Suchergebnisse

In the context of the effectiveness of the judicial protection of the private individual, the contribution examines a delicate and complex issue related to the hypothesis of non-execution of the administrative judgement by the administration, namely the unwillingness of the losing administration to comply with the judgements of the administrative judge. The contribution offers food for thought with regard to possible procedural remedies offered by the legal system to the private individual to prevent ex ante (i.e., already during the cognitive process) the occurrence of such a situation (preventive remedies) or, once the default has occurred, to obtain ex post (once the cognitive process has been concluded) full and effective protection, without overlooking the possible consequences of such conduct (in terms of administrative-accounting responsibility) put in place by the administrative authorities (subsequent remedies). Remedies that go beyond the judgment of compliance or the power exercised by the commissioner ad acta or, albeit of an entirely different nature, the effects of the procedural tool of the astreinte, which certainly remain anchors of salvation that the legislator offers to the private individual, albeit with their undoubted criticalities. Remedies are not easily usable by the private individual insofar as they are linked to the particularity that connotes the dynamics of the administrative judgement - examined in depth in this contribution - of a strongly impugnatory type that essentially follows those of the substantial dialogue between the private individual and the administration. ; Nell'ambito dell'effettività della tutela giurisdizionale del privato, il contributo approfondisce un tema delicato e complesso legato alle ipotesi di inesecuzione del giudicato amministrativo da parte dell'amministrazione, ossia la scarsa propensione dell'amministrazione soccombente a conformarsi alle sentenze del giudice amministrativo. Il contributo, infatti, offre spunti di riflessione in ordine a eventuali ...

And ' well-known, to use the expression employed by an authoritative doctrine that "the private acts much more than regulate" and face it, what's more, without worry of classification dogmatic for their actions. Starting from this basic premise, imbued with significant implications on the dogmatic, this description is intended to offer some thoughts on the role of private autonomy in the execution phase of the contract. In this light polarizing means, in particular, on the concept of private autonomy procedural that interacts with the well-known phenomenon so-called "Liberalizing effect" in our legal system. Following this line, you will use a different methodological approach to clarify some controversial issues relating to the nature and the character of the place of performance in compliance with art. 1197 c.c. In particular, moving from a flexible and relativistic dogmatic reconstruction of the notion of enforcement activity in private law and the relationship between the conceptual categories of effect, efficacy (when the second one adopts a different concept and a different content than the first), and execution, will face, including a survey of the major doctrinal and jurisprudential addresses three problem areas that interact with each other. The first is structural in nature, relates to the note interpretative controversy about the nature of the contract or consensual real performance instead of performance. The second of functional matrix, is inherent in the nature of act capable to satisfy the creditor's interest or not the execution of the service. Finally, it is considered, on the floor effectual qualifications in key extinctive, or, alternatively, the amending of the case. To these questions we intend to answer here using the landing construction reached by the modern doctrine in the analysis of the processes of bargaining, moving, in particular, from the conceptual category of the so-called configurative effect. Will face, and then, at a later time, the reflections practical application of the landing constructive achieved. The historical evolution of the institution actually showed a progressively increasing vitality in practical operation. So much is clear not only from the recognition of certain offenses traditionally recurring repertoires in case law, such as, for example, in the datio sulutum of bank checks and drafts, the bankruptcy petition in the place of performance of the service as a means of payment abnormal, agreements on crisis marital called translational in fulfillment of the obligation to maintain in a single solution, and, finally, the so-called datio in solutum testamentary on which, for the sake of brevity, we do not linger here. It should be pointed out that in fact the issues underlying the institution denote also considerable importance in the understanding of a situation recently introduced by the regional planning legislation in the wake of the information provided by the Community case-law formed the subject of expropriation. It is, more precisely, of the so-called sale agreement in solutum of real estate and development rights to the owner of land expropriated in a pecuniary compensation, on which we will focus extensively in the last part of this work.

