Suchergebnisse

Cryptocurrency prices have high volatility compared to traditional financial time series. This is the reason why it is hard to predict prices properly using standard models. The aim of this work is to apply the hidden Markov chain model to predict cryptocurrency price direction and to determine regime switching impact to cryptocurrency prices. Various political actions and economic regimes affect cryptocurrency prices. Logarithmic returns used for 2-, 3- ,4- ,5-state hidden Markov model application. It was found that 3-state model is the best to find hidden regimes in cryptocurrency price changes. This model divided cryptocurrency returns according to their volatility into low, medium, and extreme volatility regimes. For the price direction forecast the hidden Markov model was constructed by discretizing the cryptocurrency prices returns into 5 intervals. Based on them, a sequence of observations was formed for 3-year data. The assumption was made that there are two hidden states which represents increasing and decreasing prices. Baum-Welch algorithm was used for learning the model. Then predicted price directions for 3 months data and calculated the accuracy of the model, which was compared with machine learning methods (random forest algorithm, artificial neural network method, and naive Bayesian classifier). In average the prediction made by the hidden Markov model is more accurate than other methods when daily observations are considered.

Cryptocurrency prices have high volatility compared to traditional financial time series. This is the reason why it is hard to predict prices properly using standard models. The aim of this work is to apply the hidden Markov chain model to predict cryptocurrency price direction and to determine regime switching impact to cryptocurrency prices. Various political actions and economic regimes affect cryptocurrency prices. Logarithmic returns used for 2-, 3- ,4- ,5-state hidden Markov model application. It was found that 3-state model is the best to find hidden regimes in cryptocurrency price changes. This model divided cryptocurrency returns according to their volatility into low, medium, and extreme volatility regimes. For the price direction forecast the hidden Markov model was constructed by discretizing the cryptocurrency prices returns into 5 intervals. Based on them, a sequence of observations was formed for 3-year data. The assumption was made that there are two hidden states which represents increasing and decreasing prices. Baum-Welch algorithm was used for learning the model. Then predicted price directions for 3 months data and calculated the accuracy of the model, which was compared with machine learning methods (random forest algorithm, artificial neural network method, and naive Bayesian classifier). In average the prediction made by the hidden Markov model is more accurate than other methods when daily observations are considered.

Cryptocurrency prices have high volatility compared to traditional financial time series. This is the reason why it is hard to predict prices properly using standard models. The aim of this work is to apply the hidden Markov chain model to predict cryptocurrency price direction and to determine regime switching impact to cryptocurrency prices. Various political actions and economic regimes affect cryptocurrency prices. Logarithmic returns used for 2-, 3- ,4- ,5-state hidden Markov model application. It was found that 3-state model is the best to find hidden regimes in cryptocurrency price changes. This model divided cryptocurrency returns according to their volatility into low, medium, and extreme volatility regimes. For the price direction forecast the hidden Markov model was constructed by discretizing the cryptocurrency prices returns into 5 intervals. Based on them, a sequence of observations was formed for 3-year data. The assumption was made that there are two hidden states which represents increasing and decreasing prices. Baum-Welch algorithm was used for learning the model. Then predicted price directions for 3 months data and calculated the accuracy of the model, which was compared with machine learning methods (random forest algorithm, artificial neural network method, and naive Bayesian classifier). In average the prediction made by the hidden Markov model is more accurate than other methods when daily observations are considered.

Cryptocurrency prices have high volatility compared to traditional financial time series. This is the reason why it is hard to predict prices properly using standard models. The aim of this work is to apply the hidden Markov chain model to predict cryptocurrency price direction and to determine regime switching impact to cryptocurrency prices. Various political actions and economic regimes affect cryptocurrency prices. Logarithmic returns used for 2-, 3- ,4- ,5-state hidden Markov model application. It was found that 3-state model is the best to find hidden regimes in cryptocurrency price changes. This model divided cryptocurrency returns according to their volatility into low, medium, and extreme volatility regimes. For the price direction forecast the hidden Markov model was constructed by discretizing the cryptocurrency prices returns into 5 intervals. Based on them, a sequence of observations was formed for 3-year data. The assumption was made that there are two hidden states which represents increasing and decreasing prices. Baum-Welch algorithm was used for learning the model. Then predicted price directions for 3 months data and calculated the accuracy of the model, which was compared with machine learning methods (random forest algorithm, artificial neural network method, and naive Bayesian classifier). In average the prediction made by the hidden Markov model is more accurate than other methods when daily observations are considered.

