Suchergebnisse

By performing the research study of the impact of the bread market concentration on prices the social and economic threats of market concentration were clarified, the Lithuanian bread market was defined, the trends of retail price structure and the reasons that caused these changes were analyzed, the level of the bread market concentration was estimated and the impact of this concentration on competitiveness and prices was assessed. There are 4 big and 241 small and medium - sized bakeries operating in Lithuania. According to the Herfindahl - Hirschmann method, it was found that the Lithuanian bread market is not concentrated due to the large number of small and medium - sized bakeries and monopolistic competition should prevail in this market. However, the big bakeries, that occupy 30-50 per cent of the Lithuanian bread market, have a big influence to form supply and impose prices. By using Correlation and Regression analysis it was found that the estimated correlation signal strength of changes in grain purchase and oil product sale prices and it's impact on changes in prices of grain products in 2006-2009 revealed that only about one - third of the price increase could be justified on objective grounds, Hile the other two thirds - on subjective desicions of producers and traders. These desicions are specific to the Lithuanian bread market, where the features of oligopolistic competitiveness are intensifying. Cartels and their consequences are possible in such a market. According to the results of the research study, it was suggested that the legislative provisions that enable a predominant company position on the market, by occupying a smaller share of the market, could be specified.

Aim: To reveal experiences with information about the use of food supplements emerging among older people. Method: In the beginning of the research, academic publications and found researches related to the topic of Master's thesis were analyzed and described. Then, the plan of the research was composed. In order to carry out the research, one qualitative content- analysis interview template was prepared. In accordance to this template, 25 older pharmacy visitors were questioned. Results: Older people choose food supplements as an additional healing element together with currently used medicine in cases of various illnesses. What is more, they agree that non complicated symptoms can be treated using food supplements alone. Most often, older people choose food supplements that are simple, inexpensive, well- known, and frequently used by many people. Vast majority of the interviewed search for information independently and look for food supplements in accordance of what ailments they experience. For such users, sources of information are: advertisements, health shows on television, Internet, recommendations of friends or family, after that- consultation with pharmacist and in the last place- recommendation of a doctor. Conclusions: 1. The main motive why older people use food supplements is that it is an alternative to buying even more medicine. They claim that in cases of having temporary ailment or trying to strengthen the organism during the change of seasons, food supplements fit their needs. 2. Older people agree that all the food supplements that they use meet the regulated provisions in the legislation acts. As the provisions are unclear, clients buying does not check the packaging and labeling, does not pay attention to possible breaches. 3. The needs of older people are not complex, they want to know when and how long they need to use the food supplements. Majority of older patients use simple, inexpensive, well-known and high demand receiving supplements which are possible to find in every pharmacy. This way, finding information and understanding about the food supplements that are being used become much easier.

Aim: To reveal experiences with information about the use of food supplements emerging among older people. Method: In the beginning of the research, academic publications and found researches related to the topic of Master's thesis were analyzed and described. Then, the plan of the research was composed. In order to carry out the research, one qualitative content- analysis interview template was prepared. In accordance to this template, 25 older pharmacy visitors were questioned. Results: Older people choose food supplements as an additional healing element together with currently used medicine in cases of various illnesses. What is more, they agree that non complicated symptoms can be treated using food supplements alone. Most often, older people choose food supplements that are simple, inexpensive, well- known, and frequently used by many people. Vast majority of the interviewed search for information independently and look for food supplements in accordance of what ailments they experience. For such users, sources of information are: advertisements, health shows on television, Internet, recommendations of friends or family, after that- consultation with pharmacist and in the last place- recommendation of a doctor. Conclusions: 1. The main motive why older people use food supplements is that it is an alternative to buying even more medicine. They claim that in cases of having temporary ailment or trying to strengthen the organism during the change of seasons, food supplements fit their needs. 2. Older people agree that all the food supplements that they use meet the regulated provisions in the legislation acts. As the provisions are unclear, clients buying does not check the packaging and labeling, does not pay attention to possible breaches. 3. The needs of older people are not complex, they want to know when and how long they need to use the food supplements. Majority of older patients use simple, inexpensive, well-known and high demand receiving supplements which are possible to find in every pharmacy. This way, finding information and understanding about the food supplements that are being used become much easier.

