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The article considers implicatures of utterances. An implicature is information complex which is literally (verbally) unexpressed and which can be elicited as a result of extracting the meaning using background knowledge of recipient, context and situation. Formation and understanding the meaning of an utterance is the process of extracting implied meaning which is formed by interaction of linguistic units with constituents of cognitive environment. An utterance therefore can be considered as a speech stimulus involving the knowledge from cognitive environment to form the meaning of the utterance. Extracting the meaning is (that is, eliciting an implicature) is important for communicion. The purpose of the research was to study various aspects of implicatures: the way of extracting the meaning, describing different types and obtaining statistical data of different types implicatures usage. In particular, our research demonstrates statistical prevalence of contextual implicatures. The results of the paper can be of some interest for experts in linguopragmatics and psycholinguisics.

Authors have considered a special stage in the life and its reflection on the works of the world-famous Russian poet, novelist, and the Nobel Prize winner in literature Boris Pasternak in his three year evacuation period during the World War II in Chistopol – a small town on the Kama River. During that time Boris Pasternak was mostly translating. The study is focused on the cultural specifics of fiction texts, i.e. texts translated or created by B. Pasternak. Within the first two months staying in Chistopol the poet translated the play 'Romeo and Juliet' by Shakespeare, and then the great cycle of poems by Juliusz Slowacki, poems and the tragedy 'Mary Stuart' written by Shiller. At the same time he implements a great idea he had planned long before – he translates 'Antony and Cleopatra'. The study highlights cultural peculiarities of Pasternak's translations and his own style reflected in fiction. The research states the ambiguous attitude of critics to Pasternak's translations. He was both considered as the brilliant translator and criticized for liberty, inadequacy and excessive individuality.

The article is devoted to the analysis of structural and functional manifestations of multimodal diversity in postmodernist fiction texts. Multimodality is defined as the coexistence of more than one semiotic mode within a certain context. Multimodal texts feature a diversity of semiotic modes in the communication and development of their narrative. Such experimental texts subvert conventional patterns by introducing various semiotic resources – verbal or non-verbal

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Terraforming is the process of making other worlds habitable for human life. Its counterpart on Earth — geoengineering — is receiving serious consideration as a way to address climate change. Contemporary environmental awareness and our understanding of climate change is influenced by science fiction, and terraforming in particular has offered scientists, philosophers, and others a motif for thinking in complex ways about our impact on planetary environments. This book asks how science fiction has imagined how we shape both our world and other planets and how stories of terraforming reflect on science, society and environmentalism. It traces the growth of the motif of terraforming in science fiction from H.G. Wells's The War of the Worlds (1898) to James Cameron's blockbuster Avatar (2009), in stories by such writers as Olaf Stapledon, Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein, Arthur C. Clarke, Frank Herbert, Ursula K. Le Guin, Ernest Callenbach, Pamela Sargent, Frederick Turner and Kim Stanley Robinson. It argues for terraforming as a nexus for environmental philosophy, the pastoral, ecology, the Gaia hypothesis and the politics of colonisation and habitation. Amidst contemporary anxieties about climate change, terraforming offers an important vantage from which to consider the ways humankind shapes and is shaped by their world.

International audience ; Ausgehend von Science-Fiktion-Texten aus Westdeutschland und den USA beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit den Konsequenzen der fehlenden Wahrnehmbarkeit der Radioaktivität für die Imagination von main-stream-Texten. Gemeinhin wurde der epistemologische Bruch abgewehrt und literarisch an der Zurückge-winnung der Sinneswahrnehmungen gearbeitet. Die politische Bedeutung dieser Tendenz bestand in der Beruhigung von Ängsten, mit deren Hilfe man sonst des 'prometheischen Gefälles' (Günther Anders) zwischen dem technisch Möglichen und der Phantasie hätte inne werden können. ; Based on science-fiction texts from West Germany and the USA, the article deals with the consequences of the lack of perceptibility of radioactivity in the imagination of mainstream texts. In general, the episte-mological break has been negated. Literary texts have tried to recover sensory perceptions. The political significance of this tendency has been the reassurance of fears that otherwise would have been inherent in the 'Promethean gap' (Günther Anders) between what is technically possible and imagination.

International audience ; Ausgehend von Science-Fiktion-Texten aus Westdeutschland und den USA beschäftigt sich der Beitrag mit den Konsequenzen der fehlenden Wahrnehmbarkeit der Radioaktivität für die Imagination von main-stream-Texten. Gemeinhin wurde der epistemologische Bruch abgewehrt und literarisch an der Zurückge-winnung der Sinneswahrnehmungen gearbeitet. Die politische Bedeutung dieser Tendenz bestand in der Beruhigung von Ängsten, mit deren Hilfe man sonst des 'prometheischen Gefälles' (Günther Anders) zwischen dem technisch Möglichen und der Phantasie hätte inne werden können. ; Based on science-fiction texts from West Germany and the USA, the article deals with the consequences of the lack of perceptibility of radioactivity in the imagination of mainstream texts. In general, the episte-mological break has been negated. Literary texts have tried to recover sensory perceptions. The political significance of this tendency has been the reassurance of fears that otherwise would have been inherent in the 'Promethean gap' (Günther Anders) between what is technically possible and imagination.

The article concerns identification of semantic potential of lexical units with a Germanic origin joined into thematic group "English titles of nobility", and actualization of their meanings in the literary texts of the 19 th century. The sources of language material were the works of early Victorian period writers. The undertaken semantic and functional analysis of lexemes earl, knight, lord / lady enabled the author to conclude that when they indicate social status of the character depicted in the work of art or are used as an etiquette form of address, they implement direct meaning. It has been noted that alongside with lord / lady, the French loanwords sir / madame are used as forms of polite address in dialogues between the characters. The lexemes-titles can function in figurative meaning, i.e. knight maybe used to indicate valour as one of the main qualities of a noble person of high social status, Lord is used to denote the Creator, lady – to speak about any woman, as well as a wife, a mistress. The analysis of the data obtained resulted in deduction that in literary texts of the 19 th century the meanings of lexemes-titles, comprising thematic group English Nobility Titles, can express the following: the noble origin in the name of a person, a polite form of address in communication, nomination of a social status as well as some commonly shared character traits inherent to an aristocratic class representative; nomination of people in accordance with a family status or gender.

The problem of insufficient development of professional digital tools in the humanities, including linguistics, is posed. The results of a long-term study on the development of specialized software for corpus analysis of a foreign language text, in which the regional component plays an important role, are described. On the example of Franz Kafka's novel "Das Schloss" the work of three computer programs is demonstrated, including primary text processing, automatized markup of a small special (grammatical) corpus, a combined search for selected constituents of the grammatical categories of certainty / uncertainty, modality, as well as individual grammatical phenomena by markers of the marked up corpus and by regular expressions in case of the not marked up text, considering the regional characteristics of spelling. It is concluded that the maximum effectiveness of research of this kind can be achieved with the active work of an expert with a specially developed software product. Moreover, the expert's task includes not only professional software management, but also active participation directly in its development. The described analysis model can be used to analyze the categorical spectrum of a foreign language text, as well as to compile didactic materials for teaching foreign languages and translation.