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In this manuscript, contributions and reflections are presented about how cartography and feminist epistemologies, in articulation, are powerful and relevant for research with families and parenting. Some decisions and methodological approaches made in the doctoral thesis Family fictions, adolescents between care and transits, carried out during the years 2015 to 2019, in Uruguay are specified. In the first place, the theoretical and epistemological framework that supports the ethical and political positioning of the researchers and the research-intervention practices carried out is raised. Next, some points are marked where the epistemic-theoretical connections between cartography and feminist epistemologies were emerging in research practice. Namely, in the reconstruction of the problem-object of research, in the choice of the participants' point of view and in the analysis process where the emphasis is placed on the experience of encountering adolescents and the emergence of analyzers that destabilize and catalyze the research processes in families and parenting. ; En este manuscrito se presentan aportes y reflexiones acerca de cómo la cartografía y las epistemologías feministas, en articulación, son potentes y resultan pertinentes para la investigación con familias y parentalidades. Se puntualizan algunas decisiones y abordajes metodológicos realizados en la tesis doctoral Ficciones de familias, adolescentes entre cuidados y tránsitos, realizada durante los años 2015 a 2019, en Uruguay. En primer lugar se deja planteado el entramado teórico y epistemológico que da soporte al posicionamiento ético y político de las investigadoras y a las prácticas de investigación-intervención realizadas. A continuación, se marcan algunos puntos donde las conexiones epistémico-teóricas entre cartografía y epistemologías feministas fueron emergiendo en la práctica de investigación. A saber, en la reconstrucción del problema-objeto de investigación, en la elección del punto de vista de los participantes y en el proceso de análisis donde el énfasis se ubica en la experiencia de encuentro con los adolescentes y la emergencia de analizadores que desestabilizan y catalizan los procesos de investigación en familias y parentalidades. ; Neste texto discutimos acerca de como a cartografia e as epistemologias feministas, articuladas, são potentes e apropriadas para pesquisas com famílias e parentalidades. Pontuamos algumas decisões e abordagens metodológicas realizadas na tese de doutorado Ficciones de familias, adolescentes entre cuidados y tránsitos, realizada durante os anos 2015 a 2019, no Uruguai. Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se a trama teórica e epistemológica que dá suporte ao posicionamento ético e político das investigadoras e as práticas de pesquisa-intervenção realizadas. Na sequência, marcamos alguns pontos de conexão epistemológicos e teóricos entre a cartografia e as epistemologias feministas que foram emergindo durante a pesquisa. Quais sejam, a reconstrução do problema de pesquisa, a eleição do ponto de vista dos e das participantes e o processo de análise, cuja ênfase está na experiência de encontro com os e as adolescentes e a emergência de analisadores que desestabilizam e catalisam os processos de pesquisa sobre famílias e parentalidades.

Through a personalized story, anchored in historical reflections on the formative years of feminist research in the Nordic context in the early 1970s, the article engages in transversal conversations. The focus is dissonances and resonances between intersectional feminisms and socialist feminisms, and their critiques of monocategorical (neo)liberal feminisms. The method is transversal dialoguing, implying that participants in politically conflicted conversations, shift between "rooting" (situating their own stakes along the lines of feminist epistemologies of situated knowledges) and "shifting" (seriously trying to imagine what it takes to inhabit the situated perspective of interlocutors). A starting point for the articles transversal conversations is recent critiques of white feminist intersectionality research in Nordic and broader European contexts, claimed to neoliberalize and whitewash intersectionality. Shifting to the perspective of the critics, the author takes responsibility for her stakes in epistemologies of white ignorance. A historical reflection on her becoming a socialist feminist in the context of New Left students and feminist movements in Denmark in the aftermath of the students revolts of 1968 is used as prism to a discussion of socialist feminisms in the Nordic context in the 1970s, and their paradoxes of being attentive to class, while entangled in classic marxisms eurocentrism and epistemologies of white ignorance. To dig further into the question of genealogies of leftwing epistemologies of ignorance, characterizing Nordic socialist feminism in the 1970s (and haunting European socialism more generally), the article critically rereads a piece of the authors research from the 1970s-an analysis of the work of socialist feminist, Alexandra Kollontaj, and her role in the Russian revolution. Rooting, the author suggests that the epistemologies of white ignorance in Nordic feminist research rather than emerging from monocategoricality and (neo) neoliberalism, as the critics suggest, should be sought after through a critical scrutiny of leftwing versions of eurocentrism.