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the use of hydrogenated fats in food production by analyzing the market, labelling and consumer attitudes. Methodology: the first part of this study consists of the analysis of the market. For this purpose various packages of margarine, spreadable fat mixes, buns, biscuits and cakes were collected and analyzed. The study was conducted in January – March 2017 in four supermarkets. During the study eighty-eight food packages were collected and analyzed. The second part of the study consists of a questionnaire – based survey conducted in February – March 2017. The questionnaire was published on a website www.apklausa.lt. 225 persons were interviewed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0, Microsoft Word and Excel. Results: the market analysis showed that almost all manufacturers comply with labelling requirements. However, there is a tendency that manufacturers who use hydrogenated fats in products do not always indicate them directly but, for example, indicate a use of margarine in the ingredients. The survey showed that the majority of respondents have not heard about hydrogenated fats but if they were indicated on the package, 80% of respondents would not buy such product at all or try to avoid them. Conclusions: the market analysis showed that the HN 119:2014 "Food Labeling Regulation" and Regulations (EU) No 1169/2011 of The European Parliament and of The Council requirements are partly met. The use of hydrogenated fat on the ingriedient list is reflected in the 15 % of analysed production. Only 45 % of respondents have heard about hydrogenated fat. The respondents noted that if the use of hydrogenated fats was indicated on the product packages, 80 % of respondents would not buy such products at all or try to avoid them.

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the use of hydrogenated fats in food production by analyzing the market, labelling and consumer attitudes. Methodology: the first part of this study consists of the analysis of the market. For this purpose various packages of margarine, spreadable fat mixes, buns, biscuits and cakes were collected and analyzed. The study was conducted in January – March 2017 in four supermarkets. During the study eighty-eight food packages were collected and analyzed. The second part of the study consists of a questionnaire – based survey conducted in February – March 2017. The questionnaire was published on a website www.apklausa.lt. 225 persons were interviewed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0, Microsoft Word and Excel. Results: the market analysis showed that almost all manufacturers comply with labelling requirements. However, there is a tendency that manufacturers who use hydrogenated fats in products do not always indicate them directly but, for example, indicate a use of margarine in the ingredients. The survey showed that the majority of respondents have not heard about hydrogenated fats but if they were indicated on the package, 80% of respondents would not buy such product at all or try to avoid them. Conclusions: the market analysis showed that the HN 119:2014 "Food Labeling Regulation" and Regulations (EU) No 1169/2011 of The European Parliament and of The Council requirements are partly met. The use of hydrogenated fat on the ingriedient list is reflected in the 15 % of analysed production. Only 45 % of respondents have heard about hydrogenated fat. The respondents noted that if the use of hydrogenated fats was indicated on the product packages, 80 % of respondents would not buy such products at all or try to avoid them.

Historically, food safety was a part of national regulation so EU food safety policy is quite phenomenal and associated with the implementation of the principles of the single market .The aim of the thesis is to explore the EU's food safety policy's peculiarities in Lithuania emphasizing the case of african swine fever. In order to achieve this goal the thesis is based on scientific literature analysis , documentation and legislative analysis , qualitative content analysis and semi- structured interviews. The first chapter examines the theoretical access of EU food safety policy. K.Paul's, V.Schmidt's and other author's ideas about the importance of discourse when seeking to explain institutional changes are analysed. The second part examines EU's food safety policy , it's principles, changes and decision- making process. Legal documents which governing EU food safety policy is analysed. The key actors of European level food safety policy are emphasized. The third chapter examines the food safety in Lithuania . Analysis of food safety legislation in Lithuania is made by distinguishing institutions which are involved in food safety policy process. Functions of the State Food and Veterinary service are emphasized. The fourth part of the paper analyzes the problems of african swine fever in Lithuania. A qualitative media content analysis allowed to identify the existing discourses and problems which are emphasized in media. Semi- structured interviews with the responsible authorities , politicians and other stakeholders allowed to achieve a better understanding of the decisions and stakeholder position of african swine fever. Results leaded to the conclusion that Lithuania accepted more drastic decisions than is required by EU legislation which has caused dissatisfaction within environmentalist and losses to pig farmers . However, due to african swine fever infection in Lithuania and Poland pork export is suspended to Russia from EU although the EU itself prohibited export only from the affected areas , which suggests that the EU's food safety system is not always recognized by the third parties.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Today, the growing importance takes on international trade and international relations. Sometimes there are certain contradictions between the countries. These contradictions usually occur through the restriction of international trade which affects not only the macroeconomic indicators of countries, but also the population of the country. One of the most common ways of limiting international trade is embargo. Since Russia announced an embargo on imports of foodstuffs in the EU countries, the exports of food products to Russia has significantly decreased in the EU countries. This decrease in exports has had a negative impact not only to the relations between the countries but also to the economies of the countries.

