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In periods of history with rapid social and economic change, it is useful to examine the long-term history of particular arrangements. Money is one of these institutions that seems eternal and unchanging, but that has changed dramatically over time. For example, money was typically conceived as coins made of precious metal and stamped with the image of the ruler. As long-distance trade expanded in the early modern period, money was represented by paper, most often letters of exchange among merchants who trusted one another because of common membership in a community. The emergence of the fiscal/military state enabled populations to have some role in the issue and uses of money, such as the Italian city-states of Republican form, like Florence and Venice. After the "Glorious Revolution" in 1688, the Bank of England (BOE) innovated with merchant monopoly corporations engaging in state-supported long-distance trade, the stock of which backed public debt. The political controversies surrounding the formation of the BOE reveal some of the alternative possibilities, a merchant-oriented bank, supported by the Whigs, or a land bank supported by the Tories. After the industrial revolution, the use of credit for real investment aided the accumulation of surplus, by the productivity treadmill. After the Great Depression, the extension of finance into the lives of the citizens proceeded, with debt financing for housing, education, and retirement, encompassing the entire life cycle. The dominance of the United States after World War II enabled that country to sustain a hegemonic currency, based on the expansion of trade and supply chains to Emerging Market Countries. Along with the tech bubble in the second decade of the twenty-first century, the crypto bubble expanded hopes for an alternative form of money. Such a long-term history can be informed by analysis of the role of money as a symbol, mobilized by meanings enacted in human institutions. Such a view can provide a method of interpreting the long term evolution of money, restoring the political dimension and human agency to the abstract impersonal mechanical notion of the market. Such a perspective can better inform consideration of alternative institutions to accommodate challenges like geopolitical competition, war, and climate change. JEL Classification: B51, B52, G20, N20, P48

ObjectiveTo analyze self‐reported adherence to antiretroviral regimens containing ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitors, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), raltegravir, and maraviroc.MethodsOverall, 372 consecutive subjects attending a reference center for HIV treatment in Florence, Italy, were enrolled in the study, from December 2010 to January 2012 (mean age 48 years). A self‐report questionnaire was filled in. Patients were defined as "non‐adherent" if reporting one of the following criteria:<90% of pills taken in the last month, ≥1 missed dose in the last week, spontaneous treatment interruptions reported, or refill problems in the last 3 months. Gender, age, CD4, HIV‐RNA, years of therapy, and type of antiretroviral regimen were analyzed with respect to adherence.ResultsAt the time of the questionnaire, 89.8% of patients had <50 copies/mL HIV‐RNA and 14.2% were on their first combined antiretroviral therapy. 57% of patients were prescribed a regimen containing ritonavir boosted protease inhibitors (boosted PI), 41.7% NNRTI, 17.2% raltegravir, and 4.8% maraviroc; 49.5% of the subjects were on bis‐in‐die regimens, while 50.5% were on once‐daily regimens, with 23.1% of these on the single tablet regimen (STR): tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz. The non‐adherence proportion was lower in NNRTI than in boosted‐PI treatments (19.4% vs 30.2%), and even lower in STR patients (17.4%). In multivariable logistic regression, patients with the NNRTI regimen (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34–0.94) and the STR (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.22–0.92) reported lower non‐adherence. Efavirenz regimens were also associated with lower non‐adherence (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.21–0.83), while atazanavir/ritonavir regimens were associated with higher non‐adherence. No other relation to specific antiretroviral drugs was found. A higher CD4 count, lower HIV‐RNA, and older age were also found to be associated with lower non‐adherence, while a longer time on combined antiretroviral therapy was related to higher non‐adherence.ConclusionIn conclusion, older age, higher CD4 cell counts, lower HIV‐RNA viral loads, and the use of STR are all related to lower non‐adherence. In particular, the use of STR maintains an advantage in improving adherence with respect to other cARTs, even with the availability of new, well‐tolerated antiretroviral drugs and drug classes in recent years.