none ; La presente tesi si pone nel filone degli studi sulla MIFID ed ha l'obiettivo di verificare se, a circa tre anni dall'implementazione della Direttiva comunitaria, sia stato raggiunto l'obiettivo di creare un mercato finanziario pan-europeo integrato ed efficiente, se si siano verificati i temuti effetti negativi dovuti alla frammentazione degli scambi e quali ulteriori evoluzioni sia lecito attendersi. Il lavoro, dopo la disanima della letteratura sull'argomento e l'analisi delle novità introdotte dalla MIFID in tema di mercati mobiliari, passa a descrivere l'evoluzione nel panorama delle trading venue di titoli azionari nell'Unione Europea, tracciando un parallelo con la situazione americana. Tramite un'analisi empirica si analizzano poi gli effetti della frammentazione degli scambi post-MIFID su tre panieri di titoli azionari caratterizzati da differenti livelli di frammentazione e si stimano gli effetti che una diversa implementazione della normativa sulla best execution potrebbe avere sul livello di frammentazione dei principali titoli azionari europei. I risultati ai quali si giunge dimostrano che negli ultimi anni si è incrementato il livello di frammentazione degli scambi su titoli azionari, con l'introduzione di nuove trading venue, principalmente sistemi multilaterali di negoziazione, che hanno eroso la posizione dominante dei mercati regolamentati tradizionali e hanno costituito dei pool di liquidità sovranazionali. Queste nuove trading venue hanno adottato regimi commissionali ridotti e piattaforme di negoziazione tecnologicamente avanzate per attrarre flussi di ordini, specie da parte degli high frequency trader e, grazie ai volumi di negoziazione raggiunti, potrebbero essere in grado di mantenere, anche nel lungo periodo, le politiche di prezzo favorevoli all'investitore che hanno contribuito al loro successo. L'analisi empirica condotta non ha fatto emergere effetti negativi derivanti dalla frammentazione degli scambi, coerentemente con i risultati dei pochi studi empirici condotti nel ...

Redefining cities, desovietising memory. The case of Ukrainian toponymy in an interview with Volodymyr Viatrovych This paper takes into account the changes of toponomy, the dismantling of Soviet monumental heritage, the general process of "de-sovietisation" which is taking place with new strength in Ukraine since the Maidan protests and the years of Poroshenko's government. Its political intent and conception, the approval of a legal and formal framing in the execution of the process, as well as its contradictions, are traced through the dialogue with Volodymyr Viatrovych, director of the National Institute which conceived, proposed and implemented the "five laws on decommunisation".

[Reflections on the problem of the overeveniences in the contract being executed during the covid-19 health emergency] According to the main regulatory provisions of supranational and national legislation on public procurement and by virtue of the principles laid down by the case law on events occurring during the execution of the contract for the award of services and supplies (even of modest economic value), there seems to be no doubt about the possibility of extending these events in the context of the current health emergency from Covid-19. This circumstance would legitimize the Public Administration to enter into the necessary negotiations with the contractor in order to agree on the modification of certain contractual clauses that cannot be implemented under normal conditions due to the health emergency.

The thesis deals with the role of supranational sources of law in the Italian legal order. The first part is dedicated to EU Law, whose incorporation has been justified by the Italian Constitutional Court on the basis of Article 11 of the Constitution. This provision gives a constitutional rank to the law containing the order of execution of the Treaty. Thus, EU law, in the matters of its competence, both prevails over ordinary legislation and derogates to detailed constitutional provisions, with the exception of the duty to respect fundamental principles. Conflicts between self-executing EU norms and municipal provisions which are raised incidentally must not be solved by the Constitutional Court but by the ordinary judge on the basis of the direct effect of EU law. This approach is due to the fact that national law that contrasts with Union law do not interfere with the law of execution of the Treaty, which the dualist doctrine considers as a part of another legal system. An analogous constitutional rank in the hierarchy of sources is recognized to international customs which are transformed into municipal law by Article 10(1) of the Constitution. On the contrary, until 2001 international treaties were deprived of a general constitutional covering and therefore they had the same rank of the ordinary law of execution. At present, after the entry into force of new Article 117(1) of the Constitution, international agreements are considered as interposed sources which prevail over ordinary legislation and succumb with respect to constitutional rules. However, some recent judgments of the Italian Constitutional Court seem to indicate the willingness to recognize in the future a constitutional rank also to treaties. La tesi tratta il tema del ruolo svolto nel nostro sistema giuridico dalle fonti di origine sovranazionale. La prima parte è dedicata al diritto comunitario, il cui ingresso nel nostro ordinamento è stato giustificato dalla Consulta sulla base dell'articolo 11, che offre copertura costituzionale alla legge di esecuzione del Trattato. Il diritto comunitario, pertanto, nelle materie di propria competenza prevale sulla legislazione ordinaria e deroga anche alle disposizioni costituzionali di dettaglio, salvo l'obbligo di rispettare i principi supremi. I conflitti tra norme comunitarie self executing e leggi ordinarie sorti in via incidentale devono peraltro essere risolti non mediante il giudizio di costituzionalità ma dal giudice ordinario con la diretta applicazione della norma comunitaria, perché la legge anticomunitaria normalmente non interferisce con la legge di esecuzione del Trattato, che secondo la tesi dualista fa parte di un diverso sistema giuridico. Analoga è la collocazione riconosciuta nella gerarchia delle fonti alle consuetudini internazionali, che sono recepite dall'articolo 10 comma 1. I trattati internazionali, invece, fino al 2001 erano privi di copertura costituzionale generale, e pertanto parificati alla legge ordinaria di esecuzione. Dopo l'entrata in vigore del nuovo articolo 117 comma 1, invece, sono considerati fonti interposte, che prevalgono sulla legislazione ordinaria e soccombono nei confronti delle disposizioni costituzionali. Da alcune recenti sentenze, tuttavia, pare emergere che la Corte Costituzionale potrebbe arrivare a riconoscere anche ai trattati una posizione di livello costituzionale.

