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The brief explorations of radiation exposures presented within this essay draw primarily from nuclear art and culture and contribute to the field of nuclear aesthetics, which has long been fixated on the problem of visibility and the representation of nuclear residues. The examples draw primarily from photographic technologies and other aesthetic registers that capture visual residues of radiation. The challenges of nuclear aesthetics are also political and social. This constellation of objects and inquiries is meant to explore the fraught political, environmental, and social relations between radiation, visibility, toxicity, through the concept of exposure. They offer feminist glimpses into other ways of thinking exposure, as it develops in relation to (often imperceptible) toxicity that is not inscribed into a logic that partitions the passive victim of suffering from some pure or unaffected subject. They are examples that are both forms of exposure specific to the nuclear while also, perhaps, helping to expose more nuanced and complex ways of understanding forms of exposure that extend beyond nuclearity. ; Alison Sperling, 'Radiating Exposures', in Weathering: Ecologies of Exposure , ed. by Christoph F. E. Holzhey and Arnd Wedemeyer, Cultural Inquiry, 17 (Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2020), pp. 41–62

The brief explorations of radiation exposures presented within this essay draw primarily from nuclear art and culture and contribute to the field of nuclear aesthetics, which has long been fixated on the problem of visibility and the representation of nuclear residues. The examples draw primarily from photographic technologies and other aesthetic registers that capture visual residues of radiation. The challenges of nuclear aesthetics are also political and social. This constellation of objects and inquiries is meant to explore the fraught political, environmental, and social relations between radiation, visibility, toxicity, through the concept of exposure. They offer feminist glimpses into other ways of thinking exposure, as it develops in relation to (often imperceptible) toxicity that is not inscribed into a logic that partitions the passive victim of suffering from some pure or unaffected subject. They are examples that are both forms of exposure specific to the nuclear while also, perhaps, helping to expose more nuanced and complex ways of understanding forms of exposure that extend beyond nuclearity.

p. 6 ; column 3 ; 7 ¾ col. in. ; A letter signed by Eliza Williams and Sarah Young, a former wife of Brigham Young, revealing the secret Mormon plans to overthrow the United States government. From the Boston Times.

The European Solvents Industry Group (ESIG) Generic Exposure Scenario (GES) Risk and Exposure Tool (EGRET) was developed to facilitate the safety evaluation of consumer uses of solvents, as required by the European Union Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation. This exposure-based risk assessment tool provides estimates of both exposure and risk characterization ratios for consumer uses. It builds upon the consumer portion of the European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) Targeted Risk Assessment (TRA) tool by implementing refinements described in ECETOC TR107. Technical enhancements included the use of additional data to refine scenario defaults and the ability to include additional parameters in exposure calculations. Scenarios were also added to cover all frequently encountered consumer uses of solvents. The TRA tool structure was modified to automatically determine conditions necessary for safe use. EGRET reports results using specific standard phrases in a format consistent with REACH exposure scenario guidance, in order that the outputs can be readily assimilated within safety data sheets and similar information technology systems. Evaluation of tool predictions for a range of commonly encountered consumer uses of solvents found it provides reasonable yet still conservative exposure estimates.

Background: The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation requires the establishment of Conditions of Use (CoU) for all exposure scenarios to ensure good communication of safe working practices. Setting CoU requires the risk assessment of all relevant Contributing Scenarios (CSs) in the exposure scenario. A new CS has to be created whenever an Operational Condition (OC) is changed, resulting in an excessive number of exposure assessments. An efficient solution is to quantify OC concentrations and to identify reasonable worst-case scenarios with probabilistic exposure modeling. Methods: Here, we appoint CoU for powder pouring during the industrial manufacturing of a paint batch by quantifying OC exposure levels and exposure determinants. The quantification was performed by using stationary measurements and a probabilistic Near-Field/Far-Field (NF/FF) exposure model. Work shift and OC concentration levels were quantified for pouring TiO 2 from big bags and small bags, pouring Micro Mica from small bags, and cleaning. The impact of exposure determinants on NF concentration level was quantified by (1) assessing exposure determinants correlation with the NF exposure level and (2) by performing simulations with different OCs. Results: Emission rate, air mixing between NF and FF and local ventilation were the most relevant exposure determinants affecting NF concentrations. Potentially risky OCs were identified by performing Reasonable Worst Case (RWC) simulations and by comparing the exposure 95 th percentile distribution with 10% of the occupational exposure limit value (OELV). The CS was shown safe except in RWC scenario (ventilation rate from 0.4 to 1.6 1/h, 100 m 3 room, no local ventilation, and NF ventilation of 1.6 m 3/min). Conclusions: The CoU assessment was considered to comply with European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) legislation and EN 689 exposure assessment strategy for testing compliance with OEL values. One RWC scenario would require measurements since the ...