Book reviewed in this article:REVIEW OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE, 1981Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins.A Perspective of Wages and Prices.T. H. Lloyd.Alien Merchants in England in the High Middle Ages.J. A. Raftis.A Small Town in Late Medieval England: Godmanchester, 1278‐1400.Mary Prior.Fisher Row: Fishermen, Bargemen, and Canal Boatmen in Oxford, 1500‐1900.Kenneth D. Brown.The English Labour Movement, 1700‐1951.Jennifer TannJames WalvinMalcolm I. Thomis and Jennifer Grimmett.Women in Protest, 1800‐1850.Dennis Smith.Conflict and Compromise: Class Formation in English Society, 1830‐1914.M. A. Crowther.The Workhouse System, 1834‐1929: The History of an English Social Institution.Olive Checkland and Margaret LambKen Young and Patricia L. Garside.Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change, 1837‐1981. Studies in Urban History Series, 6.David Hoseason Morgan.Harvesters and Harvesting, 1840‐1900: A Study of the Rural Proletariat.Theo Barker and Michael DrakeDermot Keogh.The Rise of the Irish Working Class: The Dublin Trade Union Movement and Labour Leadership, 1890‐1914.Diana Gittens.Fair Sex: Family Size and Structure, 1900‐39.Kathleen BurkJ. M. Lee and Martin Petter.The Colonial Office, War, and Development Policy: Organisation and the Planning of a Metropolitan Initiative, 1939‐1945.Angus MacKay. Money, Prices, and politics in Fifteenth‐Century Castile.La economía española al final del Antiguo Régimen.Judith C. Brown.In the Shadow of Florence: Provincial Society in Renaissance Pescia.John M. MerrimanRichard J. EvansFred Singleton and Bernard Carter.The Economy of Yugoslavia.Roger Munting.The Economic Development of the USSR.Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder.The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present.Dan P. Silverman.Reconstructing Europe after the Great War.Felipe Fernaandez‐Armesto.The Canary Islands after the Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early Sixteenth Century.P. L. Wickens.An Economic History of Africa from the Earliest Times to Partition.Ross Fitzgerald.From the Dreaming to 1915: A History of Queensland.David W. Galenson.White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic Analysis.Edward K. Spann.The New Metropolis: New York City, 1840‐1857.John H. Coatsworth.Growth Against Development: The Economic Impact of Railroads in Porfirian Mexico.M. H. J. Finch.A Political Economy of Uruguay since 1870.N. Charlesworth.British Rule and the Indian Economy, 1800‐1914.Earl H. Kinmonth.The Self‐Made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought: From Samurai to Salary Man.Tony Smith.The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain, and the Late‐Industrializing World since 1815.Winfried Baumgart.Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880‐1914.Jorma AhvenainenA. G. Kenwood and A. L. Lougheed.Technological Diffusion and Industrialisation before 1914.Michael Chisholm.Modern World Development: A Geographical Perspective.

Books reviewed in this article:Weber, Axel (comp.); Asian Development Bank. Social protection index for committed poverty reduction.Islam, Nurul. Reducing rural poverty in Asia: Challenges and opportunities for microenterprises and public employment schemes.Alesina, Alberto; Glaeser, Edward L.Combattre les inégalités et la pauvreté: les Etats‐Unis face à l'Europe.Leisering, Lutz; Buhr, Petra; Traiser‐Diop, Ute. Soziale Grundsicherung in der Welt ‐ gesellschaft:monetäre Mindestsicherungs ‐systeme in den Länden des Südens und des Nordens.Imbeau, Louis. Politiques publiques com‐parées dans les Etats fédérés: l'Allemagne, l'Australie, le Canada, les Etats‐Unis et la Suisse.Schierup, Carl‐Ulrik; Hansen, Peo; Castles,Stephen. Migration, citizenship, and the European welfare state: A European dilemma.Razavi, Shahra; Hassim, Shireen (comp.); Instituto de Investigación de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo So cial. Gender and social policy in a global context.Steinwachs, Luise. Die Herstellung sozialer Sicherheit in Tanzania: Prozesse sozialer Transformation und die Entstehung neuer Handlungsräume.Glendinning, Caroline; Kemp, Peter A.(comp.). Cash and care: Policy challenges in the welfare state.Piller, Otto. Die soziale Schweiz: die schweizerischen Sozialwerke im Überblick.Häcki, Kurt; Schaub, Beatrice. Sozialversi ‐cherungen kreuz und quer.Schoppa, Leonard. Race for the exits: The unraveling of Japan's system of social protection.Lafore, Robert; Cauquil, Guy (comp.). Evaluer les politiques sociales.Bureau, Marie‐Christine, et al. Défaillances et inventions de l'action sociale.Parienty, Arnaud. Protection sociale: le défi.Allen, Davina; Pilnick, Alison (comp.). The social organisation of healthcare work.Walshe, Kieran; Smith, Judith (comp.). Healthcare management.Jacobs, Rowena; Smith, Peter C.; Street, Andrew.Measuring efficiency in health care:Analytic techniques and health policy.Brink, Alexander, et al. Gerechtigkeit im Gesundheitswesen.Angel, Ronald J.; Lein, Laura; Henrici, Jane.Poor families in America's health care crisis.Buzzi, Stéphane; Devinck, Jean‐Claude; Rosental, Paul‐André. La santé au travail,1880‐2006.Libault, Dominique, et al. La réforme de l'assurance maladie.Dopson, Sue; Fitzgerald, Louise. Knowledge to action? Evidence‐based health care in context.Gimeno, Juan A.; Rubio, Santiago; Tamayo Lorenzo, Pedro A. (comps.). Economía de la salud: fundamentos.Gimeno, Juan A.; Rubio, Santiago; Tamayo Lorenzo, Pedro A. (comps.). Economía de la salud: Instrumentos.Hamman, Philippe. Les travailleurs fron‐taliers en Europe: mobilités et mobilisations transnationales.l'Horty, Yannick. Les nouvelles politiques de l'emploi.Thibault, Florence; Avenel, Cyprien.Précarités et insécurité sociale.Demazière, Didier. Sociologie des chô‐meurs.Sunley, Peter; Martin, Ron; Nativel, Corinne.Putting workfare in place: Local labour markets and the New Deal.Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos. Perspectivas del empleo, 2005.Lynch, Julia. Age in the welfare state: The origins of social spending on pensioners,workers, and children.Ebbinghaus, Bernhard. Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA.Clark, Gordon L., et al. The Oxford handbook of pensions and retirement income.Milevsky, Moshe A. The calculus of retirement income: Financial models for pension annuities and life insurance.Dorenlot, Pascale, et al. Accompagner la fin de vie des personnes atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer ou de mal a dies apparentées.

