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The authors analyzed the Russian legislation, scientific literature and law enforcement practice on the nursing of newborns with extremely low body weight. They used the normative legal acts, scientific articles and court decisions on this topic. There were identified the problems of legal regulation of medical care to newborns with extremely low body weight, as well as the facts of infringement of the rights of doctors in cases of mortality of such children. The authors concluded that the legal regulation of medical care for children with extremely low body weight requires further improvement, careful analysis by medical specialists, since from a legal point of view there is no balance between the interests of children born with extremely low body weight, their parents and doctors. ; Проведен анализ российского законодательства, научной литературы и правоприменительной практики по вопросу регламентирования выхаживания новорожденных детей с экстремально низкой массой тела. Использован материал нормативно правовых актов, научных статей и судебных решений по данной теме. Выявлены проблемы правового регулирования оказания медицинской помощи новорожденным детям с экстремально низкой массой тела, а также факты ущемления прав врачей в случаях невыхаживании таких детей. Сделаны выводы, что правовое регулирование медицинской помощи детям с экстремально низкой массой тела нуждается в дальнейшем совершенствовании, требует тщательного экспертного анализа медицинскими специалистами, так как с юридической точки зрения оно не обеспечивает баланс интересов детей, родившихся с экстремально низкой массой тела, их родителей и врачей.

AbstractBeing born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW; ≤1,000 g) is associated with enduring visual impairments. We tested for long‐term, higher order visual processing problems in the oldest known prospectively followed cohort of ELBW survivors. Configural processing (spacing among features of an object) was examined in 62 adults born at ELBW (Mage = 31.9 years) and 82 adults born at normal birth weight (NBW; ≥2,500 g: Mage = 32.5 years). Pairs of human faces, monkey faces, or houses were presented in a delayed match‐to‐sample task, where non‐matching stimuli differed only in the spacing of their features. Discrimination accuracy for each stimulus type was compared between birth weight groups, adjusting for neurosensory impairment, visual acuity, binocular fusion ability, IQ, and sex. Both groups were better able to discriminate human faces than monkey faces (p < .001). However, the ELBW group discriminated between human faces (p < .001), between monkey faces (p < .001), and to some degree, between houses (p < .06), more poorly than NBW control participants, suggesting a general deficit in perceptual processing. Human face discrimination was related to performance IQ (PIQ) across groups, but especially among ELBW survivors. Coding (a PIQ subtest) also predicted human face discrimination in ELBW survivors, consistent with previously reported links between visuo‐perceptive difficulties and regional slowing of cortical activity in individuals born preterm. Correlations with Coding suggested ELBW survivors may have used a feature‐matching approach to processing human faces. Future studies could examine brain‐based anatomical and functional evidence for altered face processing, as well as the social and memory consequences of face‐processing deficits in ELBW survivors.

Objective This study aims to determine the association between hyperglycemia, insulin therapy, and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants. Study Design In this retrospective database study, we included all ELBW infants who were 180 mg/dL. Covariates were GA, small for GA status, discharge year, sex, Apgar score at 5 minutes, mechanical ventilation, oxygen use, bacteremia, and postnatal steroid exposure. We defined severe ROP as ROP requiring bevacizumab, cryotherapy, laser therapy, or vitrectomy. Sensitivity analysis using BG > 150 mg/dL and > 200 mg/dL was performed. Results A total of 24,548 infants were included; 2,547 (10%) had severe ROP. Hyperglycemia alone was not associated with severe ROP (odds ratio [OR], 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-1.17). Hyperglycemia and insulin use were not associated with severe ROP (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.91-2.23). BG > 150 mg/dL and insulin use were associated with severe ROP (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02-1.76). Conclusions Hyperglycemia alone was not associated with severe ROP in ELBW infants. However, we did observe a possible trend between the use of insulin and severe ROP. ; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ; U.S. government ; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ; NIH ; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the NIH ; U.S. Food and Drug Administration ; Cempra Pharmaceuticals ; Duke Univ, Dept Pediat, Sch Med, Durham, NC 27706 USA ; Duke Univ, Sch Med, Duke Clin Res Inst, Durham, NC USA ; KK Womens & Childrens Hosp, Childrens Intens Care Unit, Singapore, Singapore ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Ecola Paulista Med, Div Neonatal Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Univ N Carolina, Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA ; MEDNAX Inc, Pediat Med Grp, Jacksonville, FL USA ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Ecola Paulista Med, Div Neonatal Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; NIH: UL1TR001117 ; U.S. government: HHSN267200700051C ; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: K23HD068497 ; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: HHSN275201000003I ; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: 1R01-HD081044-01 ; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the NIH: UL1TR001117 ; U.S. Food and Drug Administration: 1R18-FD005292-01 ; Cempra Pharmaceuticals: HHS0100201300009C ; Web of Science

The ability to regulate emotion is a crucial process that humans utilize in order to adapt to the demands of environmental constraints. Individuals exposed to early adverse life events such as being born at an extremely low birth weight (ELBW, 501–1000 g) are known to have problems regulating emotion which have been linked to the development of psychopathology in this population. Recent studies have used psychophysiological measures, such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and cardiac vagal tone, to index emotion regulatory processes. The purpose of this paper was three-fold: (1) to investigate the relation between ELBW and emotion regulation issues (pathway 1), (2) to review studies investigating the relation between early emotion regulation and later internalizing problems (pathway 2); and (3) to provide a model in which two psychophysiological measures (i.e., frontal EEG asymmetry and cardiac vagal tone) are suggested to understand the proposed conceptual pathways in the relation between ELBW and psychopathology.