Materials and products that interfere with food products not always are inactive, therefore, it is very important to identify the chemical substance and its amount to prevent health of customers and to evaluate the legislation that may be interrupted. This work has estimated materials, migration of chemical substances and factors of their stimulation etc. that contribute with food products. Many scientific publications about products and materials that interfere with food products and theory about chemical components that migrate from package to food have been analyzed in this final work of master degree. The practical part of this research was performed by using the data collection and analysis packages' methods.

Materials and products that interfere with food products not always are inactive, therefore, it is very important to identify the chemical substance and its amount to prevent health of customers and to evaluate the legislation that may be interrupted. This work has estimated materials, migration of chemical substances and factors of their stimulation etc. that contribute with food products. Many scientific publications about products and materials that interfere with food products and theory about chemical components that migrate from package to food have been analyzed in this final work of master degree. The practical part of this research was performed by using the data collection and analysis packages' methods.

Farmers operate in a changing market, policy and social environment so questions arise as to how they experience these changes and react in their business orientation. This topic was examined in the period 2011 to 2016 in a strongly fluctuating product market and food policy environment, e.g., abolition of milk quotas in Europe. The study was based on unique panel data for 290 dairy farms in Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania and The Netherlands, questioned up to three times in 2011, 2013 and 2016. The conceptual framework was composed of Farmer goals, Resources, Opportunities and Threats (O&T), and Future expectations (performance) as continuous variables, and countries and strategy farmer groups as categorical variables. Data were analysed applying PCA, ANOVA, cluster and regression analyses. Dairy farmers seemed not to be motivated or educated to take strategic decisions that made the best use of their resources and to take opportunities and mitigate threats to achieve their personal goals. Farmer perceptions were strongly affected by country of origin, local environment and milk price, and less by the strategy group. The market situation is one of the dominant factors affecting the mind-set of farmers in Europe. Future expectations were evaluated highest in 2013 (period with 'high' prices), lowest in 2016 (price crisis) and intermediate in 2011 (moderate price period). The large dependence of farmers on the price of their product could be a sensitive issue for politicians, but also food chain members and farmers' syndicates. They may anticipate a fluctuating attitude of farmers with respect to organisational and institutional plans and implemented measures, depending on the market situation and related policy context.

Farmers operate in a changing market, policy and social environment so questions arise as to how they experience these changes and react in their business orientation. This topic was examined in the period 2011 to 2016 in a strongly fluctuating product market and food policy environment, e.g., abolition of milk quotas in Europe. The study was based on unique panel data for 290 dairy farms in Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania and The Netherlands, questioned up to three times in 2011, 2013 and 2016. The conceptual framework was composed of Farmer goals, Resources, Opportunities and Threats (O&T), and Future expectations (performance) as continuous variables, and countries and strategy farmer groups as categorical variables. Data were analysed applying PCA, ANOVA, cluster and regression analyses. Dairy farmers seemed not to be motivated or educated to take strategic decisions that made the best use of their resources and to take opportunities and mitigate threats to achieve their personal goals. Farmer perceptions were strongly affected by country of origin, local environment and milk price, and less by the strategy group. The market situation is one of the dominant factors affecting the mind-set of farmers in Europe. Future expectations were evaluated highest in 2013 (period with 'high' prices), lowest in 2016 (price crisis) and intermediate in 2011 (moderate price period). The large dependence of farmers on the price of their product could be a sensitive issue for politicians, but also food chain members and farmers' syndicates. They may anticipate a fluctuating attitude of farmers with respect to organisational and institutional plans and implemented measures, depending on the market situation and related policy context.