Books reviewed in this article:Weber, Axel (Hrsg.); Asian Development Bank. Social protection index for committed poverty reduction.Islam, Nurul. Reducing rural poverty in Asia: Challenges and opportunities for micro enterprises and public employment schemes.Alesina, Alberto; Glaeser, Edward L. Combattre les inégalités et la pauvreté: les Etats‐Unis face à l'Europe.Leisering, Lutz; Buhr, Petra; Traiser‐Diop, Ute. Soziale Grundsicherung in der Weltgesellschaft: monetäre Mindestsicherungs systeme in den Länden des Südens und des Nordens.Imbeau, Louis. Politiques publiques comparées dans les Etats fédérés: l'Allemagne, l'Australie, le Canada, les Etats‐Unis et la Suisse.Schierup, Carl‐Ulrik; Hansen, Peo; Castles, Stephen. Migration, citizenship, and the European welfare state: A European dilemma.Razavi, Shahra; Hassim, Shireen (Hrsg.); United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Gender and social policy in a global context.Steinwachs, Luise. Die Herstellung sozialer Sicherheit in Tanzania: Prozesse sozialer Transformation und die Entstehung neuer Handlungsräume.Glendinning, Caroline; Kemp, Peter A. (Hrsg.) Cash and care: Policy challenges in the welfare state.Piller, Otto. Die soziale Schweiz: die schweizerischen Sozialwerke im Überblick.Häcki, Kurt; Schaub, Beatrice. Sozial versicherungen kreuz und quer.Schoppa, Leonard. Race for the exits: The unraveling of Japan's system of social protection.Lafore, Robert; Cauquil, Guy (Hrsg.). Evaluer les politiques sociales.Bureau, Marie‐Christine, et al. Défaillances et inventions de l'action sociale.Parienty, Arnaud. Protection sociale: le défi.Allen, Davina; Pilnick, Alison (Hrsg.). The social organisation of healthcare work.Walshe, Kieran; Smith, Judith (Hrsg.) Healthcare management.Jacobs, Rowena; Smith, Peter C.; Street, Andrew. Measuring efficiency in health care: Analytic techniques and health policy.Brink, Alexander, et al. Gerechtigkeit im Gesundheitswesen.Angel, Ronald J.; Lein, Laura; Henrici, Jane. Poor families in America's health care crisis.Buzzi, Stéphane; Devinck, Jean‐Claude; Rosental, Paul‐André. La santé au travail, 1880‐2006.Libault, Dominique, et al. La réforme de l'assurance maladie.Dopson, Sue; Fitzgerald, Louise. Knowledge to action? Evidence‐based health care in context.Gimeno, Juan A.; Rubio, Santiago; Tamayo Lorenzo, Pedro A. (Hrsg.). Economía de la salud: fundamentos.Gimeno, Juan A.; Rubio, Santiago; Tamayo Lorenzo, Pedro A. (Hrsg.). Economía de la salud: Instrumentos.Hamman, Philippe. Les travailleurs frontaliers en Europe: mobilités et mobilisations transnationales.L'Horty, Yannick. Les nouvelles politiques de l'emploi.Thibault, Florence; Avenel, Cyprien. Précarités et insécurité sociale.Demazière, Didier. Sociologie des chômeurs.Sunley, Peter; Martin, Ron; Nativel, Corinne. Putting workfare in place: Local labour markets and the New Deal.Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusam menarbeit und Entwicklung.Lynch, Julia. Age in the welfare state: The origins of social spending on pensioners, workers, and childrenEbbinghaus, Bernhard. Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA.Clark, Gordon L., et al. The Oxford handbook of pensions and retirement income.Milevsky, Moshe A. The calculus of retirement income: Financial models for pension annuities and life insurance.Dorenlot, Pascale, et al. Accompagner la fin de vie des personnes atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer ou de maladies apparentées.

