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An important issue in the discussion of fiscal policy is the contention that the public sector could expand only at the expense of the private sector, which must contract to provide the necessary room. Focusing on the phenomenon of "financial" crowding out, which relates to the financing of public expenditure, rather than resource crowding out, which relates to the size of public expenditure, an attempt is made to determine empirically, using the National Instit of Economic & Social Research (NIESR) macroeconomic model of the UK economy, whether fiscal actions under different modes of finance affect some strategic economic variables. It is concluded that there is no significant crowding out in the NIESR model; it is, however, important to distinguish between money-financed & bond-financed increases in government expenditure. 4 Tables, 55 References. Modified HA.

IN ANY COMPARISON OF RECENT TRENDS IN GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES TO BUDGETARY AUSTERITIES, FRANCE IS LIKELY TO BE THE ANOMALY THAT PROVES THE RULE. COMING TO POWER IN A PERIOD WHEN THE FRENCH PUBLIC SPENDING HAD ALREADY SEEMED OUT OF CONTROL, MITTERRAND'S GOVERNMENT FOLLOWED THE EXACT OPPOSITE BUDGETARY STRATEGY OF THAT GAINING FAVOR AMONG VOTERS IN BRITAIN, GERMANY, AND THE UNITED STATES. IN FACT, MITTERRAND AND HIS MINISTER OF FINANCE JACQUES DELORS FOLLOWED A STRATEGY SOMEWHAT SIMILAR TO THAT TRIED BY HEATH IN 1972. FACED WITH HIGH INFLATION, GROWING UNEMPLOYMENT, AND LABOR UNREST, MITTERRAND OPTED FOR HIGH GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN ORDER TO ARRIVE AT AN EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN WAGES AND PRICES. THE IDEA WAS TO SPEND ONE'S SELF OUT OF INFLATION. LIKE A GREAT DEAL OF UNWORKABLE ECONOMIC ADVICE, THE STRATEGY MAKES PERFECTLY GOOD ECONOMIC SENSE IF ONE CAN ARRIVE AT A STAGE WHERE INCREASED PRODUCTION BRINGS REAL PRICES INTO LINE WITH REAL WAGES. OF COURSE, IF ONE CANNOT MAKE A PEACE CONTRACT WITH LABOR, THE POLICY ENDS WITH DISASTROUS INFLATION.

ABSTRACTAn important issue in the discussion of fiscal policy is the contention that the public sector could expand only at the expense of the private sector, which must contract to provide the necessary room. This paper is concerned with 'financial' crowding out, which relates to the financing of public expenditure, rather than resource crowding out, which relates to the size of public expenditure. The paper attempts to determine empirically, using the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) macroeconomic model of the UK economy, whether fiscal actions under different modes of finance affect some strategic economic variables. The paper utilises techniques of optimal control, which are considered superior to simulation. The main conclusion of the paper is that there is no significant crowding out in the NIESR model; it is, nevertheless, important to distinguish between money-financed and bond-financed increases in government expenditure.

As part of a larger research project into the CHAMPUS (Civilian Health and Medical Program for the Uniformed Services, the legislative history of military dependent medical care programs was traced to illustrate the Congressional intent behind the CHAMPUS program. This history is used to derive normative implications for the form of future program structure changes ; Supported by funds from the Op-96 Conceptual Studies Program Contract to Professor Whipple at NPS during the 1975 Fiscal Year. ; http://archive.org/details/historyofmilitar00maas ; N00018-75-WR-00018 ; NA

