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Athletes are often tempted to take prohibited agents with the aim of performance enhancing because of diff erent pressures they face, including self-affi rmation, the infl uence of money- and glory-driven parents, coaches and community members. Th ese agents increase body mass and power, relieve fatigue, mask other prohibited substances during testing, lead to faster recovery and have many other adverse eff ects on health. Th e use of prohibited agents, com-monly known as doping, is detrimental to the mental and physical health of athletes and violates the rules of ethical conduct. Th e prohibited agents include prohibited substances and prohibited methods. For a substance or a method to be included on the Prohibited List published by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) it has to meet at least two of the fol-lowing three criteria: it enhances sport performance, it represents an actual or potential health risk to athlete or it violates the spirit of sport. Th e fi ght against doping has, for a long time, been a strategic goal at both national and global level. Countries, the International Olympic Committee, international sport federations, national sport associations and various govern-ment and non-governmental organizations have been making considerable eff orts in creating policies and strategies for the fi ght against doping in sport. In 1999 these eff orts resulted in the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Subsequently, many of the national anti-doping agencies were founded. Croatian Anti-doping Agency (CROADA) was founded in 2007 with the aim of promoting doping-free sport and protecting athletes from adverse health eff ects. ; Podliježući različitim pritiscima, od vlastitog samodokazivanja do utjecaja roditelja, trenera i šire društvene zajednice radi slave i novca, sportaši se često nalaze u iskušenju da koriste zabranjena sredstva u svrhu poboljšanja rezultata. Ta sredstva djeluju na povećanje mišić-ne snage i mase, otklanjaju umor, maskiraju druga zabranjena sredstva prilikom testiranja, dovode do bržeg oporavka, ali imaju niz drugih učinaka, vrlo često štetnih po zdravlje. Pri-mjena zabranjenih sredstava u suprotnosti je s tjelesnim i mentalnim integritetom sportaša i sportskom etikom. Poznatiji naziv za primjenu zabranjenih sredstava je doping i predstavlja jedan od najvećih problema u sportu. U zabranjena sredstva ubrajamo zabranjene supstancije i zabranjene metode. Da bi se neko sredstvo našlo na popisu zabranjenih sredstava potrebno je zadovoljiti dva od tri sljedeća kriterija: poboljšanje izvedbe, štetnost po zdravlje ili nespojivost s duhom sporta. Borba protiv dopinga u sportu već je dugi niz godina strateški važna, kako na nacionalnom tako i na globalnom nivou. Države, Međunarodni olimpijski odbor, među-narodne sportske federacije, nacionalni sportski savezi te različita vladina tijela i nevladine udruge uključeni su u kreiranje politike i strategije za borbu protiv dopinga u sportu. Rezultat tih nastojanja je osnivanje svjetske agencije za borbu protiv dopinga u sportu (WADA) 1999. i po uzoru na nju nacionalnih agencija za borbu protiv dopinga u sportu. Hrvatska agencija za borbu protiv dopinga u sportu (HADA) osnovana je 2007. s ciljem promicanja sporta bez dopinga i zaštite sportaša od neželjenih posljedica.

