Suchergebnisse

rezensiertes Werk: Cohn, Ilene ; Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.: Child Soldiers. The Role of Children in Armed Conflicts. - Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1994. - 228 S. ISBN 0-19-825935-2

Die Weiterentwicklung und Forschung im Bereich der Autonomie und künstlichen Intelligenz schreitet schnell voran. Insbesondere die Rüstungsindustrie hat ein hohes Interesse an diesen Technologien entwickelt. Das Aufzeigen möglicher völkerrechtlicher Probleme im Zusammenhang mit dem zukünftigen Einsatz autonomer Waffensysteme ist dringend erforderlich, um auf Ebene des Völkerrechtes zum entsprechenden Zeitpunkt Lösungsvorschläge anbieten zu können. Besonderer Stellenwert kommt den Überlegungen zu, inwiefern autonome Waffensysteme zur Einhaltung der Prinzipien des humanitären Völkerrechts in der Lage sein können. In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit dient eine grundlegende technische Einführung als Basis für ein interdisziplinäres Verständnis der diskutierten Problemstellungen. Durch die Analyse der kriegsvölkerrechtlich und menschenrechtlich relevanten Fragestellungen wird ein rechtlich realistischer Rahmen aufgezeigt. Dieser bietet die Grundlage für die Beantwortung der Frage nach der rechtlichen Verantwortung für Rechtsverletzungen beim Einsatz autonomer Waffensysteme sowie für einen sinnvollen politischen Diskurs auf internationaler Ebene. Schließlich werden unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen zur Regulierung autonomer Waffensysteme diskutiert. Nach der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema lässt sich sagen, dass ein verantwortungsbewusster internationaler Diskurs sowie ausgereifte Technologien die zwingenden Voraussetzungen für einen zukünftigen Einsatz autonomer Waffensysteme sind. Dem Menschen muss in der Vorbereitung solcher Einsätze immer eine bedeutsame Einflussnahme erhalten bleiben. ; Research and development in the fields of autonomy and artificial intelligence are progressing rapidly. Above all, the arms industry has developed a great interest in these technologies. For offering feasible solutions to arising problems in international law at the relevant time, pinpointing possible legal problems in international law regarding the future use of autonomous weapon systems is essential. In this context, considerations whether autonomous weapon systems will be able to comply with the principles of international humanitarian law are of utmost significance. In the present diploma thesis, a fundamental technical introduction is provided to facilitate an interdisciplinary approach to the discussed questions. The analysis of relevant issues of international humanitarian and international human rights law presents a realistic legal scope. Based upon this, the question of responsibility for breaches of international law that are caused by autonomous weapon systems can be answered and an expedient political debate on an international level is made possible. Last but not least, various approaches concerning the governance of autonomous weapon systems are discussed. Concluding this critical analysis, it is to say that a responsible international discourse as well as fully developed technology is mandatory for a future deployment of autonomous weapon systems. A meaningful human control must be preserved for the preparation of such deployments. ; Bastian Carl-Othmar Prugger ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2679473

The article takes a feminist look at refugee law. The refugee concept, which was originally designed for classic political – and male – dissidents, has undergone a profound transformation in recent years. These changes are neatly reflected in the central claim of second-wave feminism: the personal is political. The closing of the public/private divide has led to a fundamental change, such that the definition of "refugee" is now understood to cover gender-related persecution. Following this great success, however, feminist engagement with refugee law diminished considerably. The article elaborates on remaining challenges and shows that third wave feminism also has some important lessons for the further development of refugee law.

Analyzing the role of Germany as a law-exporting nation the essay deals with a very specific aspect of the Rule of Law principle in criminal proceedings. The author describes the division of functions among police, public prosecution and criminal courts within criminal law enforcement in Germany adding some comparative law remarks. He furthermore provides an overview of structure and organization of the public prosecution in Germany. He focuses on the relationship and interaction between public prosecution and police in preliminary proceedings emphazising the importance of both being allocated in different ministries of the executive branch. Thus he points out yet another aspect of the constitutional principle of the Rule of Law: the role of public prosecution as guardian of the law towards the police in criminal proceedings.