The latest budget was the clearest indication yet of the break which is occurring in the way in which economic policy has been conducted since the war. Against a background of falling output and rapidly rising unemployment (actual, as well as forecast) the Chancellor introduced a deflationary package. The last time unemployment reached ¾ million on an upward trend, in mid-1971, policy was already moving towards stimulation of demand, and this was the tendency on all previous occasions when the unemployment figures had been rising for any length of time. The different reaction this time is a measure of the seriousness with which the Chancellor views the balance of payments situation and, more especially, wage and salary inflation. Demand management policy is evidently now being used not to maintain a high and stable level of employment but as a bargaining weapon in an attempt to get some effective tightening of the social contract. Wages have risen much faster than prices over the past twelve months, evidence that the Trade Union side of the contract is not being kept. The government is therefore showing that it can no longer keep its part of the bargain and that it will not, through its fiscal and monetary policies, continue to validate a rate of wage increase between 20 and 30 per cent per annum. While this policy is pursued, unemployment must rise unless or until the inflation of incomes slows down.

In An Introduction, John Creighton Campbell (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor) raises for discussion the issue of cutbacks in government spending from a comparative perspective. Three generalizations are drawn: ideological intensity varies inversely with the size of the government; cutbacks push authority upward toward the chief executive; & popular movements have not succeeded in cutting back government spending, but have changed people's ways of thinking about government. In Governmental Responses to Budget Scarcity: Great Britain, Anthony King (U of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, England) notes the centrality of economic issues to British politics & traces the emergence of "big government" as such an issue. Results of economic, tax, & income policies adopted by the Thatcher government are examined. It appears that government has been cut down, but remains fundamentally the same institutionally; at the same time, mass unemployment & serious poverty have become prevalent. In Governmental Responses to Budget Scarcity: The United States, Joel D. Aberbach & Bert A. Rockman (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor) examine the US movement away from big government as a response to relative resource scarcity. In Governmental Responses to Budget Scarcity: Japan, Campbell traces a series of administrative reforms in Japanese government growing out of concern with budget deficits. While the short-run goal of sharply restraining budget growth has been attained, it appears likely that a major tax increase will be needed in the future. In Governmental Responses to Budget Scarcity: France, Douglas E. Ashford (U of Pittsburgh, Pa) traces the emergence of French policies of budgetary restriction to the Mitterrand government's initial program of massive government spending & its complete failure to solve French economic problems. Basic structural changes now taking place in French politics tend to blur party lines, will take years to accomplish, have uncertain long-term effects, & will increase policymakers' interdependence. In Governmental Responses to Budget Scarcity: Sweden, Thomas J. Anton (Brown U, Providence, RI) notes the highly rationalistic, integrative, & consensual character of Swedish politics, & suggests that there is a significant consensus among the various parties on how to respond to the current budgetary crisis. Major disagreements have focused on tax & labor policies. In Government Responses to Budget Scarcity: Denmark, Gosta Esping-Andersen (International Instit of Management, Wissenschaftzentrum, West Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany) traces the history of Danish popular discontent with the postwar social contract that established the welfare state, seeing solidarity on tax opposition as leading to the budget scarcity of 1973-1982. 5 Tables, 2 Figures. W. H. Stoddard

This study was concerned with the assessment and analysis of legal information needs of the major administrators in the public higher education system of the District of Columbia. The study further sought to provide a model Request for Proposal (RFP) with a performance specification suitable for inclusion in a public contract which ultimately would result in a study and handbook of the identified legal aspects. The administrators' needs and desires for legal information were assessed through a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was divided into three section emphasizing: a. What information was generally known. b. What additional information was needed. c. What information was desired. Results of the survey indicated that there was a generally low awareness of the more popular aspects of college and university law. However, the administrators appeared to be generally aware of the specific legal aspects pertaining to the instruction or classroom activity. Most of the administrators felt that they were not equipped with sufficient legal information to make decisions on matters with legal implication that could withstand a challenge in court. Constitutional rights, employment contracting, fiscal administration, and policy conflicts were viewed as the most frequent problem areas, while accreditation and tenure problems were viewed as the least frequent. The survey also resulted in a priority listing of legal topics for which additional information was desired. The survey results were used as a basis for developing a draft outline of legal information topics and sub-topics for inclusion in a study and handbook. A panel of experts in higher education administration and law was effective in producing a final qualified outline. Using the final topic outline, a draft model RFP, containing a performance specification, was designed. A second panel, comprised of experts in contracting, reviewed, modified and validated the model RFP as being usable to actually obtain the required services through a public contract, to conduct a study and produce a handbook with emphasis upon the District of Columbia public higher education system. It was concluded that: a. Administrators of the public colleges in the District of Columbia do want and need additional legal information. b. Administrators of the public colleges in the District of Columbia can specifically identify their needs and desires for legal information. c. Expressed or identified legal information needs can be converted into a public contract performance specification. Key recommendations for further study included the development of objective evaluation criteria applicable to performance contracts and the actualization of the study results by the appropriate offices of the District of Columbia Government. ; Ed. D.