Korupcija je problem koji postoji već dugi niz godina, ali se u zadnje vrijeme o tome više govori i piše u medijima i društvu. U prošlosti na korupciju se gledalo kao na normalnu pojavu, dok se danas ona ipak osuđuje i pokušava spriječiti. Korupcija je zloupotreba ovlasti radi stjecanja privatne koristi. Dvije temeljne podjele su na administrativnu ili birokratsku korupciju i političku. Iako svi misle da je mito jedini oblik korupcije, postoje još mnogi oblici kao što su sukob interesa, nepotizam i klijentelizam. Mnogi se pitaju zašto dolazi do korupcije? Razlozi su mnogobrojni. To mogu biti ekonomski, politički, moralni ili neki drugi razlozi. Naravno, postoje različite teorije koje različito definiraju razloge zbog kojih se javlja korupcija. Korupcija je loša pojava i negativno utječe na čitavo društvo zato što građani gube povjerenje u vlast i korupciju doživljavaju kao normalnu pojavu. Kako bi se korupcija spriječila potrebno je imati dobar zakonodavni okvir, učinkovite institucije u borbi protiv korupcije, aktivno građanstvo, svijest o štetnosti i sankcije za počinitelja korupcije. Stanje u Republici Hrvatskoj s korupcijom nije baš dobro, naime ona je među korumpiranijim državama Europske Unije, unatoč brojnim nastojanjima da se suzbije i spriječi. ; Corruption is the problem that exist a lot of years, but lately this problem is more involved in the media and society. In the past, corruption was a normal thing, but today corruption is condemned and tries to prevent. Corruption is the abuse of power for private gain. Two main types of corruption are administrative (bureaucratic) and political corruption. Although everyone thinks that bribe is the only type of corruption, there are a lots of other forms like conflict of interest, nepotism and clientelism. People are wondering why comes to corruption. There are many reasons. It could be economic, political, moral or some other reason. Of course, there are many theories differently explaining reasons of corruption. Corruption is a bad phenomenon and has a ...

Terorizam je pojava poznata stoljećima. Borba protiv terorizma stara je koliko i sam terorizam. U novije vrijeme ona dobiva i novu dimenziju, ali još uvijek nema uspješne rezultate. Razlog za to može se tražiti i u nemogućnosti postizanja konsenzusa oko defi niranja što je to terorizam i tko su teroristi. Sama se percepcija terorizma promijenila nakon napada na WTC, a time i organi-zacija borbe protiv terorizma. Ta borba danas, u nastojanjima da pobijedi terorističke organizacije, ostavlja dubok trag na institucije i procese u liberalno- -demokratskim državama. Pojedinac je na Zapadu žrtva terorističkih napada, ali istovremeno i žrtva sve veće kontrole i "oslobađanja od slobode" koju provode, u borbi protiv terorizma, legitimno izabrane političke vlasti. Danas postoji velika opasnost od toga da liberalno demokratske države, u interesu obrane od terorizma, počnu provoditi državni terorizam nad svojim slobodnim građanima, a sve u svrhu sigurnosti. ; Terrorism is a phenomenon that has been present for many centuries. The fight against terrorism is as old as terrorism itself. In the new era it takes on a new dimension but still with no successful results. The reason for that can be found in the impossibility of forming a consensus on what terrorism is and who terrorists are. The perception of terrorism has changed after the attack on the WTC and within the organisation of the fight against terrorism. That struggle today, in its efforts to win against terrorist organisations, leaves a deep mark on the institutions and processes in a liberal democratic society. A person in the West can be a victim of terrorist attacks but also a victim of control and deprivation of freedom, which is implemented by legitimate elected political governance, in the fight against terrorism. Today there is a significant danger that a liberal democratic state will become a state of terrorism and take terrorist actions on its citizens and all in the name of security.

Supilo, one of the most significant Croatian politicians, left an indelible mark on Croatian political life due to his discerning political judgments. After his attempts to secure the unification of Croatia with Bosnia-Herzegovina within the Austro-Hungarian Empire by means of a joint Croatia-Serbia effort had fallen through, he became one of the most fervent advocates of the unification of all south Slavs within a common state. But he was also the first to recognize the destructiveness of Greater Serbian politics for a harmonious political life of the future South Slavonic state; with the same ardor with which he once advocated unification, he began his fight against it & for the independence of Croatia, hoping in this way to save its territorial & national integrity. Adapted from the source document.