Work in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can be associated with respiratory symptoms and diarrhea. The aim of this study was to obtain knowledge about WWTP workers' exposure to airborne bacteria and endotoxin, and the inflammatory potential (TIP) of their exposure, and to evaluate the risk posed by the exposure by 1) calculating a hazard index and relating the exposure to suggested occupational exposure limits (OELs), 2) estimating the potential deposition of bacteria in the airways, 3) relating it to the risk group classification of bacteria by the European Union, and 4) estimating the TIP of the personal exposure. A cohort of 14 workers were followed over one year. Bioaerosols were collected using personal and stationary samplers in a grid chamber house and an aeration tank area. Airborne bacteria were identified using (MALDI-TOF MS), and TIP of exposure was measured using HL-60 cells. A significant effect of season, work task, and person was found on the personal exposure. A hazard index based on exposure levels indicates that the risk caused by inhalation is low. In relation to suggested OELs, 14% and 34% of the personal exposure were exceeded for endotoxin (≥50 EU/m 3 ) and bacteria (≥500 CFU/m 3 ). At least 70% of the airborne bacteria in the grid chamber house and the aeration tank area could potentially deposit in the lower respiratory tract. From the personal samples, three of 131 bacterial species, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Yersinia enterocolitica are classified within Risk Group 2. Seven additional bacteria from the stationary samples belong to Risk Group 2. The bacterial species composition was affected significantly by season (p = 0.014) and by sampling type/area (p = 0.001). The TIP of WWTP workers' exposure was higher than of a reference sample, and the highest TIP was measured in autumn. TIP of personal exposure correlated with bacterial exposure. Based on the geometric average exposures to endotoxin (9.2 EU/m 3 ) and bacteria (299 CFU/m 3 ) and based on the calculated hazard index, the risk associated with exposure is low. However, since 43 of 106 exposure levels exceed suggested OELs, the TIP of exposure was elevated and associated with bacterial exposure, and WWTP workers were exposed to pathogenic bacteria, a continued focus on preventive measures is important. The identification of bacteria to species level in personal samples was necessary in the risk assessment, and measurement of the microbial composition made the source tracking possible.

The adverse effects associated with exposure to flour dust have been known since the 1700s. The aim of the study was to assess the occupational exposure to flour dust in Italian facilities, identify the activities characterized by the highest exposure, and provide information to reduce workers' exposure. The study was performed in different facilities such as flourmills (n = 2), confectioneries (n = 2), bakeries (n = 24), and pizzerias (n = 2). Inhalable flour dust was assessed by personal and area samplings (n = 250) using IOM (Institute of Occupational Medicine) samplers. The results showed personal occupational exposure to flour dust over the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygiene (ACGIH) and the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limit (SCOEL) occupational limits (mean 1.987 mg/m(3); range 0.093–14.055 mg/m(3)). The levels were significantly higher for dough makers in comparison to the dough formers and packaging area subjects. In four bakeries the industrial hygiene surveys were re-performed after some control measures, such as installation of a sleeve to the end of pipeline, a lid on the mixer tub or local exhaust ventilation system, were installed. The exposure levels were significantly lower than those measured before the introduction of control measures. The exposure level reduction was observed not only in the dough making area but also in all bakeries locals.

The development of online social media has raised concerns about how individuals are overexposed to partisan news. However, social media are only a part of the daily media diet of an average consumer (Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017; Allen et al., 2020, Guess et al., 2019). The aim of this paper is therefore to examine partisan news exposure with respect to the entire media diet. We develop a partisan selective exposure index that indicates the over-representation of partisan political opinions in individual daily news consumption. Our analysis of data from a survey of 4000 representative individuals in France regarding their news consumption and political stance shows that on average, partisan exposure is low when social media are excluded. Among traditional media, online versions of newspapers and radio contribute most to partisan selective exposure. The introduction of social media increases the index, especially for the youngest consumers. Another striking result is that the index is higher for far-left and far-right news consumers, and increases to between 55% and 78% for far-left groups, and between 40% and 58% for far-right groups when social media consumption is included.

The development of online social media has raised concerns about how individuals are overexposed to partisan news. However, social media are only a part of the daily media diet of an average consumer (Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017; Allen et al., 2020, Guess et al., 2019). The aim of this paper is therefore to examine partisan news exposure with respect to the entire media diet. We develop a partisan selective exposure index that indicates the over-representation of partisan political opinions in individual daily news consumption. Our analysis of data from a survey of 4000 representative individuals in France regarding their news consumption and political stance shows that on average, partisan exposure is low when social media are excluded. Among traditional media, online versions of newspapers and radio contribute most to partisan selective exposure. The introduction of social media increases the index, especially for the youngest consumers. Another striking result is that the index is higher for far-left and far-right news consumers, and increases to between 55% and 78% for far-left groups, and between 40% and 58% for far-right groups when social media consumption is included.