Doing feminist work from within patriarchal institutions comes with unique challenges. We invited two activists and feminist studies professors, Rosi Braidotti and Nina Lykke, to reflect on feminists' long march through patriarchal university institutions. Concretely, we asked them to reflect upon three themes. Firstly, we asked them to situate themselves and their work - and reflect upon what it takes to do feminist work which troubles mainstream epistemologies. Secondly, we asked them to explore how the conditions for feminist research have changed over time - and what the current neoliberal and right-wing backlash does to feminist research. And finally, we asked how coming of age might influence them, and how they looked upon intergenerational exchanges in the feminist movement. The aim of the dialogue was to look back at how the feminist studies movement in academia emerged, while at the same time looking forward to explore which new political and ideological conditions have arisen and how these might affect future possibilities for conducting feminist research within academia.

In an era of datafication, data visualisation is playing an increasing role in civic meaning-making processes. However, the conventions of data visualisation have been criticised for their reductiveness and rhetoric of neutrality and there have been recent efforts to develop feminist principles for designing data visualisations that are compatible with feminist epistemologies. In this article, we aim to examine how data visualisation is used in feminist activism and by feminist activists. Drawing on the example of digital street harassment activism, we analyse how street harassment is visualised in and through a selection of prominent activist social media accounts. We consider the platform affordances utilised by activists, and how these are harnessed in making street harassment 'knowable'. Moreover, we critically interrogate which and whose experiences are 'knowable' via digital techniques, and what remains obscured and silenced. In analysing digital feminist activists' practices, we argue that what constitutes 'data visualisation' itself must be situated within feminist epistemologies and praxis that centre lived experience as the starting point for knowledge production. Such an approach challenges and disrupts normative constructions of what constitutes data visualisation. Our findings demonstrate how feminist activists are adopting 'traditional' practices of speaking out and consciousness-raising to the digital sphere in the creation of a range of visualisations that represent the issue of street harassment. We consider the efficacy of these visualisations for achieving their intended purpose and how they might translate to policy and government responses, if this is indeed their goal. Further, we document a tension between feminist epistemologies and the prevailing logic of datafication or dataism and note how in an attempt to unite the two, some digital feminist activism has contributed to reproducing existing power structures, raising concerning implications at the policy level.

Is knowledge neutral? Can it be? Are there ways to produce neutral and objective knowledge? Different theories about knowledge and science have implications for how research is done and how different knowledge organization systems (KOS) and knowledge organization processes (KOP) are made and understood. Such questions are epistemological. This article starts considering how feminist researchers have questioned the objectivity of research about women and introduces the concept "epistemological violence". It further takes a broad view of the main families of epistemological theories and demonstrate trends towards historical, interpretative and pragmatic perspectives in the understanding of knowledge and research. The main emphasis in the article is given to the question of whether knowledge is neutral or political and concludes that it is better to have explicit subjectivity than subjectivity disguised as objectivity. The article also discusses the importance of these perspectives for information science and knowledge organization. ; Section 1 raises the issue of this article: whether Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) and Knowledge Organization Processes (KOP) are neutral or political by nature and whether it is a fruitful ideal that they should be neutral. These questions are embedded in the broader issue of scientific and scholarly research methods and their philosophical assumptions: What kinds of methods and what epistemological assumptions lie behind the construction of KOS (and research in general)? Section 2 presents and discusses basic approaches and epistemologies and their status in relation to neutrality. Section 3 offers a specific example from feminist scholarship in order clearly to demonstrate that methodologies that often claims to be or are considered apolitical represent subjectivity disguised as objectivity. It contains 4 subsections: Feminist views on 3.1: History; 3.2 Psychology; 3.3 Knowledge Organization and 3.4. Epistemology. Overall, feminist scholarship has argued that methodologies, claiming neutrality but supporting repression of groups of people should be termed epistemological violence and they are opposed to social, critical, and pragmatic epistemologies which reflect the interaction between science and the greater society. Section 4 discusses the relation between the researchers' (and indexers') political attitudes and their paradigms/indexing. Section 5 considers the contested nature of epistemological labels, and Section 6 concludes that the question of whose interest is a specific KOS, algorithm or information system serving should always be at the forefront in information studies and knowledge organization (KO).