Zamjensko majčinstvo, kao najsloženija metoda medicinski pomognute oplodnje i posljednje sredstvo u borbi protiv neplodnosti, u svijetu pobuđuje velike rasprave, kucajući i na vrata našega zakonodavstva, medicine i pravosuđa, što je osnovni razlog za cjelovito promatranje takve pojave s bioetičkoga motrišta kako bi se ukazalo na kompleksne moralne posljedice koje zamjensko majčinstvo sa sobom nosi u složenim odnosima (zamjenske majke, supružnika, naručiteljskoga para, djeteta). ; Surrogate motherhood as the most complex method of medically assisted reproduction and the last tool in the fight against infertility, stirs great debates around the world, knocking also on the doors of our own legislation, medicine and judiciary, which is the main reason for a comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon from a bioethical point of view in order to show the complex moral consequences that follow surrogate motherhood in the complex relationships (of the surrogate mother, spouses, the client couple, the child).

The US governance model created in the 1930s & known as Big Government is analyzed within the context of its application in foreign policy. The author looks into the foreign policy role of the American federal government, the dynamics of the relationship between the executive & the legislative branches during & following the Cold War period, & the changes occurring after the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001. Emphasis is on analysis of the Cold War legacy of the so-called nontraditional instruments of foreign policy interventions or the resources & techniques of covert activity. The author concludes that the extensive utilization of these instruments has significantly undermined the principle of limited federal government as one of the fundaments of American politics. However, in light of the new mobilization of resources in the fight against terrorism, it is necessary once again to evaluate the means of covert activity. 14 References. Adapted from the source document.

At the beginning of the 16th century, a Croatian noble family of the Frankopans was faced with an incresing Ottoman's threat, as well as a whole Croatian-Hungarian Kingdom. In an attempt to protect their lands, the Frankopans could not get help from the Croatian-Hungarian kings, whose power was weak at that time. Instead of their own kings, the Frankopans were forced to seek help from foreign rulers and fight the Ottomans themselves. Bernardin and Krsto Frankopan made an intensive contacts with the Habsburgs at the beginning of the 16th century because they expect the Habsburgs to help them in fighting the Ottomans. Frankopan's-Habsburgs' connections were of a graet significance in political events in the mid-twenties of the 16th century. ; Hrvatska velikaška obitelj Frankopana našla se početkom 16. stoljeća suočena, kao i cijelo Hrvatsko-Ugarsko Kraljevstvo, sa sve intenzivnijim osmanskim provalama. U nastojanju da zaštite svoje posjede, Frankopani nisu mogli računati na pomoć hrvatsko-ugarskih kraljeva, čija je vlast sve više slabila, već su se morali pouzdati u vlastite snage i pomoć koju mogu pronaći u stranim vladarima. Bernardin i Krsto Frankopan ostvarili su početkom 16. stoljeća intenzivne veze s Habsburgovcima, u kojima su vidjeli pomoć u obrani od Osmanlija. Frankopanski-habsburški odnosi će imati vrlo važnu ulogu u kasnijim političkim prilikama sredinom 20-ih godina 16. stoljeća.

At the beginning of the 16th century, a Croatian noble family of the Frankopans was faced with an incresing Ottoman's threat, as well as a whole Croatian-Hungarian Kingdom. In an attempt to protect their lands, the Frankopans could not get help from the Croatian-Hungarian kings, whose power was weak at that time. Instead of their own kings, the Frankopans were forced to seek help from foreign rulers and fight the Ottomans themselves. Bernardin and Krsto Frankopan made an intensive contacts with the Habsburgs at the beginning of the 16th century because they expect the Habsburgs to help them in fighting the Ottomans. Frankopan's-Habsburgs' connections were of a graet significance in political events in the mid-twenties of the 16th century. ; Hrvatska velikaška obitelj Frankopana našla se početkom 16. stoljeća suočena, kao i cijelo Hrvatsko-Ugarsko Kraljevstvo, sa sve intenzivnijim osmanskim provalama. U nastojanju da zaštite svoje posjede, Frankopani nisu mogli računati na pomoć hrvatsko-ugarskih kraljeva, čija je vlast sve više slabila, već su se morali pouzdati u vlastite snage i pomoć koju mogu pronaći u stranim vladarima. Bernardin i Krsto Frankopan ostvarili su početkom 16. stoljeća intenzivne veze s Habsburgovcima, u kojima su vidjeli pomoć u obrani od Osmanlija. Frankopanski-habsburški odnosi će imati vrlo važnu ulogu u kasnijim političkim prilikama sredinom 20-ih godina 16. stoljeća.

