Suchergebnisse

Batı ülkelerinde krizler, biri, 1929 Dünya İktisadi Bunalımı ve diğeri, 1970'lerin sonlarındaki kamu mali krizi olmak üzere, esasta iki şekilde kendisini göstermiştir. Bu krizler sonrasında devlet ve kamu yönetiminde yeniden yapılanmaya gidilmiştir. Krizleri, bilimsel temelli açıklayan kuramsal yaklaşımlar vardır. Bu kuramsal yaklaşımların esasta iki ana gruba ayrıştırılabileceği görülmektedir. Birinci grup yaklaşımlar, piyasa sisteminde değişik nedenlerle sapmalar/dengeden uzaklaşmalar olabileceği ve bu durumlarda devletin sisteme müdahale etmesini salık veren liberal yaklaşımlardır. İkinci olarak, Marksist temelli yaklaşımlar bulunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımlar, krizleri, kapitalist sistemin doğasıyla açıklamaktadırlar. Krizlerin ortaya çıkmasında ve çözümünde yerel yönetimlerin işlev ve rolüne bakıldığında, krizin ana aktörünün, "dar anlamda devlet" biçiminde de tanımlanan Merkezi İdare olduğu, yerel yönetimlerin etkin bir rolünün bulunmadığı ileri sürülebilir. Bununla birlikte, farklı kuramlar, kriz sürecinde yerel yönetimin işlev ve rolüne ilişkin farklı açıklamalar getirmektedirler. ; Crises in Western countries manifested itself in two ways, one being the World Economic Depression of 1929 and the other being the public financial crisis of the late 1970s. After these crises, the state and public administration were restructured. There are theoretical approaches that explain crises on a scientific basis. It is seen that these theoretical approaches can be divided into two main groups. The first group of approaches is the liberal approach which suggests that there may be deviations from the market system due to different reasons and that the state intervenes in the system. Second, there are Marxist-based approaches. These approaches explain crises with the nature of the capitalist system. When the function and role of local governments in the emergence and resolution of crises is examined, it can be argued that the main actor of the crisis is the Central Government, which is also defined as state in a narrow sense, and that local governments do not have an effective role. However, different theories provide different explanations about the function and role of local government in the crisis process.

Batı ülkelerinde krizler, biri, 1929 Dünya İktisadi Bunalımı ve diğeri, 1970'lerin sonlarındaki kamu mali krizi olmak üzere, esasta iki şekilde kendisini göstermiştir. Bu krizler sonrasında devlet ve kamu yönetiminde yeniden yapılanmaya gidilmiştir. Krizleri, bilimsel temelli açıklayan kuramsal yaklaşımlar vardır. Bu kuramsal yaklaşımların esasta iki ana gruba ayrıştırılabileceği görülmektedir. Birinci grup yaklaşımlar, piyasa sisteminde değişik nedenlerle sapmalar/dengeden uzaklaşmalar olabileceği ve bu durumlarda devletin sisteme müdahale etmesini salık veren liberal yaklaşımlardır. İkinci olarak, Marksist temelli yaklaşımlar bulunmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımlar, krizleri, kapitalist sistemin doğasıyla açıklamaktadırlar. Krizlerin ortaya çıkmasında ve çözümünde yerel yönetimlerin işlev ve rolüne bakıldığında, krizin ana aktörünün, "dar anlamda devlet" biçiminde de tanımlanan Merkezi İdare olduğu, yerel yönetimlerin etkin bir rolünün bulunmadığı ileri sürülebilir. Bununla birlikte, farklı kuramlar, kriz sürecinde yerel yönetimin işlev ve rolüne ilişkin farklı açıklamalar getirmektedirler. ; Crises in Western countries manifested itself in two ways, one being the World Economic Depression of 1929 and the other being the public financial crisis of the late 1970s. After these crises, the state and public administration were restructured. There are theoretical approaches that explain crises on a scientific basis. It is seen that these theoretical approaches can be divided into two main groups. The first group of approaches is the liberal approach which suggests that there may be deviations from the market system due to different reasons and that the state intervenes in the system. Second, there are Marxist-based approaches. These approaches explain crises with the nature of the capitalist system. When the function and role of local governments in the emergence and resolution of crises is examined, it can be argued that the main actor of the crisis is the Central Government, which is also defined as state in a narrow sense, and that local governments do not have an effective role. However, different theories provide different explanations about the function and role of local government in the crisis process.

