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Following the LIEPP Working Paper No 80, this Policy bief takes stock of the activities carried out within the French Parliament in the field of evaluating public policies over the last ten years. Efforts, notably in the National Assembly, are far from negligible. However, both the quality and the political importance of the evaluations carried out fall short of the expectations expressed by the Constituent in 2008. However, very recently, new initiatives have emerged which point to an act II of evaluation in Parliament. This involves both strengthening the internal resources of the assemblies and external collaborations. ; International audience Following the LIEPP's Working paper n°80, this Policy Brief reviews the activities of the French Parliament in the area of public policy evaluation for ten years. The efforts made, especially by the Assemblée nationale, are far from negligible. However, the quality and the importance of the evaluations done stay below the expectations of the Constituent in 2008. Nevertheless, very recently, new initiatives have appeared and suggest a second act of parliamentary evaluation. This assumes a reinforcing of the assemblies' internal tools and external collaboration. ; Following the LIEPP Working Paper No 80, this Policy bief takes stock of the activities carried out within the French Parliament in the field of evaluating public policies over the last ten years. Efforts, notably in the National Assembly, are far from negligible. However, both the quality and the political importance of the evaluations carried out fall short of the expectations expressed by the Constituent in 2008. However, very recently, new initiatives have emerged which point to an act II of evaluation in Parliament. This involves both strengthening the internal resources of the assemblies and external collaborations. ; A la suite du Working paper n° 80 du LIEPP, ce Policy Bief dresse le bilan des activités développées au sein du Parlement français en matière d'évaluation des politiques publiques depuis dix ...

It is hardly possible to propose a clear and precise definition of 'colonial novel'. The variety of themes, narrow places, geographical areas, Roman staff, conflicts and events, as well as ways to tell and say, is such that it is difficult to provide a description that would capture all colonial fictions. ; International audience ; It is hardly possible to propose a clear and precise definition of 'colonial novel'. The variety of themes, narrow places, geographical areas, Roman staff, conflicts and events, as well as ways to tell and say, is such that it is difficult to provide a description that would capture all colonial fictions. ; Il n'est guère possible de proposer une définition claire et précise du "roman colonial". La variété des thèmes, des lieux narrés, des espaces géographiques, du personnel romanesque, des conflits et des rencontres mis en scène, mais aussi des manières de raconter et de dire est telle qu'il est compliqué d'en offrir une description qui rendrait compte de toutes les fictions coloniales.

International audience Considering the questions of encoding and decoding a text in the High Middle Ages, this paper deals with the political dimensions of poetical and literary matter. The central point of the article is the work of Rabanus Maurus ; À la croisée des chemins, le sens de la lecture (chiffrage et déchiffrage) Un des premiers auteurs de romans français, Wace, se présente dans le roman de Rou comme clerclisant 1. On s'est beaucoup interrogé sur le sens de cette expression 2 , qui doit se prendre à plusieurs niveaux. Il est évident que pour nous, lire c'est donner du sens, expliciter l'écrit, ce que l'on retrouve dans le mot de leçon, dont on oublie trop souvent qu'il vient du latin lectio. Lire, de legere, c'est à la fois choisir (élire est de la même famille) et assembler : un double travail de glaneur et de botteleur en quelque sorte. Choses qui paraissent bien loin du sens actuel, si l'on oublie que le manuscrit antique et que les premiers manuscrits médiévaux ne marquaient pas d'espaces entre les mots, et que c'est une sorte de tapis compact et sans repère qui était offert au clerc ; être clerclisant, c'était alors donner du sens à ce qui était écrit, tracer un chemin dans un maquis de signes abstraits pour y retrouver la parole qui y était enserrée.[.]

