The objectives of this research are (i) to explore the factors affecting female labour force participation in Bangladesh; (ii) to examine the effect of technology and automation on female labour demand at firm level; (iii) to explore the opportunities and challenges of expansion of female employment in different potential sectors in the economy; and (iv) to offer strategies and policies for the government as well as the private sector on actions that could address the problems identified.
The article looks at the historical evolution of female labour in India, at the legal provisions and at the impact of labour legislation on female labour.
Before proceeding to the main fmdings of the study it is necessary to briefly mention the problems of data collection on women's employment in Pakistan. The shortcomings of official data sources such as the Labour Force Survey and the Population Census have been pointed out in detail elsewhere [Afzal and Nasir (1987); Government of Pakistan (1986)] here it will suffice to state that women's economic participation is greatly underestimated in official statistics mainly due to unsuitable methods of data collection, inappropriate definitions of activities and stress on recording only one activity, and the cultural inhibition to admitting to women working. Given these problems the present study relies primarily on data from intensive micro-level surveys and the Agricultural Census in the case of informal ,sector employment of women since the limitations of official data are particularly " acute in these occupations, while estimates of changes over time in women's share of formal sector jobs (professionals, clerical, administrative and organized industry) are mainly based on Labour Force Survey data.
This chàpter provides analyses concerning trends in female employment, life-work arrangements and welfare development in Spain in the last decades. After analysing the increase in female labour activity rates since the times of the transition to democracy in the mid-1970s, a discussion on family, work and gender co-responsibility underlines the crucial knock-on effects that this social policy area will have for the future evolution of the Spanish welfare state. In spite of some initiatives taken towards favouring equality between women and men, the great increase in female employment occurred in the last decades in Spain has not been matched by effective public policies concerning work-life balance. Families, and particularly women, are still the central piece of a system of welfare that is increasingly challenged. ; Peer reviewed
This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China's economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women's wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women's family responsibilities and women's labor supply (child care, parent care, and women's employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women's wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women's wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women's employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds.