En este artículo enfatizamos el valor epistémico de las emociones en los procesos de investigación (en el saber qué y en el saber cómo). Nos centramos no sólo en cómo las emociones de quien investiga afectan el proceso de investigación sino cómo el propio proceso afecta –emocionalmente- a las investigadoras. En concreto, explicamos las diferentes razones por las cuales es importante reconocer el papel de las emociones en los procesos de investigación: metodológicas e instrumentales, éticas, analíticas, políticas y sanadoras. También exponemos los inconvenientes de enfatizar las emociones en la investigación. Partiendo del concepto de "reflexividad fuerte" de las epistemologías feministas, proponemos un viaje para reflexionar sobre las emociones y sus diferentes implicaciones en una investigación académica: el impacto emocional de la investigación en la investigadora (especialmente cuando se trabaja con población vulnerable), el trabajo emocional que implica la investigación y, en concreto, el trabajo de campo (y los dilemas éticos que puede implicar), las emociones como datos o evidencia y el conocimiento emocionalmente sentido.In this paper, we emphasize the epistemic value of emotions in the research process (to know what and know how). We focus not only on how the researcher's emotions affect the research process but also on how the process itself affects – emotionally- the researchers. Specifically, we explain the different reasons why it is important to recognize the role of emotions in research processes: methodological and instrumental, ethical, analytical, political and "healers". We also expose the drawbacks of emphasizing emotions in research. Starting from the concept of "strong reflexivity" of feminist epistemologies, we propose a journey through emotions and their different implications in feminist research: the emotional impact of research on the researcher (especially when working with vulnerable population); the "emotional work" involved in the research and, specifically, in the fieldwork (and the ethical dilemmas that may involve); emotions as data/evidence and emotionally sensed knowledge.

The article represents critical reasoning about the emergence and development of feminist epistemology from 1980s until nowadays. Feminist epistemology started in part as a critique of traditional epistemology and dualisms underlying traditional epistemological projects. On the other side, feminist epistemologies do not represent merely a critique but they develop alternative theories to masculinistic theories of knowledge. Feminist epistemologies are based on the insight into the relationship between knowledge and power and they claim that there are not epistemological inquiries that are not at the same time political. The relationship between knowledge and politics can be seen in the case of the most developed feminist epistemological theories - standpoint theories that have different forms and variants. The article shows the field of feminist epistemology as highly dynamic, as a field where internal critiques of different approaches to epistemological problems have been already developed. As an example of this internal debate, the article examines critiques of standpoint theories developed within the framework of so called feminist postmodernism. ; Tekst predstavlja kritičko razmatranje nastanka i razvoja feminističke epistemologije od 1980-ih godina do današnjih dana. Feministička epistemologija nastaje jednim delom kao kritika tradicionalne epistemologije i dualizama koji su u osnovi tradicionalnih epistemoloških projekata. Sa druge strane, feminističke epistemologije se ne zadržavaju samo na nivou puke kritike već razvijaju i alternativne teorije maskulinističkim teorijama saznanja. Feminističke epistemologije počivaju na uverenju o vezi između znanja i moći i tvrde da ne postoje epistemološka razmatranja koja nisu istovremeno i politička. Veza između znanja i politike može se videti na primeru najrazvijenijih feminističkih epistemoloških teorija - standpoint teorija koje imaju različite oblike i varijante. Tekst pokazuje područje feminističke epistemologije kao izuzetno dinamično, kao područje u kome su već razvijene takozvane unutrašnje kritike različitih pristupa saznajnoj problematici. Kao primer unutrašnjeg spora, tekst razmatra pristup takozvanog feminističkog postmodernizma u čijem okviru su razvijene kritike standpoint teorija.