Psychotherapeutische Interventionen erlangen in der Bundeswehr auch in Hinblick auf die ansteigende Einsatzbelastung der Soldaten zunehmende Bedeutung. Während bei einsatzbedingten Störungen wie bei der posttraumatischen Belastungsreaktion weiterhin gemäß ICD-10 und DSM-IVR das Trauma als solches ursächlich zu sehen ist, so ist trotz allem auch die hohe Korrelation von komorbiden Störungen wie Persönlichkeits-, Angst- oder Zwangsstörungen ein Indiz für den steigenden Bedarf an psychotherapeutischer Behandlungskapazität und –kompetenz. Während selbst neuere Studien den Schwerpunkt auf die Behandlung von einsatzbedingten Störungen setzen, befasste sich die vorliegende Untersuchung mit der Wirksamkeit einer tiefenpsychologisch fundierten Kurzgruppenpsychotherapie bei Bundeswehrsoldaten mit nichteinsatzbedingten Störungen. Dabei wurden 103 Teilnehmer an dem stationären geschlossenen Gruppensetting prospektiv evaluiert. Als nichtrandomisierte Kontrollgruppe dienten Wartelistenpatienten. Vor und nach der fünfwöchigen Therapie wurden die Teilnehmer mit der SCL-90-R, dem MMPI-K sowie dem Beschwerde- und Verhaltensfragebogen (BFB und VFB) getestet, bei 42,5% wurde eine 36-Monats-Katamnese mit dem BFB und dem VFB durchgeführt. Im Ergebnis kam es in allen relevanten Skalen der SCL-90-R und des MMPI-K nach Therapie zu signifikanten Verbesserungen gegenüber den Ausgangswerten. Die Kontrollgruppe, die sogenannte Warteliste, zeigte keine signifikanten Veränderungen. Bei Soldaten mit einer belastungsreaktiven Erkrankung (ICD10: F43) waren keine Wirksamkeitsunterschiede zu den anderen Diagnosegruppen feststellbar. Auch bei den Skalen BFB und VFB kam es nach Therapie zu signifikanten Verbesserungen gegenüber dem Ausgangswert. In der Katamnese blieb der Effekt im BFB und VFB weiterhin stabil. Prädiktoren der Symptomverbesserung waren der initiale Schweregrad der Symptomatik sowie das Lebensalter. Der Dienstgrad, die Dauer der Verpflichtungszeit, die psychiatrische Diagnose zu Therapiebeginn, das Bestehen einer Partnerschaft sowie ...

Nearly three decades have passed since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. At the time, the scholarly community was keen on joining Fukuyama in his belief in the "end of history" that was supposed to propel Russia away from the ideological "otherness" of the Soviet legal thought towards European liberal democratic values. The new spirit of optimism of 1991 had created a deceptive euphoria: Russia's dark legacies of Communism and authoritarian rule were seen merely as a bump on the road. Yet, the dream of united Europe from Lisbon to Vladivostok had failed to materialize.

The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; During the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders.

The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; During the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders. ; The religious houses of the Hospitallers in Mecklenburg in their conflict with the Dukes of Mecklenburg in the 16th centuryDuring the Reformation the Hospitaller's Bailiwick Saxony-Marchia-Wendland-Pomerania survived by the conversion of their knights to Protestantism. However, this does not apply for Mecklenburg. There the commanderies Kraak (1533), Mirow (1541) and Nemerow (1552) de facto went over in Lordly estate, where the houses more or less forcibly were taken by representatives of the Dukes of Mecklenburg. This de facto secularization stood at the end of a decising phase of a conflict between Knights and Dukes that began in the late 15th century, in which the Dukes were victorious. This conflict, which essentially was a process of land occupation by the Mecklenburg Dukes, its impressing escalation levels and strategies are the main matters of this contribution. A strong encouriging factor of this development on pages of the Hospitallers was an erosion process of convents which could be observed since the 15th century. It caused even before the Reformation, that the commanderies, apart from their incumbent commanders and priors, in the 16th century had no more friars in Mecklenburg and degenerated to manorial farms, which, aside from its revenues which were dissipated to the Knights Hospitallers, could not substantially be distinguished from public domains. For the Dukes, who considered the commanderies no longer as centers of spiritual life, too, their takeover and transformation into real domains of their states were facilitated, because due to lack of convents they much more radically could proceed, because they needn't to take any consideration on existing friars and monasterial communities that they had to practise in secularizations of monasteries and foundations of other orders.

