Suchergebnisse

The net result of ten years of extraordinary activity is that the Supreme Court has gone a long way toward squaring the legal concept of American federalism with the intent—and, it is tempting to add, the plain language—of the Constitution. The most important thing that has happened is that the Court has snuffed out the heresy of "dual federalism." This subtle weapon of laissez-faire economics was utilized at a fairly early date, notably in the two child labor cases, to strike down federal reform legislation, but it achieved great weight, which comes with reiteration in important cases, during 1935 and 1936, when the Court was grimly determined to save the country from the horrors of the New Deal. Briefly, the doctrine holds that the mere existence of states constitutes an independent limitation on the exercise of national powers. Thus, Justice Day asserted in the first child labor case: "The grant of authority over a purely federal matter was not intended to destroy the local power always existing and carefully reserved to the States in the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution." This theory is inconsistent with the principle of federal supremacy, a principle which the present Court has restored to its proper place in American constitutional law. But, in sustaining a sweeping exercise of national power, the Court has by no means been unmindful of the proper status of the states in the Union. Furthermore, it is a mistake to assume that every growth of national power is at the expense of state power. While it is true that we have more government at the federal level today than ever before, we also have much more state government. A fuller exploitation by Congress of the powers committed to it by the Constitution has been matched by a fuller exploitation of the authority reserved to the states. The laments of losing litigants should not be taken as a correct assessment of the present position of the American states.

Yugoslav federalism does not begin with the federal constitution adopted eight years ago. Federal ideas among the South Slavs followed the stirrings of nationalism and the struggle for independence at the end of the eighteenth and early in the nineteenth century as the logical solution for a situation in which the various tribes wished to be united but not unitary.With the exception of the Serbian Highlanders in Montenegro, who had been enjoying a precarious independence since 1697, the South Slav tribes were divided between the multi-national Ottoman and Hapsburg Empires. They generally showed little political consciousness either as separate tribes or as members of the Slav family. The first integrating movement among them began in the last three decades of the eighteenth century in the shape of vague Pan-Slav ideas stimulated by the Russian advance towards the Balkans. Pan-Slavism appealed both to many South Slav intellectuals and to the illiterate masses, but was too vague and too weak to counteract the various religious, linguistic, political, and historical differences among the tribes. Moreover, the relations between the three major tribes were disturbed by violent territorial disputes: Macedonia was the bone of contention between the Serbs and the Bulgarians, while Bosnia and Herzegovina were disputed by the Serbs and the Croats.