This Sociology and Technoscience monograph extends conversations and uses of eccentricity as a methodological tool for doing research within the field of feminist and gender studies. The search for eccentricity responds to the editors' interest in reflecting on and engaging with different methodological approaches which help deviate from canonical established patterns of research onto unusual and provocative ways of doing research differently. In this collection we have gathered contributions dealing with the analysis of technologies of gender, sexuality and bodies to propose new ways to defocus, dislocate or blur the split between subjects and objects of study. In sum, with this monograph we intend to contribute to gender approaches to science by exploring "eccentrically" the ways feminist and gender scholars think and research otherwise. Feminist modes of knowledge and doing research have traditionally been excluded from academic discourses or denied the merits of their own specificity due to the constitution of the notion of "women" as a sexual differentiated subject. "Women", as epistemological subject, has been trapped between the unrepresented or unrepresentable due to the articulation of what Michel Foucault calls "technologies of sex" - that is, mechanisms, apparatuses and discourses (legal, pedagogical, medical, demographic, religious or economic) that regulate sexuality. Following the Foucaultian concept, Teresa De Lauretis (1987) coins the concept of "technologies of gender" to move away from the idea of gender as sexual difference towards its comprehension as a political tool instead. Technologies are hence understood as inseparable from their sociocultural milieus and the semiotic apparatuses which produce women and men, assigning an identity and a position to each individual within the social group. ; Este monográfico de Sociología y Tecnociencia explora debates sobre los usos del concepto de excentricidad en el campo de los estudios feministas y de género. La búsqueda de la excentricidad responde al interés de las editoras por reflexionar sobre enfoques metodológicos que nos ayuden a desviarnos de los patrones canónicos para adentrarnos en formas transgresoras y diferentes de la investigación. Reunimos contribuciones que versan sobre análisis de las tecnologías de género, sexualidad y corporalidades y proponen formas nuevas de cambiar el enfoque, de dislocar o borrar las fronteras entre sujetos y objetos de estudio. En resumen, con este monográfico intentamos aportar enfoques de género a la ciencia para explorar excéntricamente las formas en las que lxs investigadorxs feministas piensan e investigan de forma alternativa. Tradicionalmente se han excluido los conocimientos y formas de investigar feministas de los discursos académicos. Se les ha negado a menudo los méritos propios de su especificidad y la "mujer", como sujeto epistemológico, ha quedado atrapada entre lo no representado y lo no representable. siguiendo la articulación de lo que Michel Foucault llamó "tecnologías del sexo", es decir, mecanismos, aparatos y discursos (legales, pedagógicos, médicos, demográficos, religiosos o económicos) que regulan la sexualidad. Siguiendo a Foucault, Teresa De Lauretis (1987) acuña el concepto "tecnologías de género" para alejarse de la idea de género como diferencia sexual y acercarse a su comprensión como herramienta política. Desde aquí, las tecnologías se entienden como inseparables de sus entornos socioculturales y de los aparatos semióticos que modelan a mujeres y hombres y asignan una identidad y una posición a cada individuo dentro del grupo social.