The development of online social media has raised concerns about how individuals are overexposed to partisan news. However, social media are only a part of the daily media diet of an average consumer (Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017; Allen et al., 2020, Guess et al., 2019). The aim of this paper is therefore to examine partisan news exposure with respect to the entire media diet. We develop a partisan selective exposure index that indicates the over-representation of partisan political opinions in individual daily news consumption. Our analysis of data from a survey of 4000 representative individuals in France regarding their news consumption and political stance shows that on average, partisan exposure is low when social media are excluded. Among traditional media, online versions of newspapers and radio contribute most to partisan selective exposure. The introduction of social media increases the index, especially for the youngest consumers. Another striking result is that the index is higher for far-left and far-right news consumers, and increases to between 55% and 78% for far-left groups, and between 40% and 58% for far-right groups when social media consumption is included.

The development of online social media has raised concerns about how individuals are overexposed to partisan news. However, social media are only a part of the daily media diet of an average consumer (Allcott and Gentzkow, 2017; Allen et al., 2020, Guess et al., 2019). The aim of this paper is therefore to examine partisan news exposure with respect to the entire media diet. We develop a partisan selective exposure index that indicates the over-representation of partisan political opinions in individual daily news consumption. Our analysis of data from a survey of 4000 representative individuals in France regarding their news consumption and political stance shows that on average, partisan exposure is low when social media are excluded. Among traditional media, online versions of newspapers and radio contribute most to partisan selective exposure. The introduction of social media increases the index, especially for the youngest consumers. Another striking result is that the index is higher for far-left and far-right news consumers, and increases to between 55% and 78% for far-left groups, and between 40% and 58% for far-right groups when social media consumption is included.

This study discusses credibility of both the traditional and social media from the audience perspective. Numerous definitions and conceptualisations of media credibility are either source or medium based but there are also numerous measurements made on the concept that gave rise to varied findings. An attempt was made to associate the concept of credibility with media exposure, postulating that the greater use of media would mean greater credibility. Two studies were made involving a total of 4095 respondents with 1544 questionnaires distributed in April 2019, and 2551questionnaires in January 2018 to investigate the concept of credibility and its correlate with media use. The first period was before the General Elections but the April 2019 study was made after the May General Election giving an idea how credibility could have changed under a new government. The results of this study revealed that Malaysians perceived the traditional media, including TV, radio, and newspapers, were more credible than the new media (internet, online news portals, Facebook, and Twitter). TV was perceived to have the highest credibility, while Twitter, the lowest credibility. The social media suffered low credibility due to the surrounding discussions on fake news, false information, and post-truth issues. The sources of content in the traditional media are mostly known or verified, unlike that of the new media, thus paving for the poor evaluation of credibility of the new media. Keywords: Media credibility, traditional media, new media, media exposure, Malaysia

Research has shown that people often reinterpret their experiences of others' harm and suffering to maintain the functional belief that people get what they deserve (e.g., by blaming the victim). Rather than focusing on such reactive responses to harm and suffering, across 7 studies we examined whether people selectively and proactively choose to be exposed to information about deserved rather than undeserved outcomes. We consistently found that participants selectively chose to learn that bad (good) things happened to bad (good) people (Studies 1 to 7)—that is, they selectively exposed themselves to deserved outcomes. This effect was mediated by the perceived deservingness of outcomes (Studies 2 and 3), and was reduced when participants learned that wrongdoers otherwise received "just deserts" for their transgressions (Study 7). Participants were not simply selectively avoiding information about undeserved outcomes but actively sought information about deserved outcomes (Studies 3 and 4), and participants invested effort in this pattern of selective exposure, seeking out information about deserved outcomes even when it was more time-consuming to find than undeserved outcomes (Studies 5 and 6). Taken together, these findings cast light on a more proactive, anticipatory means by which people maintain a commitment to deservingness.

This pamphlet discusses exposures to hazardous substances in the environment. It explains how public health scientists try to connect environmental exposures to illness. It lists some sources of environmental hazards, and suggests ways you can either reduce your exposure to them, or reduce the likelihood of adverse health effects for those you can't avoid. It also contains information on some of the illnesses and other health effects known to be caused by some of the more common environmental hazards. ; This pamphlet is supported in whole by funds from the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act trust fund through a cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia ; Date range is approximate, but must be after 1980 due to mention of Superfund legislation and likely later than that due to the word processor look of document.