Contractual relations during a pandemic between emergency regulations and common law This article analyses the various emergency interventions in the private sector. In particular, it examines the rules concerning rental contracts, mortgages and travel contracts, all of which are affected by emergency provisions, partly in terms of contractual liability (with regard, for example, to reimbursement for travel) and partly in terms of price and cost provisions. The author concludes that it is very difficult under current Italian legislation to introduce remedies that are not typical such as termination. Moreover, it would have been appropriate, albeit complex, to identify general principles rather than particular rules that by definition do not cover all areas of negotiation. General clauses such as rebus sic stantibus, pacta sunt servanda and, in general the bona fide execution of the contract, are all aspects that may assist in the interpretation of the contract in the face of an emergency event.

In una recente ordinanza la Corte costituzionale ha nuovamente esercitato i suoi poteri istruttori in un giudizio di legittimità costituzionale. Essa ha, tuttavia, richiesto informazioni che, nel complesso, adombrano una delicata questione di politica legislativa e di attuazione della riforma concernente l'esecuzione delle misure di sicurezza per persone inferme di mente. L'insolita ordinanza istruttoria sembra avere la funzione di monito anticipato e di stimolo per il legislatore, anche al fine di scongiurare l'avvio di una procedura pilota da parte della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo. ; In a recent order, the Constitutional Court has once again exercised its investigative powers in a judgment of constitutional legitimacy. It has, however, requested information which, on the whole, conceals a sensitive issue of legislative policy and the implementation of the reform concerning the execution of security measures for mentally disordered offenders. The unusual investigative order seems to have the function of an early warning and a stimulus for the Parliament, also in order to avoid the initiation of a pilot procedure by the European Court of Human Rights.

The paper analyzes the current two pre-litigation remedies in public contracts: the ANAC pre-litigation opinion (so called parere di precontenzioso) following the request of the party, and the warning opinion (so called parere-diffida), again adopted by ANAC, but on its own initiative. The remedies underline the ambivalent purpose of the legislator: on one hand, preventing intersubjective conflicts and, on the other, objectively protecting legality in tender procedures. The anticipatory logic of protection characterizes not only the pre-litigation remedies, but also the judicial remedy, which currently provides the immediate appeal of the admission measures. The anticipatory logic constitutes a reaction to the pathological dysfunctions of public tenders disputes in the past. The emphasis of the interest in the correct execution of tendering procedures leads to an objective twisting of the remedies in question. As for the proper functioning of the remedies, there is a lack of legislation in defining the conditions to make them effective. This could generates the paradoxical risk of increasing, instead of decreasing, the disputes.

Lisbon Expo 1998 sparked off deep changes, whose economic effects had both relevant local and national impact. The following essay frames the political dynamics that preceded the event, as well as the architectural execution process and development of the Expo ground later known as Parco dos Nações and, finally, its functional re-utilization according to the latest urban fulfillments. Aside, a digression on the importance of hospitality as tourist reception and welcome policy. ; L'autore mette in evidenza le profonde trasformazioni che l'Expo di Lisbona del 1998 ha innescato e quali siano state le principali ricadute economiche tanto a livello cittadino, quanto nazionale. Nella trattazione sono descritte le dinamiche politiche che ne hanno preceduto la realizzazione, il complesso iter architettonico inerente la realizzazione dell'Area Expo, denominata Parco delle Nazioni, e infine il riuso edilizio funzionale dello stesso, in linea con le moderne attuazioni urbane. Il lavoro in oggetto presenta una digressione sul valore che l'ospitalità cittadina rappresenta e quali potenzialità questa possa offrire se finalizzata in chiave turistica.