Las epistemologías feministas son una de las corrientes teóricas que defienden una producción científica basada en claros compromisos sociales y políticos. Los Estudios de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (Science and Technology Studies, STS) no se caracterizan por estos compromisos, pero sí que nos han ofrecido una interesante propuesta para "democratizar la ciencia": los foros híbridos. En este artículo se explica por qué el proyecto de los STS queda incompleto e incluso problemático si no integra las críticas feministas. Se argumenta que las teorías de la interseccionalidad permiten radicalizar la propuesta de "democratización de la ciencia" y crear espacios colectivos y democráticos en los que el examen público de las cuestiones tecno científicas integrará compromisos políticos y sociales. Se considera que la comunicación entre expertos y no expertos en los foros híbridos se debe complementar con la crítica a los ejes de opresión y privilegio. ; Feminist epistemologies are one of the theoretical currents that defend scientific production based on clear social and political commitments. STS (Science and Technology Studies) are not characterized by these commitments but they have offered us an interesting proposal to "democratize science": the hybrid forums. This paper explains why the STS project remains incomplete and even problematic if it does not integrate feminist criticisms. It is argued that the theories of the intersectionality allow radicalizing the proposal of the "democratization of science" and creating collective and democratic spaces in which the public exam of technoscientific issues will integrate political and social commitments. It is considered that the communication between experts and non-experts in the hybrid forums must be completed by critics to the axes of oppression and privilege.

This article provides comprehensive and summarised insights to the epistemologies of feminism. It is an exploratory research, which used epistemological theory; and a methodological analysis embedded in the system approach theory of literature review as its theoretical foundation. Reviewing the literature as a means of researching could be problematic following the scanty, irrelevant and at times voluminous materials available to researchers. On account of this a content analysis research method was used. Among its revelations, this article reveals that feminism theorists seek to understand how political and social relations of gender have shaped our understanding of challenges, desires and anticipations of women, not only in the present and in limited capacity but also to understand how we ought to know and how we can improve our knowledge practices. Also, feminist theories provide justifications for the study of feminism and the need for linking the subject to other fields of inquiry given its links, for example, to capitalism and socialism as alluded to by Marxists and radical theorists respectively. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p353

The main objective of this article is to provide a multi-faceted and spatially-sensitive reflection on sex work. Taking as a point of departure subversive feminist politics on the one hand and the much contingent notion of citizenship on the other, I intend to present various forms of prostitution as potentially positive and empowering modes of sexual and emotional auto-creation. Informed by the leading research of the subject, as well as inspired and educated by Australia-based Dr Elizabeth Smith from La Trobe University in Melbourne, who had researched and presented female sex workers as self-caring and subversive subjects who make own choices and derive satisfaction from their occupation, I wish to seek academic justice for all those women (and men or trans people, for that matter) in the sex industry who feel stigmatized by political pressure and ultra-feminist circles across Europe. Translating Dr Smith's significant research into European (and Polish) social realities would be a valuable contribution to the local discussions on gender and sexuality, and axes they intersect with. More importantly, however, a framework of a conceptual interdisciplinary approach needs to be adopted—one in which a specific queer form of lesbian feminist reflection is combined with human geography, both