Stig Dagerman « le Rimbaud du Nord » écrit L'enfant brûlé en 1948 à vingt-cinq ans.Puis, au faîte de la gloire, il s'enferme dans un mutisme total et se suicide à trente et un ans.La Suède pleure.Le roman débute ainsi : « On enterre une femme à deux heures… » La mère vient de disparaître.Seule demeure sa flamme qui va brûler les autres, en permanence : le fils, le père, la maîtresse de ce dernier, la fiancée du fils, la jolie tante, la laide. Et le Nord. Dans une opposition permanente, la vie s' …

ten years after their repatriation to France, the Harkis, former deputies of the French army in Algeria, still suffer from particularly difficult living conditions. The 1970s marked the beginning of their mobilisation. After Algeria's independence in 1962, and in the wake of thousands of Algerians, elected officials, military and civilian officials, linked to the French State or the French Army during the war, almost 90 000 former deputies and family members fled in France. Over 42.000 of them pass through camps in southern France, like the Rivesaltes camp, and then scattered across all countries. A decade after the war, those called 'French Muslims repatriated ii' questioned the public authorities and public opinion about the difficulties of their social situation. Specific associations are gradually emerging, with the emergence of spokespersons and new forms of mobilisation, working to defend their interests. ; International audience ; ten years after their repatriation to France, the Harkis, former deputies of the French army in Algeria, still suffer from particularly difficult living conditions. The 1970s marked the beginning of their mobilisation. After Algeria's independence in 1962, and in the wake of thousands of Algerians, elected officials, military and civilian officials, linked to the French State or the French Army during the war, almost 90 000 former deputies and family members fled in France. Over 42.000 of them pass through camps in southern France, like the Rivesaltes camp, and then scattered across all countries. A decade after the war, those called 'French Muslims repatriated ii' questioned the public authorities and public opinion about the difficulties of their social situation. Specific associations are gradually emerging, with the emergence of spokespersons and new forms of mobilisation, working to defend their interests. ; Dix ans après leur rapatriement en France, les Harkis, anciens supplétifs de l'armée française en Algérie, subissent toujours des conditions de vie particulièrement ...

In the area of surface treatment, increasingly binding environmental legislation (Decree of 30 June 2006, WFD, IPPC, REACH, etc.) requires industrialists to reconsider their production tools and move towards new optimisation strategies with a view to preventing and reducing at source the generation and harmfulness of pollutants. The ability of these 'Production Propre' strategies to reduce anthropogenic pressures, improve production processes and generate profits is no longer to be demonstrated [1-3]. However, they may have an impact on the quality, safety or even the organisation of the production tool. Understanding the various impacts associated with the introduction of own production practices (substitution of chromium VI formulations by chromium III, installation of rinsings by spraying, purchase of an electrolyser, etc.) is important to control the production tool. This study proposes a methodology and a tool for assessing the impact of the implementation of Production Plus Propre and Plus Sûre (4PS) practices. This tool allows an inventory of the surface processing workshop against 4PS criteria. On the other hand, it sheds light on the choice of own production practices suited to its objectives. ; International audience ; In the area of surface treatment, increasingly binding environmental legislation (Decree of 30 June 2006, WFD, IPPC, REACH, etc.) requires industrialists to reconsider their production tools and move towards new optimisation strategies with a view to preventing and reducing at source the generation and harmfulness of pollutants. The ability of these 'Production Propre' strategies to reduce anthropogenic pressures, improve production processes and generate profits is no longer to be demonstrated [1-3]. However, they may have an impact on the quality, safety or even the organisation of the production tool. Understanding the various impacts associated with the introduction of own production practices (substitution of chromium VI formulations by chromium III, installation of rinsings by ...

No 45 of the journal 'Recherche et apications, le Française en l'monde' has been coordinated by Evelyne Rosen. The actional approach offers new perspectives for summative and certification evaluation, including European operators, methodolologists and teachers gradually following generally Anglo-Saxon theorists. However, while it is now relatively easy to define the basic parameters of the evaluation tasks, the resulting analysis of performance requires a political perspective which cannot be solved by the use of statistical techniques alone. ; International audience ; No 45 of the journal 'Recherche et apications, le Française en l'monde' has been coordinated by Evelyne Rosen. The actional approach offers new perspectives for summative and certification evaluation, including European operators, methodolologists and teachers gradually following generally Anglo-Saxon theorists. However, while it is now relatively easy to define the basic parameters of the evaluation tasks, the resulting analysis of performance requires a political perspective which cannot be solved by the use of statistical techniques alone. ; Le n°45 de la revue "recherches et appliications, le français dans le monde" a été coordonné par Evelyne Rosen L'approche actionnelle offre de nouvelles perspectives à l'évaluation sommative et certificative, dont les opérateurs européens, les méthodologues et les enseignants s'emparent peu à peu à la suite de théoriciens généralement anglo-saxons. Cependant, s'il est relativement aisé de définir désormais les paramètres fondamentaux des tâches évaluatives, l'analyse des performances qui en résultent nécessite une mise en perspective politique que le recours à des techniques statistiques ne pourra pas résoudre seul.