Book reviewed in this article:The State of The Prisons. By John Howard.The Elizabethan Underworld. A collection of Tudor and Early Stuart Tracts and Ballads—Edited with introduction by A. V. Judges.Crime and Punishment in Germany. By Theodore Hampe. Translated by Malcolm Letts.The Adventures of Ralph Rashleigh: A Penal Exile in Australia, 1825–1844. Edited by the Earl of Birkenhead.Survey of Health and Medical Service in American Prisons and Reformatories. By Frank L. Rector, M.D. (The National Society of Penal Information, Inc., New York.The Handbook of American Prisons and Reformatories, 1929.Life and Death in Sing Sing. By Lewis E. Lawes, Warden of Sing Sing.Medical Science and Criminal Justice. By Herman M. Adler, M.D.Five Hundred Criminal Careers. By Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor T. Glueck.Sex in Civilisation.A Study of Masturbation. By J. F. W. Meagher, M.D., F.A.C.P.The Modern Attitude to the Sex Problem. By Kenneth Ingram.The Morality of Punishment. By A. C. Ewing.Penal Reform in Italy. A study of the Preliminary Draft of the New Penal Code. By Henry G. J. Maas Geesteranus.La Justice Pénale d'aujourd'hui. By H. Donnedieu de Vabres (Collection Armand Colin.The Trial of Alexander Campbell Mason. Edited by the Hon. H. Fletcher Moulton. Famous Trial Series.The Trial of Norman Thorne. By Helena Normanton.Trial of Jean Pierre Vaquier. By R. H. Blundell & R. E. Seaton.A Magistrate's Handbook. By S. R. C. Bosanquet, K.C., Recorder of Walsall and Deputy‐Chairman of Quarter Sessions for Monmouthshire, and D. H. J. Chalmers, Barrister‐at‐law, assisted by Graham Olver, Barrister‐at‐law.Scotland Yard. By J. F. Moylan, C.B., C.B.E., Receiver for the Metropolitan Police.The Adolescent Offender. A Study of the Age‐Limit of the Children's Court. By The Committee on Criminal Courts of the New York City Charity Organization Society.The Child, the Family, and the Court. By Bernard Flexner, Reulen Oppenheimer and Katherine F. Lenroot.Outdoor Recreation Legislation and Its Effectiveness. By Andrew Truxal, Ph.D.Just Normal Children. By Florence Mateer.A Study of Educational Achievement of Problem Children. By R. H. Paynter & P. Blanchard.Training Schools for Delinquent Girls. By M. Reeves.Children's Behaviour and Teachers' Attitudes.The Mind of the Murderer. By Harold Dearden.His Majesty's Guests. By Warden.The Lost Child. By Rahel Sanzara. Translated by Winifred Katzin.Imprisonment. By Lt.‐Col. F. A. Barker, Inspector‐General of Prisons, Punjab. With a Foreword by the Bishop of Madras.Grimharen. By Robert Joyce Tasker.The Agra Double Murder. By Sir Cecil Walsh, K.C.Scoundrels and Scallynags and Some Honest Men. By Tom Divall, Ex‐Chief Inspector, C.I.D.While There is Life. By William Markall.Guide to Material on Crime and Criminal Justice. By A. F. Kuhlman.Family Council Law in Europe.The Underworld of Paris. By Alfred Morain, G.B.E.Sur le chemin des douleurs. By Sandor Kemeri.

This work demonstrates results of study of museum and exhibition activity, which forming modern sociоcultural space at the examples of Renaissance and Mannerism art works from the Stroganovs and the Demidovs collections. The members of these families of Ural and Siberian industrialists, patrons of arts and philanthropists possessed the richest collections of world-class art works. Authors pay attention on such work as "Madonna del Popolo", also known as "The Holy Family". Now this masterpiece is stored in the Nizhny Tagil Municipal Museum of Fine Arts. Academician Igor Grabar, who saved it from destroy, considered that this artwork belongs to the authorship of Raphael Santi. The second masterpiece "The Holy Family with Infant Saint John the Baptist" by Agnolo Bronzino now is in the Pushkin State Art Museum (Moscow). Each painter in its own way have revealed the images of the Holy Family, especially Madonna and Infant Christ. Raphael did it in the traditions of the High Renaissance and Bronzino followed the best achievements of Mannerism. These paintings are especially important and valuable because Italian painter, architect and writer Giorgio Vasari, known as the founder of art history as branch of science, have paid his attention on them. The researchers give characteristics to members of the Stroganovs and the Demidovs families on the context of the stated problem. The President of the Academy of Arts and the Director of the Imperial Public Library, the Count A. S. Stroganov bought for his collection the "Holy Family with Infant Saint John the Baptist" by Agnolo Bronzino. The owner of Nizhny Tagil factories N. N. Demidov, who also was a Russian envoy to the Duchy Tuscany (Florence), is connected with inclusion of "Madonna" by Raphael in his art collection. In the study the materials of Grabar's monograph are analyzed, the results of author's own scientific research and the detailed section on the Demidovs' Madonna attribution are given. There are used cultural research and art criticism methods of analysis, for instance, with attraction of "Madonna Doni" by Michelangelo. The acquisition and transfer to Russia of this unique incarnations of the "Holy family" enriched the historical and cultural space not only of the owners and people close to the families, but also of the wider social circles, because these paintings were becoming an integral part of museum and exhibition activities. As a modern example authors analyze the exhibition "Madonna by Raphael from Nizhny Tagil", where the samples from the collection of the Demidovs, Ural and Sibirian magnates, in the Hall of Arts of the South Ural State University were presented. It is established that, using them, the university academic exhibition has fulfilled the important task of the complex formation of cultural identity of students in the interaction of its regional, national and supranational (universal) aspects

