Suchergebnisse

This article analyzes the relationship between export competitiveness and investment in machinery, allowing for imperfect substitution between domestically produced and imported machinery. A trans log export price function is estimated for developed, export oriented developing, and import substituting developing economies in a panel data setting. Between 1967 and 1990 imported machinery helped lower export prices for export oriented developing economies. Moreover, throughout the period imported machinery was not a substitute for domestic machinery. Import substituting developing economies was unable to harness imported machinery to reduce costs early in the period, but from about the early 1980s, with the opening of their trade regimes, they were able to benefit from the cost reducing effect. The results imply that innovative effort based on imported technologies can be a precursor to the development of domestic innovation capabilities.

Introduction. Ensuring competitiveness in the field of foreign relations priority identified in a number of policy documents of the executive power of Ukraine. The sign of progressive changes in the national economy has become a real operating system of adoption and implementation of appropriate solutions. However, implementation of this priority hampered by several obstacles including to note the procedural burden of foreign trade, insufficient financing of exports, structural problems of foreign cooperation on the background of economic recovery capabilities of Ukraine in terms of foreign aggression. With this in mind ways of increasing competitiveness in the field of foreign relations and establishing mechanisms for expanding competitive on the international market of enterprises are an urgent task. Purpose. The aim of article is the development of state policy of the international competitiveness of domestic enterprises export. Methods. Comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, methods of structural and functional analysis, legal simulation, systematic method. Results. It is established that the competitiveness of domestic exporters shaped by the difficult conditions of macroeconomic and macro-financial imbalances in the national economy and the persistence of a number of destructive factors that significantly reduce the competitiveness of domestic producers. The ways of increasing competitiveness in the field of foreign relations and establishing mechanisms for expanding competitive in the foreign market production are found out. The basic trends certifying reduce the competitiveness of exporters are shown. It is proved that in order to increase the competitiveness of the national economy Ukraine should improve areas of cooperation with the EU which requires achievement oriented parity in economic relations. It is proved that the use of targeted public policies, combined with the financial capacity of international financial institutions and institutional investors will provide significant benefits for Ukrainian exporters. Originality. It is grounded a need of a new identification criteria ensuring export advantages of Ukraine, development of an effective system to protect export and operational prevent aggressive actions against trade partners of Ukraine, formation principles to diversify trade flows. The formation of rapid response to economic aggression and support of pressure on Russia has fully consistent and coordinated with other countries, including the EU. It should be noted that it has not yet created a common platform for Ukraine and the countries that supported sanctions against Russia, the coordination of economic sanctions. Conclusion. Preparation of complex of public decisions in increasing the competitiveness of domestic exporters will get a significant driver of socio-economic development of Ukraine and take advantage of potential international environment to strengthen domestic economic development. Minimizing medium risk of trade with Russia, trade imbalances and inadequate internal production and technological capabilities process depends largely of the potential of increasing the competitiveness of exporters. The use of targeted public policies, combined with the financial capacity of international financial institutions and institutional investors will provide significant benefits for Ukrainian exporters.

The purpose of the Enquiry, whose results are reported in this article, was to assess the competitiveness of British exports in five Eastern European countries—Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The Enquiry also investigated, more generally, the possibilities of promoting trade with these five countries. They were chosen because their trade with other countries is almost entirely the monopoly of specialised foreign trade corporations;(1) hence for each category of products there is only one buyer in each country. It is therefore possible to make some assessment of the competitiveness of British exports from the consumer end without an impossibly large number of interviews. These foreign trade corporations keep in touch with all the main suppliers both inside and outside the Comecon area, and are therefore in a good position to answer questions about the competitiveness of various Western countries' exports—questions concerning not only statistically quantifiable aspects (such as price) but also such matters as packaging and public relations.

This article investigates the competitiveness of agri-food exports of the European Union (EU-27) countries on global markets, using the revealed comparative advantage (B) index over the years 2000-11. Panel unit root tests, mobility index and the Kaplan-Meier survival rates of the B index are used. The majority of agri-food products in the EU-27 countries show a comparative disadvantage on global markets. The B indices of the EU-27 countries tend to convergence. Most of the old EU-15 Member States experienced a greater number of agri-food products having a longer duration of revealed comparative advantages than have most of the new EU-12 Member States. Among the most successful Member States in agri-food export competitiveness on global markets are the Netherlands, France and Spain. Adapted from the source document.

Despite the proclaimed return of industrial policy (Wade, 2012) state aid provided by EU Member States remains at a historically low level. This is partly explained by the unique institutional arrangement in the EU which empowers the European Commission to monitor and restrict state aid activities of Member States. Making use of European state aid statistics over the period 1995-2011 we employ an augmented macroeconomic export function to investigate the relationship between state aid for the manufacturing sector and Member States' export performance. With manufacturing value added exports serving as a proxy for export performance, our model suggests that a 10% increase in manufacturing aid increases exports by 0.67% for the average EU country. The result is confirmed by instrumental variable estimation. We also find that the impact of state aid on exports is increasing with government effectiveness leading to large differences in the leverage of aid expenditures to promote export performance across Member States.

Global and regional trade integration offers Pakistan tremendous potential in driving and sustaining growth and poverty reduction. Despite this potential, trade has not been effectively leveraged to catalyse growth in Pakistan in recent years. Trends in relative trade and competitiveness have been worrying, with export earnings declining 20 percent over the period FY2011-2017 and market share contracting by 1.45 percent annually. Understanding the constraints on trade and competitiveness from the perspective of the private sector engaged in export activities is critical to developing and implementing effective trade policy. To support the Government of Pakistan in the preparation of its new Strategic Trade Policy Framework (2018-23), the World Bank Group conducted a series of private sector stakeholder consultations with current, past and potential Pakistani exporters in the manufacturing, agro processing, and services sectors. A total of 254 private sector representatives participated in four separate events organized in different provinces between September and November 2017. This note summarizes the main concerns expressed by the private sector during these consultations. The note's main objective is to contribute to a fruitful private-public dialogue which can ultimately lend inputs for trade policy. The role of the World Bank Group in this respect is to bring together the private sector and the public sector, so that the constraints that the former face are presented to the latter. As such, the challenges to be summarized here are those identified by the key firms present during the private sector engagement meetings, during the fourth quarter of 2017, and not by the World Bank Group.