Research of how customers perceive ecological food products has to be conducted in order to define consumer behavior and foresee opportunities of the eco food product growth. Consumer behavior depends on social, economic and cultural context. Thus, research methods have to be developed for every single case, which turns into scientific problem. This article deals with the factors that form consumer perception of the ecological food product, defines basic specific features of this particular market and describes its growth possibilities. Objective – define consumer perception of the ecological food product. Key points: 1. Characterize basic features of the ecological food product important to consumers; 2. Define major characteristics of the ecological food market; 3. Determine possibilities of this particular market growth. Such common research methods as comparative scientific literature analysis and systemic logical analysis have been used when researching and analyzing ecological food products and basic market characteristics. Conclusions: 1. Ecological foods products are perceived by consumers as healthy, safe, nutritious, vitamin rich, tasty, local, expensive, scarce and remarkable food. Some of the features have not been scientifically proven. However, all of these characteristics regardless if seeming or proven influence consumer perception of the ecological food products. 2. Ecological food market could be defined as the market where consumption changes with the time; demand for the ecological precooked food increases and depends on consumer age, sex, education and occupation; ecological food market growth is stimulated by country's government. 3. It is important to reduce ecological food prices, improve its accessibility and unify EU trade marks in order to develop and sustain ecological food market.

Research of how customers perceive ecological food products has to be conducted in order to define consumer behavior and foresee opportunities of the eco food product growth. Consumer behavior depends on social, economic and cultural context. Thus, research methods have to be developed for every single case, which turns into scientific problem. This article deals with the factors that form consumer perception of the ecological food product, defines basic specific features of this particular market and describes its growth possibilities. Objective – define consumer perception of the ecological food product. Key points: 1. Characterize basic features of the ecological food product important to consumers; 2. Define major characteristics of the ecological food market; 3. Determine possibilities of this particular market growth. Such common research methods as comparative scientific literature analysis and systemic logical analysis have been used when researching and analyzing ecological food products and basic market characteristics. Conclusions: 1. Ecological foods products are perceived by consumers as healthy, safe, nutritious, vitamin rich, tasty, local, expensive, scarce and remarkable food. Some of the features have not been scientifically proven. However, all of these characteristics regardless if seeming or proven influence consumer perception of the ecological food products. 2. Ecological food market could be defined as the market where consumption changes with the time; demand for the ecological precooked food increases and depends on consumer age, sex, education and occupation; ecological food market growth is stimulated by country's government. 3. It is important to reduce ecological food prices, improve its accessibility and unify EU trade marks in order to develop and sustain ecological food market.

Research object – grain prices and its factors. Research aim – identify the most important factors of Lithuanian grain prices and eveluate its importance. Objectives: 1) Disclose specific and price making peculiarity of grain market prices; 2) Identify factors of grain market prices and ascertain its investigation in academic literature; 3) Analyze Lithuanian grain dynamics, changes, and factors of prices size; 4) Evaluate factors influence prices for grain market prices. Research methods: 1) Analyzing grain market politics statutes in Lithuania are used overall research methods- analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and juridical documents; 2) Remaining grain prices analysis are used economical, statistical collection of information and analysis methods; 3) Classification, comparison and graphic representation methods are used to edit and systematize statistical information; 4) Evaluation of the prices of factors influence the prices of cereals, used in the linear regression method. Research theoretical foundation Preparing a Master's degree final thesis will be used Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature for final thesis, Republic of Lithuania laws and resolutions, statistical information from institutions of Lithuania's Republic: Lithuanian Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, Lithuanian Ministry of Agriculture, National Paying Agency under the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania Database. The results of the study • the first part of the work examined the specificity of grain prices and pricing, the price of cereals to identify factors; • the second part of the work analyze the changes in grain prices and pricing factors of size; • the third part of the work assessed the influence of price factors, grain prices in the linear regression method. Found that the supply, demand and import factors most influenced the grain prices in Lithuania.

Research object – grain prices and its factors. Research aim – identify the most important factors of Lithuanian grain prices and eveluate its importance. Objectives: 1) Disclose specific and price making peculiarity of grain market prices; 2) Identify factors of grain market prices and ascertain its investigation in academic literature; 3) Analyze Lithuanian grain dynamics, changes, and factors of prices size; 4) Evaluate factors influence prices for grain market prices. Research methods: 1) Analyzing grain market politics statutes in Lithuania are used overall research methods- analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and juridical documents; 2) Remaining grain prices analysis are used economical, statistical collection of information and analysis methods; 3) Classification, comparison and graphic representation methods are used to edit and systematize statistical information; 4) Evaluation of the prices of factors influence the prices of cereals, used in the linear regression method. Research theoretical foundation Preparing a Master's degree final thesis will be used Lithuanian and foreign scientific literature for final thesis, Republic of Lithuania laws and resolutions, statistical information from institutions of Lithuania's Republic: Lithuanian Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, Lithuanian Ministry of Agriculture, National Paying Agency under the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania Database. The results of the study • the first part of the work examined the specificity of grain prices and pricing, the price of cereals to identify factors; • the second part of the work analyze the changes in grain prices and pricing factors of size; • the third part of the work assessed the influence of price factors, grain prices in the linear regression method. Found that the supply, demand and import factors most influenced the grain prices in Lithuania.