Why the American recovery of the years 1983 and 1984 did not produce recovery in Europe ? Why unemployment on this side of the Ocean has continued rising to reach in 1985 levels that have not been seen since the Great Depression ? Why finally the prospect of recovery which follows the fall of the dollar and the price of oil is so mediocre ?
Conventional macroeconomic theory does not allow to answer those questions. The reasons could be that the variations of exchange rates and real rates of interest were in the eighties so important that they had no equivalent since world war two. The article provides a reconstruction of open macroeconomics to cope with the unusual features of recent developments. It is then possible to explain how and why the shifts in the beginning of the eighties in the US monetary-fiscal stance have operated to contract employment in Europe. This result comes from the consideration of the many supply side transmission mechanisms, heretofore unnoticed, that must have been actuated by the american policy mix mainly through the channel of the real interest rates but also through the unprecedent real depreciation of European currencies. The remaining part of the rise of unemployment in Europe is explained by a reexamination of Europe's own policies.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sources of revenues received by Historically Black Colleges to the sources of revenues received by predominantly white colleges during the 1970s. More specifically, seventy-six HBC were paired with seventy-six predominantly white colleges, and the basis of control (public or private), Carnegie classification, size, and geographic location, were arranged into two groups. Public comprehensive colleges, both black and white, were identified as group 1. Private liberal arts colleges, both black and white, were identified as Group 2. The sources of revenues for these two groups were analyzed to determine how sources of revenues compared between black and white colleges, within groups, fiscal years 1971 through 1979. The sources of revenues were (a) tuition and fees, (b) federal government revenues, (c) state and local government revenues, (d) private gifts, grants and contacts, (e) endowment, (f) other sources of revenues, and (g) total revenues. Fourteen null hypotheses were formulated to determine if statistically significant differences existed between black and white colleges, within each group, for each of the seven sources of revenues. Data were obtained from the Higher Education General Information Surveys of the National Center for Education Statistics. The MANOVA procedures were used to analyze the data and the .05 level of significance was required to reject the hypotheses. Analysis of the data for black and white public comprehensive colleges showed: 1. There was not a statistically significant difference between black and white public comprehensive colleges for revenues received through the sources of tuition and fees; private gifts, grants and contracts; endowment; and other sources of revenues. 2. There was a statistically significant difference between black and white public comprehensive colleges for revenues received through the sources of federal government revenues, state and local government revenues, and total revenues. Analysis of the data for black and white private liberal arts colleges showed: 1. There was not a statistically significant difference between black and white private liberal arts colleges for revenues received through the sources of endowment and other sources of revenues. 2. There was a statistically significant difference between black and white private liberal arts colleges for revenues received through the sources of tuition and fees; federal government revenues; state and local revenues; private gifts, grants and contracts; and total revenues. The MANOVA procedures were also used to analyze the sources of revenues for public comprehensive colleges with black land grant institutions removed. Chapter five listed some of the past operational practices of historically black colleges which may have contributed to the higher cost of operation where revenues are calculated on a per student basis. ; Ed. D.

The Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru under the leadership of General Juan Velasco Alvarado assumed the government of Peru on October 3, 1968. One reason given for the assumption of power was that Peruvian interests had been severely damaged in the Act of Talara of August 13, 1968. After nullifying the Act of Talara, the Government expropriated the International Petroleum Company (IPC) refinery in Talara. As revealed in 1974 by the publication of the Revolutionary Government's plan of strategy, "Plan Inca," the Peruvian military had a clear idea of what it believed the situation of the Peruvian petroleum industry was on October 3, 1968, what its objective was regarding that industry, and what actions it needed to take in furtherance of that objective. The Revolutionary Government's plans to end the petroleum concession system were subsequently placed into law by Decree Law No. 17440, which states that petroleum deposits and deposits of analogous hydrocarbons are the property of the State and cannot be alienated or relinquished. The petroleum industry and marketing of petroleum and analogous hydrocarbons and derivatives, as well as basic petrochemicals, are of national interest, public utility, and indispensable for the integral security ("seguridad integral") of the State. As of February 20, 1969, the effective date of Decree Law No.17440, the petroleum concession system was abolished, although all acquired rights were to be respected. Under the Decree Law, the petroleum industry and all marketing of petroleum and analogous hydrocarbons is to be carried out primarily by the State. Private companies can bid for the rights to carry out prospecting, exploration, exploitation, and manufacturing under a contract system, in accordance with the State's interests, as expressed through the Ministry of Energy and Mines or the state oil company, Empresa Petrolera Fiscal (EPF).

Why the American recovery of the years 1983 and 1984 did not produce recovery in Europe ? Why unemployment on this side of the Ocean has continued rising to reach in 1985 levels that have not been seen since the Great Depression ? Why finally the prospect of recovery which follows the fall of the dollar and the price of oil is so mediocre ? Conventional macroeconomic theory does not allow to answer those questions. The reasons could be that the variations of exchange rates and real rates of interest were in the eighties so important that they had no equivalent since world war two. The article provides a reconstruction of open macroeconomics to cope with the unusual features of recent developments. It is then possible to explain how and why the shifts in the beginning of the eighties in the US monetary-fiscal stance have operated to contract employment in Europe. This result comes from the consideration of the many supply side transmission mechanisms, heretofore unnoticed, that must have been actuated by the american policy mix mainly through the channel of the real interest rates but also through the unprecedent real depreciation of European currencies. The remaining part of the rise of unemployment in Europe is explained by a reexamination of Europe's own policies. ; Pourquoi la reprise américaine des années 1983 et 1984 n'a t-elle pas entraîné celle de l'Europe ? Pourquoi le chômage de ce côté-ci de l'Atlantique a-t-il continué de croître pour atteindre en 1985 son niveau le plus élevé depuis la « grande depression » ? Pourquoi enfin les perspectives de la reprise qui s'annonce à la suite du « contre-choc » pétrolier sont-elles si médiocres ? La théorie économique dominante ne permet pas vraiment de répondre à ces questions. La raison en est que les amples mouvements de change et de taux d'intérêt qui sont survenus au cours des années quatre-vingt, qui n'ont jamais eu d'équivalents, n'ont pas été suffisamment pris en compte. Une reconstruction de l'analyse macroéconomique des économies ouvertes permet ...

Studie über Organisationsrecht in der VR China. Das Organisationsrecht gehört zu den Bereichen, in denen gesellschaftlich akzeptierte Regelungen am meisten formal-rechtlichen Gesetzescharakter besitzen. Erst die Kulturrevolution hatte die gesetzliche Absicherung staatlicher Organisationen erschüttern können. Ab Mitte 1979 wurden wieder gesetzliche Organisationsregelungen erlassen, die auf den ursprünglichen Gesetzen der 50er Jahre fundierten. Im einzelnen: Organisationsrecht und bürokratische Praktiken im Widerspruch; Staat und Partei; Staatsaufbau; Staatsorgane im einzelnen; die "fünfte Modernisierung". (DÜI-Rmb)