of which have much to offer to various strands of sociological theory and practice. Therefore, as a queer lesbian scholar based in Poland, I would like to diverge a bit from my usual topic in order to pay an academic and activist tribute to the much neglected strand of sociology of sex work. However, my multi-faceted and interdisciplinary academic activity allows me to combine the matter in question with the field of lesbian studies. Both a female sex worker and a lesbian have been culturally positioned through the lens of what so-called femininity is, without a possibility to establish control over their own subjectivities. Hence, on the one hand the article is going to be an academic re-interpretation of sex work as such, but on the other, methodological possibilities of acknowledging and researching lesbian sex workers will be additionally considered with special attention to feminist epistemologies and praxis. While a sensitivity to a given locality is of utmost importance when dealing with gender and sexuality issues, I would like to suggest a somewhat overall approach to investigating both female empowerment through sex work and lesbian studies inclusive of sex workers. Importantly, the more common understandings of the sex industry need to be de-constructed in order for a diversity of transgressive discourses to emerge. ; Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wieloaspektowej i przestrzennie świadomej refleksji na temat pracy seksualnej. Biorąc za punkt wyjścia z jednej strony subwersywną politykę feministyczną, a z drugiej bardzo przypadkowy koncept obywatelstwa, zamierzam zaprezentować różne formy prostytucji jako potencjalnie pozytywne i wzmacniające podmiotowość tryby seksualnego i emocjonalnego samostanowienia. Opierając się na kluczowych badaniach nad tematem oraz zaczerpnąwszy inspiracji i wiedzy od dr Elizabeth Smith z uniwersytetu La Trobe w Melbourne w Australii, która badała i przedstawiła pracownice seksualne jako troszczące się o siebie i subwersywne podmioty, dokonujące własnych wyborów i czerpiące satysfakcję ze swojego zajęcia, chciałabym poszukać akademickiej sprawiedliwości należnej tym wszystkim kobietom (jak również mężczyznom oraz osobom trans) w przemyśle seksualnym, które na dzień dzisiejszy mają pełne prawo czuć się stygmatyzowane przez presję polityczną oraz kręgi ultrafeministyczne w całej Europie. Przełożenie znaczących badań dr Smith na europejskie (oraz polskie) rzeczywistości społeczne byłoby cennym wkładem w lokalne dyskusje na temat płci i seksualności, jak i osi, które one przecinają. Co jednak ważniejsze, trzeba przyjąć ramę koncepcyjnego interdyscyplinarnego spojrzenia na omawiane kwestie; jest to model, gdzie partykularna, queerowa forma refleksji feminizmu lesbijskiego łączy się z geografią człowieka, ponieważ oba te elementy mają sporo do zaoferowania różnym odłamom socjologicznej teorii i praktyki. Wziąwszy to wszystko pod uwagę, a będąc pracującym z Polski badaczem studiów lesbijskich i perspektywy queer, chciałabym nieco odbiec od mojego przewodniego tematu, by tym razem złożyć akademicko-aktywistyczne uznanie dość zaniedbanemu nurtowi socjologii pracy seksualnej. Moja wielopoziomowa i interdyscyplinarna działalność naukowa pozwala mi jednak połączyć temat pracy seksualnej właśnie ze studiami lesbijskimi. Zarówno pracownica seksualna, jak i lesbijka są kulturowo pozycjonowane przez pryzmat tego, czym jest tak zwana kobiecość, bez możliwości ustanawiania kontroli nad swoimi własnymi podmiotowościami. Dlatego też z jednej strony artykuł ten będzie akademicką reinterpretacją pracy seksualnej jako takiej, lecz z drugiej metodologiczne możliwości uznania i eksplorowania pracownic seksualnych będących lesbijkami będą dodatkowo uwzględnione ze szczególnym naciskiem na feministyczne epistemologie i praktykę. Pomimo iż wrażliwość na określoną lokalność jest rzeczą najwyższej wagi, gdy badacz zajmuje się sprawami płci i seksualności, chciałabym zaproponować nieco bardziej ogólny stosunek do badania zarówno procesów wzmocnienia i upodmiotowienia kobiet poprzez pracę seksualną, jak i studiów lesbijskich uwzględniających pracownice seksualne. Co ważne, te bardziej popularne przekonania dotyczące przemysłu seksualnego muszą zostać zdekonstruowane po to, by możliwe było przyjęcie się różnorodności dyskursów transgresyjnych.

