge, ERC-Advanced Grant), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad SAF2014-52413-R, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (RTICC), CIBERONC, Plan Feder, and EDP Foundation.

Mikhalevich & Powell make a compelling case that some invertebrates may be sentient and that our moral obligations in the context of welfare should hence extend to them. Although the case is similar to that made for fishes, there is one obvious difference in that examples of invertebrate sentience probably arose independently from vertebrate sentience. We have unequivocal proof that complex cognition arose multiple times over evolutionary history. Given that cognition is our best tool for indirectly quantifying sentience, it seems highly likely that this multiple polygenesis may also have occurred for sentience. In acknowledging this, we must accept that the anthropocentric structure-function arguments that have surfaced in the context of pain are almost certainly too simplistic and cannot account for cases of convergent evolution.

Die maschinelle Intelligenz durchdringt und verändert alle Lebensbereiche. Die Integration der digitalen Services in Superapps verschiebt die Macht von Individuen, von konventionellen Unternehmen und von Staaten hin zu Internetgiganten, die ihre Ressourcen dafür einsetzen, die digitalen Dienste so weiterzuentwickeln, dass ihr Kapital und ihre Macht weiterwachsen. Auf diese Weise treibt das Kapital die soziotechnische Evolution. Konsumerismus, psychische Erkrankungen, Wohlstandskrankheiten, politische Polarisierung, Machtverschiebung zu Konzernen u. a., negative Konsequenzen einer rein kapitalgetriebenen Entwicklung verlangen nach Steuerungsmechanismen im Sinne der Lebensqualität. Die riesigen Datensammlungen der digitalen Dienste ermöglichen es, die Treiber der Lebensqualität besser verstehen zu lernen, messbar zu machen und damit die soziotechnische Evolution zum Wohle der Menschen zu lenken. Darin liegen die Chancen einer Disziplin Life Engineering.