Books reviewed in this article:Weber, Axel (sous la direction de); Asian Development Bank. Social protection index for committed poverty reduction.Islam, Nurul. Reducing rural poverty in Asia: Challenges and opportunities for microenterprises and public employment schemes.Alesina, Alberto; Glaeser, Edward L. Combattre les inégalités et la pauvreté: les Etats‐Unis face à l'Europe.Leisering, Lutz; Buhr, Petra; Traiser‐Diop, Ute. Soziale Grundsicherung in der Weltgesellschaft: monetäre Mindestsiche‐rungssysteme in den Länden des Südens und des Nordens.Imbeau, Louis. Politiques publiques comparées dans les Etats fédérés: l'Allemagne, l'Australie, le Canada, les Etats‐Unis et la Suisse.Schierup, Carl‐Ulrik; Hansen, Peo; Castles, Stephen. Migration, citizenship, and the European welfare state: A European dilemma.Razavi, Shahra; Hassim, Shireen (sous la direction de); United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Gender and social policy in a global context.Steinwachs, Luise. Die Herstellung sozialer Sicherheit in Tanzania: Prozesse sozialer Transformation und die Entstehung neuer Handlungsräume.Glendinning, Caroline; Kemp, Peter A. (sous la direction de). Cash and care: Policy challenges in the welfare state.Piller, Otto. Die soziale Schweiz: die schweizerischen Sozialwerke im Überblick.Häcki, Kurt; Schaub, Beatrice. Sozialversi‐cherungen kreuz und quer.Schoppa, Leonard. Race for the exits: The unraveling of Japan's system of social protection.Lafore, Robert; Cauquil, Guy (sous la direction de). Evaluer les politiques sociales.Bureau, Marie‐Christine, et al. Défaillances et inventions de l'action sociale.Parienty, Arnaud. Protectionsociale: le défi.Allen, Davina; Pilnick, Alison (sous la direction de). The social organisation of healthcare work.Walshe, Kieran; Smith, Judith (sous la direction de). Healthcare management.Jacobs, Rowena; Smith, Peter C.; Street, Andrew. Measuring efficiency in health care: Analytic techniques and health policy.Brink, Alexander, et al. Gerechtigkeit im Gesundheitswesen.Angel, Ronald J.; Lein, Laura; Henrici, Jane. Poor families in America's health care crisis.Buzzi, Stéphane; Devinck, Jean‐Claude; Rosental, Paul‐André. La santé au travail, 1880‐2006.Libault, Dominique, et al. La réforme de l'assurance maladie.Dopson, Sue; Fitzgerald, Louise. Knowledge to action? Evidence‐based health care in context.Gimeno, Juan A.; Rubio, Santiago; Tamayo Lorenzo, Pedro A. (sous la direction de). Economía de la salud: fundamentos.Gimeno, Juan A.; Rubio, Santiago; Tamayo Lorenzo, Pedro A. (sous la direction de). Economía de la salud: instrumentos.Hamman, Philippe. Les travailleurs frontaliers en Europe: mobilités et mobili sations transnationales.l'Horty, Yannick. Les nouvelles politiques de l'emploi.Thibault, Florence; Avenel, Cyprien. Précarités et insécurité sociale.Demazière, Didier. Sociologie des chômeurs.Sunley, Peter; Martin, Ron; Nativel, Corinne. Putting workfare in place: Local labour markets and the New Deal.Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques. Perspectivas del empleo, 2005.Lynch, Julia. Age in the welfare state: The origins of social spending on pensioners,workers, and children.Ebbinghaus, Bernhard. Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA.Clark, Gordon L.; et al. The Oxford handbook of pensions and retirement income.Milevsky, Moshe A. The calculus of retirement income: Financial models for pension annuities and life insurance.Dorenlot, Pascale, et al. Accompagner la fin de vie des personnes atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer ou de maladies apparentées.

GREAT BRITAINA. Crossley (Ed.). The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Oxford.E. W. Ives. The Common Lawyers of Pre‐Reformation England. Thomas Kebell: A Case Study.Rosemary O'Day. Education and Society, 1500‐1800: The Social Foundations of Education in Early Modern Britain.Harold Silver. Education as History: Interpreting Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Education.D. M. Palliser. The Age of Elizabeth: England under the later Tudors, 1547‐1603.Christopher Hill, Barry Reay & William Lamont, The World of the Muggletonians.Philip Jenkins. The Making of a Ruling Class: The Glamorgan Gentry, 1640‐1790.Neil R. Wright. History of Lincolnshire, Volume XI: Lincolnshire Towns and Industry, 1700‐1914.Ian Inkster & Jack Morrell (Eds.). Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture, 1780‐1850.Michael Sanderson. Education, Economic Change, and Society in England, 1780‐1870.C. J. A. Robertson. The Origins of the Scottish Railway System, 1722‐1844.Jill Quadragno. Aging in Early Industrial Society: Work, Family and Social Policy in Nineteenth Century England.Heather A. Clemenson. English Country Houses and Landed Estates.David Englander. Landlord and Tenant in Urban Britain, 1838‐1918.Melanie Tebbutt. Making Ends Meet: Pawnbroking and Working Class Credit.Jay Winter (Ed.). The Working Class in British History: Essays in Honour of Henry Pelling.Peter Young. Power of Speech: A History of Standard Telephones and Cables, 1883‐1983.Edwin Green & Michael Moss. A Business of National Importance: The Royal Mail Shipping Group, 1902‐1937.Keith Jeffery And Peter Hennessy. States of Emergency: British Governments and Strikebreaking since 1919.Charles Feinstein (Ed.). The Managed Economy: Essays in British Economic Policy and Performance since 1929.GENERALEnrique Giménez López. Alicante en el siglo XVIII: economía de una ciudad portuaria en el antiguo régimen.GENERALCharles M. de la Roncière. Prix et Salaires à Florence au XIVe Siècle, 1280‐1380.Martine Segalen. Love and Power in the Peasant Family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century.Robert Frankenstein. Le prix du réarmement français, 1935‐1939.W. O. Henderson. Friedrich List: Economist and Visionary, 1789‐1846.J. Thomas Lindblad. Sweden's Trade with the Dutch Republic, 1738‐1795.Richard Wall (Ed.), in collaboration with Jean Robin and Peter Laslett. Family Forms in Historic Europe.A. Rupert Hall. The Revolution in Science, 1500‐1750.Patrick O'Brien (Ed.). Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe, 1830‐1914.Gloria L. Main. Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650‐1720.Peter D. McClelland and Richard J. Zeckhauser. Demographic Dimensions of the New Republic: American Interregional Migration, Vital Statistics, and Manumissions, 1800‐1860.Julia A. Matthei. An Economic History of Women in America: Women's Work, the Sexual Division of Labour, and the Development of Capitalism.Patrick A. Dunae. Gentlemen Emigrants: From the British Public Schools to the Canadian Frontier.Raymond W. Goldsmith. The Financial Development of India, 1860‐1977.Paul Mosley. The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1900‐1963.Tom Kemp. Industrialization in the Non‐Western World.Orlando Patterson. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study.Nathan Rosenberg. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics.