Il saggio esamina il nuovo Reg. (UE) n. 2402/2017, in vigore dal 1° Gennaio 2019, che istituisce un quadro generale per le operazioni di cartolarizzazione e, al tempo stesso, un quadro specifico per le cartolarizzazioni semplici, trasparenti e standardizzate (s.t.s.). Unitamente al Reg. (UE) n. 2401/2017 (in materia di requisiti prudenziali per enti creditizi e imprese di investimento), il Regolamento raccoglie larga parte della disciplina unionale in materia di cartolarizzazioni (Securitisation framework). L'analisi, che prende avvio da una preliminare descrizione dell'architettura essenziale di un'operazione di cartolarizzazione (Cap. 1), muove, in primo luogo, da un'indagine di tipo ricognitivo e funzionale all'individuazione dei fallimenti di mercato e della regolamentazione osservati nel settore dei prodotti cartolarizzati durante la crisi finanziaria 2007-2008 (Cap. 2). A seguire viene ricostruito il dibattito sulle linee di politica legislativa di settore sviluppatosi, a livello internazionale, attraverso i lavori, fra gli altri, dell'International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) e, a livello europeo, nell'ambito dei lavori sull'Unione dei mercati dei capitali (Cap. 3). Infine, il lavoro si concentra sull'analisi del nuovo Regolamento e, in particolare, sugli obblighi di dovuta diligenza, di mantenimento del rischio e di trasparenza (Cap. 4), nonché sul nuovo quadro normativo delle cartolarizzazioni s.t.s. (Cap. 5), con l'obiettivo di fornire una prima valutazione in ordine ai risultati raggiunti dal Legislatore europeo nell'ambito della reform agenda del mercato dei prodotti cartolarizzati. ; The essay examines the new Regulation (EU) 2017/2402, in force since 1 January 2019, which establishes a general framework for securitisation transactions and, at the same time, a specific framework for simple, transparent and standardised securitisations (s.t.s.). Along with Regulation (EU) 2017/2401 (on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms), the Regulation collects a large part of the Union's securitisation framework (Securitisation framework). The analysis, which starts from a preliminary description of the essential architecture of a securitisation operation (chap. 1), moves, first, an investigation of a reconnaissance and functional type to identify the market failures and regulation observed in the sector of securitised products during the financial crisis 2007-2008 (chap. 2). Following this, the debate on the legislative policy lines of the sector developed at international level through the work of, among others, the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) and, at European level, in the context of the work on the Capital Markets Union (chap. 3). Finally, the essay focuses on the analysis of the new Regulation and, in particular, on the obligations of due diligence, maintenance of risk (risk retention rule) and transparency (chap. 4), as well as on the new regulatory framework of securitisations s.t.s. (chap. 5) with the aim of providing an initial assessment of the results achieved by the European legislator in the context of the reform of the market agenda for securitised products.

In the years of the 2008 world financial crisis and of the global protests of the Occupy-Movement, the German author Ingo Schulze writes a novel about the German reunification, in which he tells the story of the 'GDR-rogue' Peter Holtz fighting for a fairer society. In this novel Schulze challenges the question of the democratic quality of the political and economic world order arisen at the historical moment of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Why does Schulze decide to write just a picaresque novel about the German reunification during the financial crisis after 2007? What is the additional value of this literary elaboration of the historical turning point of 1989? Why does money play such a significant role in this novel? The contribution expounds that Schulze retrospectively and critically retraces in his picaresque novel the way from the 'anti-fascist rampart' of the GDR to the moneycentred financial world of Wall Street. The article illustrates at the same time Schulze's diagnosis according to which during the process of German reunification the West betrayed its own democratic values and against the background of the peaceful revolution in the GDR missed the historical chance to build a fairer future society. ; In the years of the 2008 world financial crisis and of the global protests of the Occupy-Movement, the German author Ingo Schulze writes a novel about the German reunification, in which he tells the story of the 'GDR-rogue' Peter Holtz fighting for a fairer society. In this novel Schulze challenges the question of the democratic quality of the political and economic world order arisen at the historical moment of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Why does Schulze decide to write just a picaresque novel about the German reunification during the financial crisis after 2007? What is the additional value of this literary elaboration of the historical turning point of 1989? Why does money play such a significant role in this novel? The contribution expounds that Schulze retrospectively and critically retraces in his picaresque novel the way from the 'anti-fascist rampart' of the GDR to the moneycentred financial world of Wall Street. The article illustrates at the same time Schulze's diagnosis according to which during the process of German reunification the West betrayed its own democratic values and against the background of the peaceful revolution in the GDR missed the historical chance to build a fairer future society.