Weight and shape concerns in college women are epidemic. Understanding the role of the thin ideal in the development of such concerns is critical for designing prevention programs. This study examines the association between the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire
(SATAQ; Heinberg, Thompson, & Stormer, 1995), a measure of internalization and awareness of the thin ideal, and eating and body image concerns in college women. Seventy undergraduates completed questionnaires on eating symptomatology, body image and demographics. In general, inernalization,
but not awareness, of the thin ideal was associated with eating and weight concerns. In two-way analysis of body mass and dichotomized SATAQ internalization scores, body mass moderated the effects of internalization, with overweight women high in internalization having the most body image
concerns. Prospectively, SATAQ-internalization scores predicted increasing drive for thinness over the school year in a subsample of women. Future research should explore the moderating effects of weight on outcomes related to internalization of the thin ideal.

AbstractWe explore the effects of occasional smoking on body mass index (BMI) in comparison to non‐smoking and daily smoking in adults age 18–50. Data are compiled from the 2005–2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Though smaller than that of daily smoking, occasional smoking is found to have a negative and substantial effect on body weight. Differences in the effect of occasional smoking on body weight across BMI categories are small. Unlike daily smoking, the effects of occasional smoking on BMI are larger for females, exceeding 50% of the effects of daily smoking on BMI. These large effects constitute a threat as occasional smoking might be seen by females as an effective weight control strategy that carries lower health risks than daily smoking. Strategies to reduce smoking should then emphasize the proportional health risks of occasional smoking.

Obesity is a growing public health concern associated with poor health outcomes, increased healthcare costs, and decreased human productivity. Women are inordinately impacted by obesity. The insidious nature of weight gain and the numerous factors (e.g., environmental, psychological, and socioeconomic) that contribute to obesity make it a complex problem to address. While government healthcare policies and initiatives focus on treating obesity to prevent secondary chronic conditions, few robust public efforts are dedicated to the prevention of obesity in adults. Some employers have responded to the need for obesity prevention with an increase in employer-sponsored weight management programs, yet program success has been inconsistent. While comprehensive individualized programs are among the most effective programs, they are also the costliest to implement across populations. Understanding body weight and weight management from the perspective of population subsets may facilitate more affordable, tailored approaches to designing effective weight management programs to prevent obesity. However, there is little information available about overweight working women's perspectives of body weight and weight management. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study, guided by Pender's health promotion model, was to examine overweight working women's perceptions and experiences with body weight and weight management. Eleven overweight working women aged 18 years or older who had attempted weight loss volunteered for individual, semi-structured interviews. The interview data were analyzed using deductive content analysis to answer six research questions (RQs): RQ1: How do overweight, working women describe body weight? RQ2: What are overweight, working women's experiences of weight management? RQ3 What factors contribute to weight gain according to overweight, working women? RQ4 What factors promote weight maintenance and loss in overweight, working women? RQ5: What weight maintenance and loss methods are preferred by ...

Precise age‐specific average body weight estimates are necessary for deterministic risk assessments, and an accurate body weight distribution is equally important in probabilistic risk assessments. Age‐specific body weight distributions for U.S. residents are estimated using NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) data collected in four surveys over the last 24 years. The weighted mean and standard deviation of natural log‐transformed body weights are computed for single‐year age groups and population age‐specific weight patterns further described using piece‐wise polynomial spline functions and nonparametric age‐smoothed trend lines. These functions are used to compare distributional changes in age‐specific body weight in the United States from the first NHANES survey in 1976–1980 to the most recent in 1999–2002. Analysis demonstrates that age‐ and sex‐specific average body weight changes over this time period are not uniform. Use of these functions to compute body weight distributions for selected child‐age categories is demonstrated.

This study examines whether social‐emotional difficulties associated with higher body weight vary across schools as a function of the school's weight climate. Weight climate, characterized by weight‐policing, was assessed indirectly by examining how strongly self‐reported weight predicts victim reputation within 26 ethnically diverse middle schools. Social‐emotional indicators included self‐reported loneliness, school belonging, and self‐esteem. In schools with stronger weight‐policing at seventh grade, loneliness was intensified by eighth grade among both girls (n = 2,101) and boys (n = 1,985) with higher weight. Similar effects were found for low self‐esteem among girls. Additionally, boys—regardless of their weight—reported lower sense of belonging in schools with stronger weight‐policing. The study offers a new method to estimate school weight climate, and the findings provide insights for interventions.

AbstractThe influence of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors on body weight conditional upon endogenous physical activity (PA) is examined for adults in Malaysia. We find an inverse link between body weight and PA at elevated PA levels. Vigorous PA with metabolic equivalent of task (MET) of 1500 minutes per week and above is required for healthy changes in body weight. Older individuals and those with low education and a family history of illnesses are associated with higher body mass index (BMI) across PA levels. Individuals of Chinese and other ethnicity, males, smokers, and persons working long hours have lower BMI at all PA levels.