Summary This article takes up some experiences of searching FARC fighters for missing persons, undertaken by relatives and ex-combatants, to show how the lives of the thousands of guerrillas killed during hostilities were not considered living lives by various state entities and the bulk of Colombian society. This determined the ways in which family members of fighters who have fallen into fighting, or other military operations, have had to make searches and staves: clandestinely, without bodies, without certainty. I would point out that the impossibility of valuing these lives, giving them names and recognising their stories has profound implications for attempts to build a community in a country such as Colombia, in the current post-agreement scenario, which is still going through the armed conflict. ; Resumen El presente artículo retoma algunas experiencias de búsquedas de combatientes de las FARC dados por desaparecidos, emprendidas por familiares y excombatientes, para exponer cómo las vidas de los miles de guerrilleros, muertos durante las hostilidades, no fueron consideradas como vidas vivibles por parte de distintas entidades estatales y del grueso de la sociedad colombiana. Ello determinó las formas en las que familiares de combatientes caídos en combates, u otras operaciones militares, han tenido que hacer las búsquedas y los duelos: de forma clandestina, sin cuerpos, sin certezas. Señalo con ello que la imposibilidad de valorar esas vidas, de darles nombres y reconocer sus historias, tiene implicaciones profundas en los intentos de construir comunidad en un país como Colombia, en el actual escenario de postacuerdo, que sigue atravesado por el conflicto armado.

This document makes recommendations allowing the European Union (EU) to complement the obligation to carry out a data protection impact assessment (DPIA), as defined in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), with the aim of achieving a more robust protection of personal data. In April 2016, the EU finalised the essential part of the reform of the legal framework for the protection of personal data. The Union is currently preparing the implementing measures and guidelines giving full effect to the new legal provisions prior to their application as of May 2018. Among other 'novelties', this reform introduces the legal obligation to carry out a DPIA. However, there are some weaknesses in this obligation. This note seeks to address this by providing additional information to the current policy development process, including by proposing "best practices" to arrive at a type of generic impact assessment, which could be recommended for several areas (Section II). Section III presents a first assessment of how these best practices relate to the specific obligation to carry out an impact assessment, i.e. the DPIA, determined by the GDPR. These two sections are preceded by some background information on impact assessments as such. In this sense, Section I presents a definition and historical overview, as well as the pros and cons of impact assessments in general. Finally, Section IV provides recommendations to complement the obligation to carry out a DPIA as required by the GDPR. These recommendations propose in particular: (1) broadening the scope of the obligation to conduct a DPIA under the GDPR; (2) develop methods for carrying out such an analysis; (3) establish 'centres of reference' with data protection authorities (DPAs) which are entirely focused on the performance of DPIA. This policy note is addressed above all to policy makers active at EU and Member State level, notwithstanding the potential interest it might raise with their counterparts in other parts of the world. ; Le présent document émet des ...

Pothumanism refers to this line of thought which advocates the improvement of humans by technologies, based inter alia on the new convergence between nanotechnologies, biotechnology, computer sciences and cognitive sciences. The article looks at how our lifestyles fit with this movement of thought. ; Le posthumanisme désigne ce courant de pensée qui prône l'amélioration de l'humain par les technologies, sur la base notamment de la convergence nouvelles entre nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, sciences informatiques et sciences cognitives. L'article étudie la congruence de nos modes de vie avec ce mouvement de pensée.

During the summer, bad news on the economic front followed: financial crisis triggered by the bursting of the housing bubble in the United States, disappointing second quarter growth figures for large euro area countries, rising prices of around USD 80 per barrel, a further decline in the dollar against the euro. We believe, however, that these events are not sufficient to break the momentum of growth started in 2006 in the euro area and therefore jeopardise the prospects for recovery in France by 2008 (.). ; Au cours de l'été, les mauvaises nouvelles sur le front économique se sont succédées : crise financière initiée par l'éclatement de la bulle immobilière aux États-Unis, chiffres de croissance du deuxième trimestre décevants pour les grands pays de la zone euro, hausse du prix du brent avoisinant 80 dollars le baril, nouveau recul du dollar par rapport à l'euro. Nous pensons, cependant, que ces évènements ne sont pas suffisants pour casser l'élan de croissance amorcé en 2006 en zone euro et par conséquent hypothéquer les perspectives de reprise en France à l'horizon 2008 (.).