Book reviewed in this article:CONCISE HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA By Russel Ward.NATIONS OF IMMIGRANTS: Australia, the United States and International Migration Edited by Gary P. Freeman and James Jupp.QUEENSLAND AND GERMANY: Ethnic, Socio‐Cultural, Political and Trade Relations, 1838–1991 By Alan Corkhill.MILLERS POINT: The Urban Village By Shirley Fitzgerald and Christopher Keating.THE MYSTIC LIFE OF ALFRED DEAKIN By Al Gabay:THE POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE HIGH COURT By David Solomon.AN ARMY FOR A NATION: A History of Australian Military Developments 1880–1914 By John Mordike.AUSTRALIA AND THE KAISER'S WAR 1914–1918: On Understanding the ANZAC Tradition. Argument and Theses By John A. Moses with Gregory Munro.HIGH COMMAND: Australia's Struggle for an Independent War Strategy 1939–1945 David Horner.BARNACLES AND PARASITES: Independent Members of the South Australian Parliament 1927–1970 By Reece Jennings.FEDERALISM AND HEALTH POLICY: The Development of Health Systems in Canada and Australia By Gwendolyn Gray, Toronto:CHILDREN AND THE STATE: Social Control and the Formation of Australian Child Welfare By Robert Van Krieken.AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY: What Policy? Edited by Michael Costa and Michael Easson.THE END OF CERTAINTY: The Story of the 1980s By Paul Kelly.AUSTRALIAN LABOUR HISTORY By Greg Patmore.HAWKE: An Emotional Life By Stan Anson.TRIALS IN POWER: Cain, Kirner and Victoria 1982–1992 Edited by Mark Considine and Brian Costar.KEEPING THEM HONEST: Democratic Reform in Queensland Edited by Andrew Hede, Scott Prasser and Mark Neylan.MEDIEVAL HERESY: Popular Movements From the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation By Malcolm Lambert.THE EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN EUROPEAN WORLD By Edward Whiting Fox.FALLEN SOLDIERS: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars By George L Mosse.UNCERTAIN UNIONS: Marriage in England 1660–1753 By Lawrence Stone.SWEARING: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English By Geoffrey Hughes.WALTER LONG, IRELAND, AND THE UNION, 1905–1920 By John Kendle.COMMAND ON THE WESTERN FRONT: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson 1914‐18 By Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson.BRITAIN IN THE 1930s: The Deceptive Decade By Andrew Thorpe.NORTHERN IRELAND: Politics and the Constitution Edited by Brigid Hadfield.JEAN‐PAUL MARAT: Hero and Anti‐Hero of the French Revolution By Ian Germani, Lewiston/Queenston/Lampeter:FRENCH SOCIALISM AND SEXUAL DIFFERENCE: Women and the New Society, 1803‐44 By Susan K.ANTI‐SEMITISM IN THE THIRD REICH By Hermann Graml, translated by Tim Kirk.MODERNITY AND THE HOLOCAUST By Zygmunt Bauman.FOREVER IN THE SHADOW OF HITLER: The Dispute about the Germans' Understanding of History. Original Documents of the Historikerstreit: The Controversy Concerning the Singularity of the Holocaust Translated from the German by James Knowlton and Truett Cates.CORRUPTION: Ethics and Power in Florence, 1600–1770 By Jean‐Claude Waquet.PAUL I OF RUSSIA, 1754–1801 By Roderick E. McGrew.THE INVASIONS OF THE GULF: Radicalism, Ritualism and the Sheikhs By Paul Rich.POLITICAL LEADERS IN BLACK AFRICA: A Biographical Dictionary of the Major Politicians Since Independence By John A Wiseman.TRAPPED BY SUCCESS: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 1953‐61 By David L Anderson.SOLDIERS, STATESMEN, AND COLD WAR CRISES By Richard K. Betts.LAOGAI: The Chinese Gulag By Hongda Harry Wu.THE SOUTH PACIFIC FOREIGN AFFAIRS HANDBOOK By Steve Hoadley.POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY IN HAWAI'I Edited by Zachary A. Smith and Richard C.ANTARCTICA: An Economic History of the Last Continent By Martijn Wilder.POLITICAL MANAGEMENT IN THE 1990S By John Halligan and John Power.AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT By David Corbett.THE AUSTRALIAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT By Richard Lucy.VOTER'S CHOICE: Electoral Change in New Zealand? By Helena Catt, Paul Harris, and Nigel S. Roberts.COMPARATIVE URBAN POLITICS: Power and the City in the United States, Canada, Britain and France By Michael KeatingETHICS AND FOREIGN POLICY Edited by Paul Keal.GLOBAL POLITICS By Anthony G. McGrew and Paid G. Lewis et al.INTERNATIONAL POLITICS SINCE 1945 Edited by Ronald Barston.CONTINUITIES IN POLITICAL ACTION: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies By M. Kent Jennings et al.LABOR PARTIES IN POST‐INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES Edited by Frances Fox Piven.CLASS Richard Scase. Buckingham:ENVIRONMENTALISM AND POLITICAL THEORY: Toward an Ecocentric Approach Robyn Eckersley.ESSAYS ON POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Vol 6, Library of the History of Ideas. Edited by Patrick RileyHEINRICH HEINE ALS POLITISCHER DICHTER By Walter Grab.

