Suchergebnisse

In common with most developing countries, the statistical
information about savings in Pakistan is weak and incomplete. Some
studies were made in the recent past [1(a), pp.1-50; 1(b), pp.163-208]
but these relate to specific sectors of the economy, or they are based
on one statistical source and may, therefore, be inconsistent with data
from other sources. The only comprehensive estimate is produced annually
by the Planning Commission as a corollary of its work on national
accounts and investment expenditures. Recent evaluation reports [2(a),
pp.5-9; 2(b), pp.21-25] have contained estimates of national gross
savings calculated as the difference between the investment expenditures
on one side, and external financing on the other. As the investment
estimates are derived from data on key inputs [2(a), pp.173-181; 2(b),
pp.137-144]—machinery, transport equipment, steel and cement—com¬bined
with a more detailed estimate for one year used as the benchmark, there
probably is a significant standard error of estimate here. With regard
to external finance, the balance of payments data used are probably more
accurate than the investment figures, but are also inadequate, notably
with regard to foreign private investment and technical
assistance.

This paper sets out to investigate the importance to less developed countries (LDCs) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as a source of short to medium term finance. A discussion of longer term concessionary aid falls outside the scope of the analysis, though this will be alluded to at times.

The absence of relevant information concerning channel members can form one of the major difficulties facing a company attempting to implement a systems approach to the physical distribution of its products. Where channel cohesion permits assistance and co‐ordination, the remedy may be effected by Instituting a routine feedback or conducting a specific research project to collect the data. Many manufacturers, however, possess a channel structure which can be more accurately described as a series of discrete markets rather than a process which involves sharing market opportunities and integrating to ensure the best overall marketing impact. In the former situation business information is normally jealously guarded and alternative methods of data collection, where these are possible, can be lengthy, frustrating and expensive.

Part 1: 20. June 1980. - III,11 S., Tab., nebst 9 S. Annex. - (TD/B/C.3/166/Part I) ; (GE.80-54269); Part 2: 26. June 1980. - II,3 S., Tab., nebst Annex 1-7 u. Corr. 1. - (TD/B/C.3/166/Part II) ; (GE.80-54481); Part 2, Add. 1: Addendum. - 9. July 1980. - 12 S., Tab., nebst Corr. 1. - (TD/B/C.3/166/Part II/Add. 1) ; (GE.80-54710)