The main objective of this article is to provide a multi-faceted and spatially-sensitive reflection on sex work. Taking as a point of departure subversive feminist politics on the one hand and the much contingent notion of citizenship on the other, I intend to present various forms of prostitution as potentially positive and empowering modes of sexual and emotional auto-creation. Informed by the leading research of the subject, as well as inspired and educated by Australia-based Dr Elizabeth Smith from La Trobe University in Melbourne, who had researched and presented female sex workers as self-caring and subversive subjects who make own choices and derive satisfaction from their occupation, I wish to seek academic justice for all those women (and men or trans people, for that matter) in the sex industry who feel stigmatized by political pressure and ultra-feminist circles across Europe. Translating Dr Smith's significant research into European (and Polish) social realities would be a valuable contribution to the local discussions on gender and sexuality, and axes they intersect with. More importantly, however, a framework of a conceptual interdisciplinary approach needs to be adopted—one in which a specific queer form of lesbian feminist reflection is combined with human geography, both of which have much to offer to various strands of sociological theory and practice. Therefore, as a queer lesbian scholar based in Poland, I would like to diverge a bit from my usual topic in order to pay an academic and activist tribute to the much neglected strand of sociology of sex work. However, my multi-faceted and interdisciplinary academic activity allows me to combine the matter in question with the field of lesbian studies. Both a female sex worker and a lesbian have been culturally positioned through the lens of what so-called femininity is, without a possibility to establish control over their own subjectivities. Hence, on the one hand the article is going to be an academic re-interpretation of sex work as such, but on the other, methodological possibilities of acknowledging and researching lesbian sex workers will be additionally considered with special attention to feminist epistemologies and praxis. While a sensitivity to a given locality is of utmost importance when dealing with gender and sexuality issues, I would like to suggest a somewhat overall approach to investigating both female empowerment through sex work and lesbian studies inclusive of sex workers. Importantly, the more common understandings of the sex industry need to be de-constructed in order for a diversity of transgressive discourses to emerge. ; Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wieloaspektowej i przestrzennie świadomej refleksji na temat pracy seksualnej. Biorąc za punkt wyjścia z jednej strony subwersywną politykę feministyczną, a z drugiej bardzo przypadkowy koncept obywatelstwa, zamierzam zaprezentować różne formy prostytucji jako potencjalnie pozytywne i wzmacniające podmiotowość tryby seksualnego i emocjonalnego samostanowienia. Opierając się na kluczowych badaniach nad tematem oraz zaczerpnąwszy inspiracji i wiedzy od dr Elizabeth Smith z uniwersytetu La Trobe w Melbourne w Australii, która badała i przedstawiła pracownice seksualne jako troszczące się o siebie i subwersywne podmioty, dokonujące własnych wyborów i czerpiące satysfakcję ze swojego zajęcia, chciałabym poszukać akademickiej sprawiedliwości należnej tym wszystkim kobietom (jak również mężczyznom oraz osobom trans) w przemyśle seksualnym, które na dzień dzisiejszy mają pełne prawo czuć się stygmatyzowane przez presję polityczną oraz kręgi ultrafeministyczne w całej Europie. Przełożenie znaczących badań dr Smith na europejskie (oraz polskie) rzeczywistości społeczne byłoby cennym wkładem w lokalne dyskusje na temat płci i seksualności, jak i osi, które one przecinają. Co jednak ważniejsze, trzeba przyjąć ramę koncepcyjnego interdyscyplinarnego spojrzenia na omawiane kwestie; jest to model, gdzie partykularna, queerowa forma refleksji feminizmu lesbijskiego łączy się z geografią człowieka, ponieważ oba te elementy mają sporo do zaoferowania różnym odłamom socjologicznej teorii i praktyki. Wziąwszy to wszystko pod uwagę, a będąc pracującym z Polski badaczem studiów lesbijskich i perspektywy queer, chciałabym nieco odbiec od mojego przewodniego tematu, by tym razem złożyć akademicko-aktywistyczne uznanie dość zaniedbanemu nurtowi socjologii pracy seksualnej. Moja wielopoziomowa i interdyscyplinarna działalność naukowa pozwala mi jednak połączyć temat pracy seksualnej właśnie ze studiami lesbijskimi. Zarówno pracownica seksualna, jak i lesbijka są kulturowo pozycjonowane przez pryzmat tego, czym jest tak zwana kobiecość, bez możliwości ustanawiania kontroli nad swoimi własnymi podmiotowościami. Dlatego też z jednej strony artykuł ten będzie akademicką reinterpretacją pracy seksualnej jako takiej, lecz z drugiej metodologiczne możliwości uznania i eksplorowania pracownic seksualnych będących lesbijkami będą dodatkowo uwzględnione ze szczególnym naciskiem na feministyczne epistemologie i praktykę. Pomimo iż wrażliwość na określoną lokalność jest rzeczą najwyższej wagi, gdy badacz zajmuje się sprawami płci i seksualności, chciałabym zaproponować nieco bardziej ogólny stosunek do badania zarówno procesów wzmocnienia i upodmiotowienia kobiet poprzez pracę seksualną, jak i studiów lesbijskich uwzględniających pracownice seksualne. Co ważne, te bardziej popularne przekonania dotyczące przemysłu seksualnego muszą zostać zdekonstruowane po to, by możliwe było przyjęcie się różnorodności dyskursów transgresyjnych. ; Publikacja dofinansowana została ze środków Polskiego Towarzystwa Socjologicznego.