Book reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAIN ANDJohn Blair and Nigel Ramsay, eds., English medieval industries: craftsmen, techniques, productsScott L. Waugh, England in the reign of Edward IIIBruce Campbell, ed., Before the Black Death: studies in the'crisis'of the early fourteenth century Alan Dyer, Decline and growth in English towns, 1400‐1640 Hugh Cunningham, The children of the poor: representations of childhood since the seventeenth centuryDavid Crossley and Richard Saville, eds., The Fuller letters: guns, slaves and finance, 1728‐1755Jim Holderness and Michael Turner, eds., Land, labour and agriculture, 1700‐1920: essays for Gordon MingayAdrian Randall, Before the Luddites: custom, community and machinery in the English woollen industry, 1776‐1809Richard Brown, Society and economy in modern Britain, 1700‐1850Keith D. M. Snell, Church and chapel in the north midlands: religious observance in the nineteenth centuryJames A. Jaffe, The struggle for market power: industrial relations in the British coal industry, 1800‐1840David Neave, Mutual aid in the Victorian countryside: friendly societies in the rural East Riding, 1830‐1914Clive Dewey, The passing of BarchesterAlun Howkins, Reshaping rural England: a social history, 1850‐1925Stephen Coleman and Paddy O'Sullivan, eds., William Morris and'News from nowhere': a vision for our timeSteven Morewood, Pioneers and inheritors: top management in the Coventry motor industry, 1896‐1972Alec Cairncross, ed., The Robert Hall diaries, 1954‐61Dennis Brailsford, Sport, time and society: the British at playGeoffrey Jones and M. W. Kirby, eds. Competitiveness and the state: government and business in twentieth‐century BritainAlice Russell, The growth of occupational welfare in BritainPhilip Brook Manville, The origins of citizenship in ancient AthensAlan Harvey, The economic expansion of the Byzantine empire, 900‐1200Daniel Goffman, Izmir and the Levantine world, 1550‐1650Stuart Woolf, ed., Domestic strategies: work and family in France and Italy, 1600‐1800David Sven Reher, Town and country in pre‐industrial Spain: Cuenca, 1550‐1870Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, eds., Land, labour and livestock: historical studies in European agricultural productivityDavid Christian, Living water: vodka and Russian society on the eve of emancipationE. Kingston‐Mann and T. Mixter, eds., Peasant economy, culture, and politics of European Russia, 1800‐1921Stephen Constantine, ed., Emigrants and empire: British settlement in the dominions between the warsChristopher Clark, The roots of rural capitalism: western Massachusetts, 1780‐1860W. B. Stephens, Sources for U.S. history: nineteenth‐century communitiesJ. P. Ronda, Astoria and empireArthur F. McEvoy, The fisherman's problem: ecology and law in the California fisheries, 1850‐1980Roger L. Ransom, Conflict and compromise: the political economy of slavery, emancipation, and the American Civil WarRobert A. Margo, Race and schooling in the South, 1880‐1950: an economic historyMichael J. French, The U.S. tire industry: a historyJames Harvey Young, Pure food: securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: industrial workers in Chicago, 1919‐1939Henry R. Nau, The myth of America's decline: leading the world economy into the 1990sCarole Shammas, The pre‐industrial consumer in England and AmericaWilliam Lazonick, Competitive advantage on the shop floorMichael Veseth, Mountains of debt: crisis and change in Renaissance Florence, Victorian Britain, and postwar AmericaMary O'Furner and Barry Supple, eds., The state and economic knowledgeF. Bostock and G. Jones, Planning and power in Iran: Ebtehaj and economic development under the ShahPeter Duus, Raymon Myers, and Mark R. Peattie, eds., The Japanese informal empire in China, 1895‐1937W. Dean Kinzley, Industrial harmony in modern japan: the invention of a traditionJohn G. Clark, The political economy of world energy: a twentieth‐century perspectiveWilliam J. Barber, ed., Perspectives on the history of economic thought. Vol. 5 Themes in pre‐classical and marxian economics. Vol. 6 Themes in Keynesian criticism and supplementary modern topicsRobert Higgs, ed., Arms, politics, and the economy: historical and contemporary perspectivesO. F. Hamouda and B. B. Price, Verification in economics and history: a sequel to 'scientifizationCharles Harvey and Jon Press, eds., International competition and industrial change: essays in the history of mining and metallurgy, 1800‐1950Mary B. Rose, ed., International competition and strategic response in the textile industries since 1870Bo Gustafsson, ed., Power and economic institutions: reinterpretations in economic historyAngus Maddison, Dynamic forces in capitalist development: a long‐run comparative viewSteven Tolliday and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds., The power to manage: employers and industrial relations in comparative‐historical perspectiveMaxine Berg, ed., Political economy in the twentieth centuryMats Lundahl and Thommy Svensson, eds., Agrarian society in history: essays in honour of Magnus MörnerLars Jonung, ed., The Stockholm school of economics revisited