The paper analyzes the book Contro gli ergastoli edited by Stefano Anastasia, Franco Corleone and Andrea Pugiotto, highlighting the current face of life imprisonment and the measures that operate in the execution phase of the sentence. Through the multilevel system of Constitutional and Conventional guarantees, the penalty of life imprisonment, in the recent reversals of course of the Legislator, represents a limit to the hope of each individual and cannot be linked to collaboration that, in the criminal process, legitimizes distorted visions in ascertaining the truth and abuses in the use of custodial measures. ; Il contributo analizza il volume Contro gli ergastoli a cura di Stefano Anastasia, Franco Corleone e Andrea Pugiotto, evidenziando il volto attuale dell'ergastolo ostativo e delle misure che operano nella fase di esecuzione della pena. Attraverso il sistema multilivello di garanzie costituzionali e convenzionali, la pena dell'ergastolo, nelle recenti inversioni di rotta del Legislatore, rappresenta un limite alla speranza di ogni individuo e non può essere collegato alla collaborazione che, nel processo penale, legittima visioni distorte nell'accertamento della verità e abusi nell'utilizzo di misure custodiali.

Following the American withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2018, the US government has reintroduced an extensive set of sanctions against Iran, which includes also extraterritorial sanctions, aimed at targeting Iranian commercial relations with third countries. Due to the impact of such sanctions on European economic operators dealing with Iran, the European Union has consequently decided to renew the Regulation 2271 of 1996, concerning the protection against extraterritorial restrictive measures. The so-called "Blocking Statute" sets out rules regarding the non-recognition of foreign decisions on extraterritorial sanctions enforcement, the block of extraterritorial sanctions' execution and the procedure for legal actions on damages caused by these measures. However, nowadays the Regulation's provisions are subject to different interpretations held by domestic judges of Member States thus, through a request for preliminary ruling, it is time for the European Court of Justice to render the content of the Regulation 2271/96, which may play a central role in the future development of economic trilateral relations between Iran, US and EU Member States.

The research analyses the development of internal control systems in German and Italian municipalities. The modernization process of public administrations promoted by the New Public Management movement has implied worldwide the adoption of private sector derived techniques and tools in order to improve public management. According to the literature, the adoption of internal control systems, together with the improvement of accounting and auditing techniques, can help to increase the level of efficiency, effectiveness, accountability and transparency of public sector organizations. Moreover, internal control systems are a useful tool for the ethical execution of operations and for corruption prevention, which are two keystone for public sector. The reform trajectories followed by the countries have been different. In particular, the reform process was slow in "Rechtsstaat" or legal state countries, like Germany and Italy. The reform process in these two countries, which are the object of this study, started later as in the other OECD countries and implied the adaptation of the proposed tool and techniques to the existing administrative system. Moreover, in the two countries the process of innovation started and has been more advanced at the local government level. The municipality level was therefore chosen as the object of the study. A second reason for this choice lies in the fact that the municipality level allowed a homogeneous comparison between the two countries. Indeed, they have a different state structure, Italy is a unitary state and Germany is a federal republic; the lowest level of government is the one that allows a homogeneous comparison. The study is aimed at: a) describing the characteristics (objectives and components) of internal control systems in German and Italian municipalities, compared to private sector standards concerning internal control systems; b) comparing the internal control systems of the two countries in order to identify their similarities and differences. Considering that the ethical execution of operations and the prevention of corruption are two keystones for public sector, one additional purpose was to ascertain if these need produce effects on the internal control system adopted. The research is mainly based on the analysis of the laws and regulations issued on this topic and uses an internationally accepted standard – the CoSO model for internal control systems – as a framework for the analysis and the comparison between the two countries. As in both countries the municipalities have a high level of autonomy, two case study, two towns, were selected to complete the general analysis and to deal with the third objective of the research. The selected towns, one Italian and one German, have in fact undergone a process of restructuring and of improvement of their administration, which is aimed at dealing with the problem of ethics (Italian town) and corruption (German town). The analysis conducted shows that both countries are with different approaches and different solutions moving towards the international standards.