In various European legal systems, autonomous public bodies and private actors are increasingly invested with rulemaking powers. The phenomenon is usually assessed through the looking glass of the democracy principle, because these actors have a weaker electoral connection to the People than other (non-statutory) rule makers such as e.g. the Government and its ministers. What is still largely missing from legal scholarship is an analysis of how the rule of law, and more specifically legal certainty, is safeguarded when private actors and autonomous public bodies receive rulemaking powers. This contribution reveals that the rules and practices applied by these actors sometimes lead to higher degrees of legal certainty than those in place for central administrations. Hence, these 'non-politically-accountable actors' offer inspiration for the development of an overarching Law of Rules that can further the Rule of Law for all non-statutory rulemaking.

Die Dissertation untersucht kommunal- und verfassungsrechtliche Fragen, die das Neue Steuerungsmodell (NSM) der Kommunalen Gemeinschaftsstelle im Rahmen der New Public Management Bewegung zur Reform der deutschen Kommunalverwaltungen betreffen. Ausgangspunkt der Erörterungen bildet die Zielsetzung des NSM, die Flexibilisierung des Verwaltungshandelns. Vorgestellt werden die Mittel hierfür, Budgetierung, Dekonzentration und Gleichlagerung der Sach- und Ressourcenverantwortung. Zusätzlich werden die Steuerungselemente des Verwaltungshandelns erläutert: Kontraktmanagement, Produktwesen und Controlling. Daran schließt sich die Erörterung der Rechtsnatur eines Elementes des NSM an, der politischen Leistungsvereinbarung zwischen Bürgermeister und Gemeinderat. Zudem wird gefragt, ob ein solches Rechtsinstitut mit den Regelungen des Kommunalverfassungsrechts vereinbar ist. Als Ergebnis kann festgestellt werden, dass die politische Leistungsvereinbarung zwischen Gemeinderat und Bürgermeister als intraorganschaftlicher Vertrag anzusehen ist, der nach dem § 54 VwVfG analog zu bewerten ist. Ein rechtmäßiger Kontraktschluss der politischen Leistungsvereinbarung scheitert jedoch an den Vorgaben des Gemeindeverfassungsrechts, sofern keine 'Freistellungsklausel' von den organisationsrechtlichen Bestimmungen der Gemeindeordnungen besteht. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung bildet die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die durch die Flexibilisierungen des NSM gestärkte Stellung des Bürgermeister gegenüber dem Gemeinderat mit Art. 28 Abs. 1 Satz 2 GG vereinbar ist. Dabei kann festgestellt werden, dass die Stärkung des Bürgermeisters auf Grund des Effektivitätsgrundsatzes durch Steuerungselemente des Neuen Steuerungsmodells im Hinblick auf den sachlich-inhaltlichen Legitimationsmodus relativiert wird. Dadurch kann in einer Gesamtbetrachtung der drei demokratischen Legitimationsmodi von einem hinreichenden Legitimationsniveau der Tätigkeit des Bürgermeisters ausgegangen werden kann. ; The Dissertation analyses questions of ...

This book is the result of the first interdisciplinary conference in Vietnam which took place on "the Rule of Law." Instead of beginning immediately with a highly specialized debate from the perspective of one single academic discipline, we started to discuss numerous facets of the subject arising from a multidisciplinary dialogue. For this reason, the contributions for this publication come from various scientific disciplines in Vietnam and Germany: political, historical, social, economic and legal sciences, but also members of Vietnamese governmental and non-governmental organizations. The aim of the volume is to open up a dialogue about the Rule of Law between two very different legal cultures, the German-European and the Vietnamese-Southeast Asian.

Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags steht der Versuch der Klärung einiger für das LOEWE-Projekt zur bronzezeitlichen Burgenforschung zentraler theoretischer Begriffe und Konzepte wie Burg/Befestigung, Gewalt und Konflikt. Sie verweisen auf drei unterschiedliche und bislang nur ungenügend miteinander verknüpfte Forschungsfelder, nämlich die prähistorische Burgenforschung, die historisch-kulturwissenschaftliche Gewaltforschung und die politik- und sozialwissenschaftliche Konfliktforschung. Im Anschluss an eine kurze Vorstellung dieser Forschungsfelder, in der auch ihre jeweilige Genese beleuchtet wird, diskutiere ich vor allem die Frage nach möglichen Schnittstellen, aber auch nach existierenden Unverträglichkeiten bzw. Widersprüchen zwischen diesen Konzepten. Ein abschließendes Fallbeispiel kombiniert Ideen aus dem Bereich des frühneuzeitlichen Festungs- und Herrschaftsdiskurses (Machiavelli) mit zeitgenössischen Erklärungsansätzen zum bronzezeitlichen Burgenbau. ; In this contribution attention is directed towards explaining some of the theoretical terms and conceptsthat are central to the Loewe Project's research on Bronze Age fortifications, such as fortresses, violence and conflict. They indicate three different and hitherto insufficiently linked fields in research, namely studies on prehistoric fortifications, historic-cultural research on violence, and political and social-science studies on conflict. A brief presentation is made of these fields in research, in which the genesis of each is elucidated. Thereby, I discuss foremost the question of possible interfaces, but also existing incongruencies or contradictions between these concepts. A closing exemplary case combines ideas from the discourse area on fortifications and rule in early modern times (Machiavelli), with contemporary approaches towards explaining Bronze Age fortress-building.

Bericht über die Tagung mit dem Titel "The Crisis of the Rule of Law", die vom European Legal Studies Institute Osnabrück und der Internationalen Juristenvereinigung Osnabrück im Februar 2018 veranstaltet wurde.

This paper discusses the problems regarding the decentralisation of a formerly communist country. In Georgia, the first steps towards decentralisation failed, since the transition process led to a power vacuum that escalated in bloody conflicts and secessionist movements. The status of Abkhazia and South Ossetia is still unclear and the intra-state tensions remain unsolved. This may be one of the reasons why the most recent attempts of decentralisation are rather hesitant. It is far from clear whether decentralisation in response to regional tensions would increase instability or political stability. We identify the limited autonomy at the local and regional levels as a major obstacle and challenge for the further reform process.

Der vorliegende Beitrag strebt an, die fiktive Begegnung als eine narrative Lösung der Wissensvermittlung und der Vermittlung von Fremdbildern darzustellen. Als Textbeispiel wurde ein bisher marginal rezipiertes Stück der Barockliteratur ausgesucht, das sowohl aus der Sicht germanistischer Forschungen, als auch aus der Sicht ungarischer Germanistik eine Relevanz aufweist. Nicht nur, dass die Gattung bzw. die Probleme der Gattungszuordnung dieses sechsbändigen Romankomplexes interessante Fragen aufwerfen, sondern es kann als eine weitere, wichtige Quelle der Erforschung der Ungarnrezeption auf deutschem Sprachgebiet am Ende der Frühen Neuzeit gelten. Der Hamburger Autor des Romans lieferte nämlich neben den über Jahrhunderte tradierten Topoi diejenigen Bilder, welche die Wahrnehmung Ungarns an der Schwelle des Barock und der Aufklärung maßgeblich prägten. Dabei griff der Autor auf Texte der deutschsprachigen Presselandschaft zurück und integrierte diese in die Romanhandlung in der Form, dass der Leser ein annähernd objektives Bild über die damals aktuellen Fragen, wie über die Thököly-Allianz, erhalten konnte. Der Autor blieb dabei als ein neutraler Erzähler im Hintergrund und überließ die Informationsvermittlung den Romanhelden. ; The following paper aims to present the fictional encounter as a narrative solution to impart of knowledge about foreign cultures. As an example was selected the Kriegs-Roman of Eberhard Werner Happel, which is a special peace of the baroque literature. Although the novel has been treated marginally in the research literature, it has relevance to the research of German literature and to the research of German-Hungarian literary relations. Why is this six-volume novel interesting for the German Studies? On the one hand its genre and the possibilities of the generic assignment raise fascinating questions. On the other hand the novel can serve as an important source of research into the Hungarian reception on German language area at the end of the 17th century. The author even transported old topoi about Hungary and new Hungary-images, which were born in the second half of the Baroque period and they basically shaped the (negative) perception of Hungary. Happel felt back on texts of the German media and integrated them into the plot of the novel. Therefor the reader could create his own opinion about questions like the Thököly-betrayal. In this process the author worked as a neutral narrator, while the protagonists imparted the information about Hungary and about the politics of Imre Thököly.