Suchergebnisse

Su vida (1820–1910)Nacida en Florencia, de acaudalados y eruditos padres ingleses, Florence Nightingale se educó en un ambiente muy abierto desde el punto de vista religioso y sensible ante las injusticias sociales. Muy cercana a su padre, recibió una educación no conformista como la que entonces se prodigaba a un hijo. Desde su más temprana edad, estaba obsesionada por la miseria de los pobres y se sentía llamada a asistir a los enfermos, siendo consciente de que debía aprenderlo todo, ya que casi no existía la formación de enfermera. Se puso a leer, incluidas obras de estadística; aprovechó sus viajes familiares para visitar, en las principales capitales europeas, los hospitales, observar e informarse acerca de la asistencia prestada a los enfermos indigentes. Hizo un aprendizaje con las Hijas de la Caridad en París, después con las diaconisas de Kaiserwerth, cerca de Düsseldorf. El año 1853, reorganizó, en Londres, un hospital para mujeres enfermas, sellando así la ruptura con su familia, que se oponía a la vida por la que había optado. F. Nightingale también estaba sumida en dudas y atormentada por desgarramientos interiores que, por una parte, originaban su necesidad de relaciones humanas y, por otra, su deseo de vivir su ideal al servicio de la humanidad. Tras muchas dudas, decidió no contraer un excelente matrimonio para entregarse a su ideal.

Epidemics and mortality in 15th and 16th century Florence, Italy, were investigated by use of records of the government-sponsored Dowry Fund. These records contain the date of birth, date of investment, and date of dowry payment or death of 19,000 girls and women. Major epidemics ("plagues") occurred repeatedly. The most severe were in 1430, 1437-38, 1449-50, 1478-79, and 1527-31. Annual death rates of girls enrolled in the Dowry Fund increased by 5 to 10 times in each of these periods. During the last period, at least 20-25 per cent of the population of Florence is likely to have died. Recurrent epidemics accounted for 38 per cent of the total mortality experienced by girls enrolled in the Dowry Fund. The frequency of serious epidemics diminished with the passage of time, and overall mortality declined by about 10 per cent over the 15th and 16th centuries. Epidermic mortality was not consistently related to age. The effects of epidemics were most severe in the summer and autumn. Non-epidemic mortality was also greater in the summer and autumn than in the winter and spring.

Florence Cowan discusses the various homesteads, desert claims, and tree claims that her parents took out in Montana, the births of her nine siblings, and her parents' separation. She describes how her mother ran the ranch and desert claim with help from Cowan's older brothers until she sold it and moved into Livingston, Montana. Cowan also talks about working as a school teacher and her social life before she met her husband. She recalls the financial aspects of her marriage and cooking for the threshing crews, as well as the Spanish influenza epidemic of 1918-1919. Cowan briefly mentions her political leanings and the evolution of women's dress and styles from the early- to mid-20th century. ; https://scholarworks.umt.edu/mtwomen_oralhistory/1051/thumbnail.jpg

This study examines the Florentine economy and women's role in it from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. The changes that took place in the Florentine economy as it adapted to new economic opportunities undermine the notion of economic decline and suggest instead considerable resilience. The changes that took place helped to produce and were themselves the product of the growing participation of women in the economy.