Suchergebnisse

The article is part of the topic related to the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage. This protection became the subject of a nationwide scientific conference organized in Poznań on June 20, 2022, titled: "The role of international organizations in the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage. Reflections on the 50th anniversary of adopting the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage". The author deals with the issues of civil and military protection of cultural property in the event of an armed conflict. Hence, the article refers to the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the Protocol amending it. This subject is also relevant today in the context of the ongoing war in Ukraine. The article also deals with the subject of diplomacy as a tool for creating regulations securing cultural property against destruction and describes the role of international organizations taking up this challenge. Finally, it presents the role of Poland and other countries involved in the process of saving cultural goods in the fighting Ukraine.

In Pratidwandi/The Adversary (1970) and Jana Aranya/The Middleman (1975), Satyajit Ray focuses on the Bengali middle class and makes sexual repression his subject, placing his male protagonists in situations where they encounter the forbidden: That which is not socially and culturally sanctioned and, therefore, deemed unacceptable. The setting is Calcutta of the 1970s—a city in social and political turmoil where his young men struggle to hold onto their cherished ideals and values. Ray describes a series of interactions with women whose otherness—sexual and otherwise—generates paradoxical feelings of attraction and repulsion, desire and fear. He also offers a critique of how men construct women in sexist and degrading terms which often relates to their inability to act on the promptings of their desires.

This dissertation engages two separate lines of inquiry simultaneously. The first of these involves a series of close readings of a text from the Namwŏn region in 1730s Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) called the Collected Volume of Administrative Reports and Inter-agency Communications of Namwŏn County [K. Namwŏn-hyŏn ch'ŏppo imun sŏngch'aek]. Each of these close readings asks how specific aspects of society, politics, law, and culture in Chosŏn might be re-thought in light of the content of the cases—specifically, in light of the processes of negotiation that drove the unfolding of those cases. Each body chapter presents a stand-alone argument. Chapter 1 re-examines established understandings of the relationship between the state's ritual and legal codes. Previously, law was considered to play a supplementary or complementary role to ritual. In this case, however, an argument emerged concerning the possibility that legal codes might occasionally frustrate the execution of ritual. Chapter 2 examines the position of slaves in late-Chosŏn law. The analysis focuses on the Namwŏn magistrate's strategic use of rhetoric to resolve a lawsuit concerning a brutal assault on a slave. His intricate rhetorical strategy (one that contained many contradictory messages) reveals the complicated position of slaves in the legal system, which in turn allowed magistrates to develop such creative strategies if necessary. Chapter 3 argues for a re-evaluation of the position of Buddhist temple communities in the state corv�e system. Though the state undoubtedly extracted from the Buddhists, at the same time the system itself created an interdependent relationship between the state and the temples, thus providing the Buddhists an opportunity to articulate their interests and problems. Chapter 4 examines a local conspiracy by several men to install a friend and distant relative as the head of the Local Elite Bureau and concludes that the group grossly miscalculated the degree to which local elite interests guarded that appointment process. Finally, Chapter 5 examines the nature of inter-magistrate relationships through the lens of the illicit movement of people. It concludes that disparities in rank played little role in determining negotiations between magistrates, that rank seems to have been "empty," merely a reflection of the scope of duties within local boundaries. The second investigation concerns the scope of the power of magistrates in local society. Previous scholarship often portrays the 18th- and 19th-century magistrates as strongly empowered and exploitative—for these reasons, the misrule of magistrates formed a core grievance of Korea's noted 19th-century rebellions. However, the cases above show that the Namwŏn magistrate actually operated with variable levels of power. The degree to which the magistrate influenced local actors depended heavily on the institutions and interests implicated in his negotiations. None of this is to deny the reality that magistrates mistreated local populations during this period; however, the dissertation does argue that, when one moves from moments of dramatic action and resistance to moments of everyday life and negotiation, the power of magistrates seems much more variable and contingent, a fact that local populations recognized and knew how to exploit. In short, the dissertation proposes a gradated understanding of magistrate power.

This study examines the causal relationship between warming temperatures and armed conflicts in the developing world, and specifically, in Syria. The goal is to find and establish a correlation between the two factors and to understand how their complex dimensions might be influenced by the political, economic, social and environmental context in which they take place. This has been done by examining studies from Africa and the ongoing war in Syria, where resource scarcities resulting from changing weather patterns and environmental mismanagement have contributed to current political, economic and social instability. By demonstrating the increasingly prominent role climate change plays in armed conflicts, this study highlights the security challenges of political stabilization and sustainable industrialization in weak states.

Abstract
An armed conflict is one of the severest forms of 'public emergency', the very condition to activate the derogation regime of international human rights law. There is indeed no greater threat to the very survival of a nation to warrant the suspension of human rights than an armed conflict. However, while adopting the relevant international humanitarian law (IHL) treaties, states have bound themselves 'to respect and ensure the respect for' the norms enshrined therein, regardless of the urgency and exceptional challenges that they may face as a result of an armed conflict. As such, derogation from the baseline rules in those treaties is, in principle, not permissible by making reference to the existence of military necessity or the general state of armed conflict. Notwithstanding this, some provisions in the various IHL treaties exceptionally envisage the possibility of derogation from the rights and privileges of a particular group of victims of armed conflict for security reasons. One of such provisions is Article 5 of the Fourth Geneva Conventions (GC IV), which explicitly allows derogation both within a state's own and occupied territories. Similar other provisions, albeit some without express mentioning of derogation, can also be found in the Four Geneva Conventions (1949) and their Additional Protocols of 1977. Nonetheless, there is a common thread that runs through these provisions, that is, a state's power of derogation is limited by strict legal constraints. This essay aims at illustrating these normative restrictions by fleshing out the limits placed upon states' ability to suspend the rights and freedoms of some individual victims of armed conflict, using Article 5 of GC IV as a reference point. It is argued that while derogation from some norms of IHL is exceptionally possible and lawful, any derogation measure should comply with some procedural and substantive requirements and remain justified throughout its duration. No exceptional circumstance, whether the exigencies of military necessity or the protection of national security, can be invoked to dispense with such requirements.