Book reviewed in this article:PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. The Modern English Prison. By L. W. Fox, M.C., Assistant Commissioner and Inspector of Prisons, Secretary of the Prison Commission.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Dartmoor Prison. A Record of 126 Years of Prisoner of War and Convict Life, 1806–1932. By A. J. Rhodes. With 13 Illustrations.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. London Prisons of To‐day and Yesterday. Plain Facts and Coloured Impressions. By Albert Crew, of Gray's Inn, The Middle Temple, The Central Criminal Court, The South‐Eastern Circuit, Barrister‐at‐Law.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Stir. By George Ingram.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Behind These Walls. By James R. Winning. With 16 Illustrations.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. The English Borstal System. By S. Barman. Foreword by Sir John Cumming, K.C.I.E., C.S.I. Introduction by Alexander Paterson, M.C.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Soviet Russia Fights Crime. By Lenka von Koerber.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Proceedings of the Sixty‐Third Annual Congress of the American Prison Association.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Handbook of American Prisons and Reformatories, 1933. Covering the Prisons and Reformatories of the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central States, and Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia. 4th Edition. Vol. I.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Osborne of Sing Sing. By Frank Tannenbaum.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Prisons. By M. Hamblin Smith, M.D.PRISONS—HERE, THERE AND EVERYWHERE. Shackling the Transgressor. By Dr. O. C. J. Withrow.TRIALS, NOTABLE AND FAMOUS. The Trial of Benjamin Knowles. By Albert Lieck.TRIALS, NOTABLE AND FAMOUS. Trial of Jack Sheppard. Edited by Horace Bleackley and J. M. Ellis.TRIALS, NOTABLE AND FAMOUS. The Trial of William Herbert Wallace. By W. F. Wyndham‐Brown."SOLICITOR" AGAIN. The Citizen and the Law. By "Solicitor."ON THE BENCH. Drah Street Glory. By J. A. R. Cairns.ON THE BENCH. Mr. Justice McCardie. By George Pollock.ON THE BENCH. The Recollections of Sir Henry Dickens.JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. Juvenile Detention in the United States. By Florence M. Warner.JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. 660 Runaway Boys. Why Boys Desert their Homes. By Clairette P. Armstrong, Ph.D., Psychologist, Children's Court, New York City.JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. The Law of Child Protection. By E. E. Bowerman, M.A., of the Middle Temple, Barrister‐at‐Law. With a foreword by Lord Eustace Percy, P.C., M.P.JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. The Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act, 1932. A Manual of the Acts relating to the Protection and Training of Children and Young Persons in Scotland. By M. G. Cowan, O.B.E., M.A. Foreword by the Hon. Lord Sands.JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. Juvenile Employment. By John Jewkes and Allan Winterbottom.JUVENILE DELINQUENCY. Club Leadership. By Basil L. Q. Henriques.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. Books reviewed by M. Hamblin Smith, M.D. The Nature and Treatment of Amentia. By L. Pierce Clark.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. Revista de Estudios Penitenciarios, Santiago de Chile, March‐April and May‐June, 1933.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. Abstract from Revista de Criminología, Psiquitría y Medicina Legal, Buenos Aires, July‐August, 1933.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. On the treatment of the so‐called criminal insane and insane criminals, by Dr. Osvaldo Loudet.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. Abstracts of articles in Arquivos de Medicina Legal e Indentificaçao, August, 1933; Rio de Janeiro.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. The Penitentiary of San Paulo, by Dr. Franklin Piza.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. Formula and Individual Profiles in Criminal Anthropology, by Prof. A. A. Mendes Corrêa.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. The Psycho‐analytic Conception of Crime, by Prof. Julio Porto‐Carreiro.PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIME. The discovery of mental diseases and abnormalities in prisoners, by Dr. Louis Vervaeck.MISCELLANEOUS. Sparks Beneath the Ashes. By Mary Ellison.MISCELLANEOUS. The New Philanthropy. A Study in the Relations between the Statutory and Voluntary Social Services. By Elizabeth Macadam, M.A.MISCELLANEOUS. 1. Motion Pictures and the Social Attitudes of Children. R. C. Petersen and L. L. Thurstone.MISCELLANEOUS. 2. The Social Conduct and Attitudes of Movie Fans. (Shuttleworth and May.)MISCELLANEOUS. 3. Movies and Conduct. (Herbert Blumer. 6s. Pp. 200 and Appendices.)MISCELLANEOUS. 4. Movies, Delinquency and Crime. (H. Blumer and P. Hanser. 6s. Pp. 202 and Appendices.)MISCELLANEOUS. (Macmillan Coy.) The Payne Foundation Studies.MISCELLANEOUS. Prostitution: A Survey and a Challenge. By Gladys Mary Hall, M.A. With an Introduction by Charles E. Raven, D.D.MISCELLANEOUS. The Laws Concerning the so‐called Professional and Habitual Criminals. By Dr. B. V. A. Röling.MISCELLANEOUS. It's a Battlefield. By Graham Greene.MISCELLANEOUS. Limey Breaks In. By James Spenser.MISCELLANEOUS. One Thousand Juvenile Delinquents. By Sheldon and Eleanor T. Glueck, with Introduction by Felix Frankfurter.