Autori u radu ističu važnost socijalnih intervencija kao mjera socijalne politike u svladavanju izazova suverenoga društva. Naglasak je dan na mjere poput dječjeg doplatka, naknada za roditeljski dopust, subvencioniranje stambenih kredita mladih obitelji te druge mjere pronatalitetne i obiteljske politike ne samo na državnoj, već i na lokalnoj razini. ; Dieser Beitrag bespricht die Wichtigkeit von sozialen Interventionen als Maßnahmen der Sozialpolitik bei der Bewältigung der Herausforderungen moderner Gesellschaft. Die Maßnahmen wie Kindergeld, Mutterschaftsgeld, Subventionierung von Wohnungskrediten junger Familien und andere Maßnahmen der Geburten- und Familienpolitik nicht nur auf nationaler sondern auch auf lokaler Ebene werden hervorgehoben. ; In this paper the authors give special attention to the measures of social interventions as measures of social policy in line to fight the present challenges of the contemporary society. Special attention is given to the measures of child allowances, parental benefits, state subsidies for residential loans for young families and other measures of pro-natal and family policy not just at the state level but also at local municipality level. ; Nel lavoro gli autori sottolineano l'importanza degli interventi sociali quali misure di politica sociale volte a superare le sfide poste dinnanzi alla società contemporanea. L'accento viene posto su misure quali gli aiuti ai minori, l'indennità per il congedo parentale, le sovvenzioni rivolte alle giovani famiglie per i mutui su immobili, altre misure volte alla natalità, come pure sulle politiche familiari statali e locali.

Svrha - Klimatske promjene i druga ekološka pitanja zahtijevaju odgovarajuća rješenja svih aktera uključujući i potrošače. Svrha rada jest istražiti odrednice spremnosti potrošača u borbi s klimatskim promjenama kao i vjerojatnost kupovine električnih automobila kao jedne od aktivnosti koja potencijalno može pomoći u borbi s klimatskim promjenama. Metodološki pristup - Analiza se temelji na odgovorima iz anketnoga istraživanja Eurobarometra na uzorku od 25 009 ispitanika iz 28 europskih zemalja. Odrednice vjerojatnosti poduzimanja akcija u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena, kao i kupovine električnoga automobila, identificirane su pomoću Heckmanova modela odabira. Rezultati i implikacije - Rezultati pokazuju da pojedinci koji su svjesni ozbiljnosti klimatskih promjena i koji smatraju da su prijeko potrebne aktivnosti na svim razinama vlade, poslovnoga sektora i građana, skloniji su i sami uključiti se u aktivnosti usmjerene zaštiti okoliša. Što se tiče kupovine električnoga automobila, potrošači koji pripadaju srednjoj i višoj klasi kao i oni zadovoljni svojim životima vjerojatnije će kupiti električne automobile. Ipak, njihovi stavovi o klimatskim promjenama i odgovornim akterima nemaju utjecaja na stvarnu kupovinu. Ograničenja - Glavno ograničenje istraživanja povezano je s izborom varijabli koji je bio ograničen na one dostupne u istraživanju Eurobarometra. Doprinos - Rad doprinosi razumijevanju čimbenika koji određuju ekološki prihvatljivo ponašanje i kupovinu električnih automobila na velikom uzorku europskih potrošača. Za razliku od većine istraživanja u ovom području, analiza se temelji na podacima o stvarnoj kupovini, a ne na namjeri kupovine. ; Purpose – Climate change and other environmental issues require adequate solutions by all actors, including consumers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of consumers' willingness to fight climate change and the probability of their purchase of an electric car, as an action that potentially helps mitigate climate change. Design/Methodology/Approach – The analysis relies on Eurobarometer survey responses of 25,009 individuals from 28 European countries. The determinants of probability of taking action to fight climate change and the determinants of probability of buying an electric car are identified using the Heckman selection model. Findings and implications – The results show that people who are aware of the gravity of climate change and believe that it requires action at all levels of government, business sectors and citizens are more likely to engage in pro-environmental actions. As for electric car purchase, consumers belonging to the middle class and higher classes as well as consumers satisfied with their lives are more likely to buy electric cars than others. However, their attitudes to climate change and actors responsible for it have no impact on their actual purchase. Limitations – The main limitation of this research study is associated with the choice of variables, which was limited to those available in the Eurobarometer survey. Originality – This paper contributes to a better understanding of factors behind environmentally friendly behavior and purchase of electric cars on a large sample of European consumers. Unlike most of the research in this field, the analysis is based on actual purchase data instead of purchase intention.