This thesis develops a critique of the methodology of mainstream academic moral philosophy, based on insights from feminist and more generally anti-oppressive political thought. The thesis consists of two parts. In the first, I loosely characterise a certain dominant methodology of philosophy, one based on giving an important epistemological role to existing, 'pre-theoretical' moral attitudes, such as intuitions. I then argue that such methodologies may be critiqued on the basis of theories that identify these moral attitudes as problematically rooted in oppressive social institutions, such as patriarchy and white supremacy; that is, I identify these attitudes as ideological, and so a poor guide to moral reality. In the second part, I identify and explore of a number of themes and tendencies from feminist, anti-racist, and other anti-oppressive traditions of research and activism, in order to draw out the implications of these themes for the methodology of moral philosophy. The first issue I examine is that of how, and how much, moral philosophers should use abstraction; I eventually use the concept of intersectionality to argue for the position that philosophers need to use less, and a different type of, abstraction. The second major theme I examine is that of ignorance, in the context of alternative epistemologies: standpoint epistemology and epistemologies of ignorance. I argue that philosophers must not take themselves to be well placed to understand, using solitary methodologies, any topic of moral interest. Finally, I examine the theme of transformation in moral philosophy. I argue that experiencing certain kinds of personal transformation may be an essential part of developing accurate ethical views, and I draw out the political implications of this position for the methodology of moral philosophy.

While feminist theology is not necessarily Christian, it emerged out of Christian European and North American contexts. This chapter focuses on postcolonial feminist theological interventions in Christianity because of the inextricable connections between Christianity, gender, racism, and European colonialism. Postcolonial feminist theology asserts that Christian actors and epistemologies—frameworks of knowledge—perform a central role in European colonial projects of the past and present. Thus, Christianity's continuing significance in national and global politics; individual, local, and national identity formation; and the constitution of gendered subjectivity necessitates further analysis and critique (Donaldson and Kwok 2002). While the particular conditions of European colonial regimes varied enormously over time and between each colonized territory, Christianity, in general, spread alongside political and cultural colonization, through the dismantling, exclusion, and disparagement of indigenous peoples' worldviews. Widespread hostility and suspicion of indigenous traditions and practices resulted from unconscious and overt Eurocentric evaluations of indigenous cultures. Eurocentrism, the measuring of other cultures according to European Christian social and cultural ideals, also encouraged colonizers to interpret indigenous gender roles, social structures, and systems of knowledge as evidence of savagery and the absence of ''civilization.'' Therefore, postcolonial feminist theologies are particularly concerned with imagining and enacting new concepts of, and relationships with, God that depart from the imperialistic theologies of colonizer cultures and restore indigenous traditions and practices as inherent aspects of their theological imaginaries.

Austerity policies and austere socio-economic conditions in the UK have had acute consequences for everyday life and, interconnectedly, the political and structural regimes that impact upon the lives of women and marginalised groups. Feminist geographies have arguably been enlivened and reinvigorated by critical engagements with austerity, bringing to light everyday experiences, structural inequalities and multi-scalar socio-economic relations. With this paper I propose five areas of intervention for further research in this field: social reproduction, everyday epistemologies, intersectionality, voice and silence, and embodied fieldwork. To conclude, I argue for continuing feminist critique and analyses given the legacies and futures of austerity.