International audience The agro-industrial food system after major advances is now facing heavy negative externalities, with health, social and environmental crises. An alternative prospective scenario (territorialized food systems) is driven by the objectives of sustainable development. It is based on product quality, autonomy, proximity, and local, national and international solidarity. It requires new food policies. ; Le système alimentaire agroindustriel après d'importantes avancées se heurte désormais à de lourdes externalités négatives, marquées par de multiples crises sanitaires, sociales et environnementales. Un scénario de prospective alternatif (systèmes alimentaires territorialisés) est piloté par les objectifs du développement durable. Il est fondé sur la qualité des produits, l'autonomie, la proximité, et la solidarité locale, nationale et internationale. Il suppose de nouvelles politiques alimentaires.

Shared physical custody is increasingly needed in Quebec as a model for post-separation parental custody. It corresponds to the contemporary norms and values of the democratic and negotiating family and a co-parenthood that transcends any marriage breakdown. However, when it is known that intimate partner violence can also survive marital breakdown, it is necessary to reconsider the assumption of the superiority of shared physical custody, which has rapidly spread in public speeches and representations. This article analyses the rhetoric of mothers who have been victims of violence who, despite them, have discovered that shared custody has rather paved the way for them to perpetuate and revictimise violence. ; International audience ; Shared physical custody is increasingly needed in Quebec as a model for post-separation parental custody. It corresponds to the contemporary norms and values of the democratic and negotiating family and a co-parenthood that transcends any marriage breakdown. However, when it is known that intimate partner violence can also survive marital breakdown, it is necessary to reconsider the assumption of the superiority of shared physical custody, which has rapidly spread in public speeches and representations. This article analyses the rhetoric of mothers who have been victims of violence who, despite them, have discovered that shared custody has rather paved the way for them to perpetuate and revictimise violence. ; La garde physique partagée s'impose de plus en plus au Québec à titre de modèle en matière de garde parentale post-séparation. Elle correspond en effet aux normes et valeurs contemporaines de la famille démocratique et négociatrice et d'une coparentalité transcendant toute rupture conjugale. Mais lorsqu'on sait que la violence conjugale peut également survivre à une rupture conjugale, force est de reconsidérer le présupposé de la supériorité de la garde physique partagée qui s'est rapidement propagé dans les discours et représentations publiques. Cet article analyse le ...

Reducing the number of holdings, concentrations and enlargements characterises the development of French agriculture from 1988 to 2000. Successive reforms of agricultural policy have had an impact on the spatial and human organisation of agricultural systems. In this article, we propose to present the main developments in French-Comtoise agriculture, taking account of the new agricultural policy guidelines, based on the data provided by the latest general agricultural census (IGS, 2000). ; Réduction du nombre d'exploitations, concentrations et agrandissements caractérisent l'évolution de l'agriculture française de 1988 à 2000. Les réformes successives de la politique agricole n'ont pas été sans conséquences sur l'organisation spatiale et humaine des systèmes agraires. Nous nous proposons à travers cet article de présenter les principales évolutions de l'agriculture franc-comtoise en tenant compte des nouvelles orientations de la politique agricole, et ce, à partir des données fournies par le dernier recensement général de l'agriculture (RGA, 2000).

My secret hope, before starting reading this book, was to discover some new avenues for reflection that would help to renew the theoretical debate on the European Union (EU). Unfortunately, however, Moravcsik's familiar reader will find only a summary in which the author develops the thesis he has developed over the past decade under the banner of 'liberal intergovernmentalism' (.). ; Mon secret espoir, avant d'entamer la lecture de ce livre, était d'y découvrir quelques nouvelles pistes de réflexion contribuant à renouveler le débat théorique sur l'Union européenne (UE). Mais hélas, le lecteur déjà familier de Moravcsik n'y trouvera qu'une synthèse dans laquelle l'auteur développe les thèses qu'il a élaborées depuis une dizaine d'années sous la bannière de l' "intergouvernementalisme libéral " (.).