A certain youth society established as a police cover-up organization for carrying out acts of spying, extortion, threats, intimidation and murder of political opponents of the Yugoslav power-holders in the 1930s was rarely mentioned in historiographical texts. The components of its existence were almost completely blurred in these works, from its name, structure, membership, ideology, to its aims and actions. The article tried to overcome this by shedding light on the personality of the former director of Zagreb's police and King Alexander's favourite, dr. Janko Bedeković, revealing him as the initiator and the direct financier of 'The Young Yugoslavia' youth society – the association that under the usual guise of the state-spread organization whose intention was to promote the Yugoslav idea among the youth hid the grimy side of carrying out direct police orders in dealing with political opponents. The terror carried out by the members of 'The Young Yugoslavia', just like the period of Bedeković's tenure as the head of Zagreb's police, remained deeply rooted into the collective memory of the Croatian society of that time. The extorted criminals, bullies and swindlers protected by the membership card of that society had, under the guise of the Yugoslav idea and the fight for a unified national state, free hands to satiate their personal and morally questionable urges. This is perhaps the first occasion that their mention is based on archival sources.

Geneza i razvoj specijalne policije u Republici Hrvatskoj nerazdvojan je i paralelan proces sa stvaranjem, izgradnjom, razvojem i djelovanjem hrvatske države, koji svoje izvorište ima u Domovinskom ratu. Hrvatska je već dokazala odlučnost u borbi protiv terorizma, što možemo identificirati kroz nekoliko ključnih faza razvoja međunarodnih odnosa i koalicija: aktivno uključivanje u antiterorističku međunarodnu koaliciju, odnosno ulazak u Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda i suradnja u okviru Europske unije, te integracija u NATO i pristupanje organizaciji Atlas, mreži specijalnih policijskih postrojbi Europske unije. Takav pristup međunarodnoj suradnji možemo promatrati u kontekstu jačanja unutarnjeg sigurnosnog sustava Republike Hrvatske, a uključivanje specijalne policije u organizaciju Atlas kao jasnu poruku integriranja Hrvatske u međunarodnu antiterorističku koaliciju. ; The genesis and development of special police units in the Republic of Croatia is an inseparable and parallel process with the creation, development and activity of the Croatian state with its origins in the Croatian War of Independence. The Republic of Croatia has already demonstrated its determination in the fight against terrorism. It can be identified through several key phases of the development of international relations and coalitions: the active participation in the anti-terrorist international coalition, i.e. the involvement in the United Nations Security Council and the cooperation within the frameworks of the European Union, the integration into NATO alliance and the accession to the Atlas Network. This approach to international cooperation can be viewed in the context of strengthening internal security system of the Republic of Croatia, while the involvement of special police units in the Atlas Network can be seen as a clear message of the integration of the Republic of Croatia in the international anti-terrorist coalition.