The goal of this master thesis is to complete a research on the legal regulation peculiarities of food labelling and consumer protection. In order to achieve the set goal, following tasks were formed in this thesis: to analyze the legal regulation peculiarities of food labelling in legislation of European Union and Lithuania; to analyze legal regulation of requirements for labelling organic food and products that contain food additives; to provide insights regarding possibilities for consumers to implement their rights in the sphere of food labelling. One of the goals of the European Union food safety policy is to ensure the labelling of food. Therefore, after analysing the legal regulation of food labelling in the first section of the thesis, a proposition can be made that, the labelling of this sphere in the European Union is regulated by horizontal and vertical legislation. The new regulation No. 1169/2011, issued by the European Parliament and Council on the 25th of October, seeks to join, consolidate and simplify currently valid legislation regarding food labelling. The main legal document which regulates food labelling in the Republic of Lithuania is Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "Food Labelling". While the market of both organic food and products that contain additives continues to develop, the second section of the thesis analyzes the requirements set by legislation for labelling such products. The analysis of legislation that regulates the labelling of organic food shows that, the main objective of mandatory labelling of products with a certain mark that meet the requirements set for organic food in Lithuania and the European Union is to create an exclusive market for such products, and to form the perception among consumers about advantages of organic food production. Legal requirement to indicate food additives in the constitution of a product is designated in order to ensure that information provided to the consumer is sufficient to make an informed purchase, and, in some cases, to warn the consumer. Food labelling should be perceived not only as informing the consumer, but also as a part of national requirements for implemented and controlled food safety and quality. The third section analyses the possibility for consumers to implement their rights, and a conclusion can be drawn that, when an inadequately labelled food product is purchased, legislation enables the consumer to: 1) address salesperson who sold the product and, optionally, make a requirement to: replace the product with an item of proper quality; adequately reduce the price of the item; return the item to salesperson and demand to receive the spent amount of money; 2) address the State Food and Veterinary Service with a complaint (notice).

The goal of this master thesis is to complete a research on the legal regulation peculiarities of food labelling and consumer protection. In order to achieve the set goal, following tasks were formed in this thesis: to analyze the legal regulation peculiarities of food labelling in legislation of European Union and Lithuania; to analyze legal regulation of requirements for labelling organic food and products that contain food additives; to provide insights regarding possibilities for consumers to implement their rights in the sphere of food labelling. One of the goals of the European Union food safety policy is to ensure the labelling of food. Therefore, after analysing the legal regulation of food labelling in the first section of the thesis, a proposition can be made that, the labelling of this sphere in the European Union is regulated by horizontal and vertical legislation. The new regulation No. 1169/2011, issued by the European Parliament and Council on the 25th of October, seeks to join, consolidate and simplify currently valid legislation regarding food labelling. The main legal document which regulates food labelling in the Republic of Lithuania is Lithuanian Hygiene Norm HN 119:2002 "Food Labelling". While the market of both organic food and products that contain additives continues to develop, the second section of the thesis analyzes the requirements set by legislation for labelling such products. The analysis of legislation that regulates the labelling of organic food shows that, the main objective of mandatory labelling of products with a certain mark that meet the requirements set for organic food in Lithuania and the European Union is to create an exclusive market for such products, and to form the perception among consumers about advantages of organic food production. Legal requirement to indicate food additives in the constitution of a product is designated in order to ensure that information provided to the consumer is sufficient to make an informed purchase, and, in some cases, to warn the consumer. Food labelling should be perceived not only as informing the consumer, but also as a part of national requirements for implemented and controlled food safety and quality. The third section analyses the possibility for consumers to implement their rights, and a conclusion can be drawn that, when an inadequately labelled food product is purchased, legislation enables the consumer to: 1) address salesperson who sold the product and, optionally, make a requirement to: replace the product with an item of proper quality; adequately reduce the price of the item; return the item to salesperson and demand to receive the spent amount of money; 2) address the State Food and Veterinary Service with a complaint (notice).

This paper analyses the tendencies of labour – as one factor of the production – price changes in Lithuania. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the tendencies of labour price in Lithuania equalization with average labour price in the European Union in the context of integration into the EU.

This paper analyses the tendencies of labour – as one factor of the production – price changes in Lithuania. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the tendencies of labour price in Lithuania equalization with average labour price in the European Union in the context of integration into the EU.

This paper analyses the tendencies of labour – as one factor of the production – price changes in Lithuania. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the tendencies of labour price in Lithuania equalization with average labour price in the European Union in the context of integration into the EU.

Search for rational solutions to problems relating food packaging is being given major attention in Lithuania upon entering the EU. To meet EU and world standards for packaging it is important to consider the entirety of c and subsequent assessment criteria with regard to packaging materials, package and packaging components. The paper discusses major requirements applied to food packaging in the EU and reviews trends and forecasts in development of food packaging. Materials used for food packaging as established in EU legislation are studied and various assessment criteria are presented. The impact of ecological requirements as well as that of the life-style and societal changes on the development of packaging reviewed.