With the production of their own media material, the ethnic minorities assume responsibility for opposing the predominant media discourses of the majority culture, and fight for their own distinctiveness and (self)representation within the Croatian media sphere. The ethnic-minority media serve not only the purpose of preserving the socio-cultural values and special features of the minority identity, but also of providing information both to a particular community on the intra-ethnic level and to the majority of the Croatian society regarding the situation, the needs and the rights of the minorities themselves. Thus they represent and convey their interests to the general public. This paper aims to investigate how ethnic minorities are represented in the media and to what extent the ethnic-minority media are represented in the media arena of the Republic of Croatia. The author focuses especially on the city of Zagreb and the minorities which have organized ethnic-minority Councils there. An introductory discussion on the role and influence of the media is followed by an overview of the analysis of ways of reporting on ethnic minorities in the mainstream media of the majority, based on the results of research carried out so far. Furthermore, the paper includes a discussion on the minority media, comprising a tabular outline of print media and digital media (from the Internet domain) of the ethnic-minority communities in the Republic of Croatia. Finally, the author provides an analysis of such a state of affairs regarding the media, and some concluding remarks. Adapted from the source document.

With the production of their own media material, the ethnic minorities assume responsibility for opposing the predominant media discourses of the majority culture, and fight for their own distinctiveness and (self)representation within the Croatian media sphere. The ethnic-minority media serve not only the purpose of preserving the socio-cultural values and special features of the minority identity, but also of providing information both to a particular community on the intra-ethnic level and to the majority of the Croatian society regarding the situation, the needs and the rights of the minorities themselves. Thus they represent and convey their interests to the general public. This paper aims to investigate how ethnic minorities are represented in the media and to what extent the ethnic-minority media are represented in the media arena of the Republic of Croatia. The author focuses especially on the city of Zagreb and the minorities which have organized ethnic-minority Councils there. An introductory discussion on the role and influence of the media is followed by an overview of the analysis of ways of reporting on ethnic minorities in the mainstream media of the majority, based on the results of research carried out so far. Furthermore, the paper includes a discussion on the minority media, comprising a tabular outline of print media and digital media (from the Internet domain) of the ethnic-minority communities in the Republic of Croatia. Finally, the author provides an analysis of such a state of affairs regarding the media, and some concluding remarks. Adapted from the source document.

Zbog specifične izgradnje bolnice i njezina smještaja, hrvatska je vlada odlučila da će Klinička bolnica Dubrava u potpunosti biti pretvorena u ustanovu za liječenje pacijenata oboljelih od bolesti COVID-19 za sjevernu Hrvatsku. U ožujku 2020. godine transformacija je započela stavljajući brojne izazove pred zaposlenike, posebno medicinske sestre. Transformacija je započela prilagodbom prostora i razvojem mnogih protokola, smjernica i radnih uputa vezanih za kretanje pacijenata i bolničkog osoblja unutar ustanove, pravilnu upotrebu osobne zaštitne opreme i rješavanje različitih situacija povezanih s COVID-19 bolesti. Operacijske medicinske sestre imale su velik doprinos u ovoj borbi radom u promijenjenim uvjetima, dislociranim operacijskim dvoranama, edukacijom medicinskog i nemedicinskog bolničkog osoblja o ispravnoj upotrebi osnovnih zaštitnih sredstava (OZS) te upravljanjem i raspolaganjem s OZS-om. Na valovima pandemije COVID-19 izazovno je brzo se prilagođavati učestalim promjenama u smjernicama i pratiti potrebe pacijenata te se istovremeno pripremati za mogući treći val pandemije i slične buduće scenarije. ; Due to the specific construction of the hospital and its location, the Croatian government decided that Clinical Hospital Dubrava will be fully converted into an institution for the treatment of COVID-19 positive patients for Northern Croatia. In March 2020 the transformation began bringing many challenges in front of employees, especially nurses. The transformation started with the conversion of space and the development of many protocols, guidelines, and work instructions related to the movement of patients and hospital staff within the institution, proper use of PPE, and dealing with various situations related to COVID-19. Operating nurses largely contributed to this fight by working in changed conditions, in dislocated operating rooms, by educating medical and non-medical hospital staff to correct use of PPE and management and disposition of PPE. In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is challenging to adapt quickly to frequent changes in guidelines and monitor patient needs while preparing for a possible third pandemic wave and similar future scenarios.