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Food security refers not only to an adequate aggregate supply of food, but also means that "all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food". Population growth is probably the single most important global factor influencing food secutiy because of its rapid rate of increase. This paper aims to review the concept of global food security and investigate its relationship among different factors that must be taken into consideration for a nation to be food secure. The theoretical foundation of this paper was formed by conducting a comprehensive literature review on global food security. A new model was presented to illustrate the relationship between global food security and four specific factors that are essential for a nation to attain the level of global food security. The proposed model clearly shows how government and individuals must collaborate to attain the level of food security desired taking into consideration the many factors discussed. The paper demonstrates that global food security is a unique and complicated concept which requires the utilization of a specialized cross-functional team to tackle the various obstacles along the way.

According to the current report on the Millennium Development Goals (UN 2015), the share of undernourished people living in the developing world has fallen from 23.3% in 1990-1992 to 12.9% in 2014-2016 (projection). Despite this progress towards global food security, about 795 million people worldwide (or 780 million people in developing regions) will remain undernourished in 2014-2016 (UN 2015). Put differently, more than 10% of the world population still suffers from chronic hunger (FAO et al. 2015). Moreover, globally, one in seven children under age five are projected to be underweight in 2015 and one in four were stunted in 2013, i.e. had inadequate height for their age (UN 2015) - not only causing current hardship and pain but also leading to adverse long-term effects (see Lehmann-Uschner 2015). Against this background, global food security will feature prominently in the emerging post-2015 development agenda, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (UN 2015). Food security is defined as a status in which "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (FAO 1996: Paragraph 1). The main challenges to global food security in the medium- to long-term range from a growing world population to more resource-intensive diets, bioenergy generation and climate change. Already today, these developments account at least partly for the current rise in agricultural commodity prices. In addition to the fight against poverty, proposed solutions to meet the challenges include a sustainable intensification of agricultural production, reductions in yield losses and food wastes, open trade regimes, emission-saving agricultural practices and shifts in consumer preferences towards more sustainable demand patterns.

In this article, the author has analyzed what types of food security policies need to be develop and implement depending on the dimensions of food security in order to improve the situation of food security. Improving the current situation regarding the food security is a dilemma not only related to the national level of a country but also worldwide. The consequences of economic growth and the level of globalization for some countries have been quite impressive, especially for industrial countries, but not for developing and emerging countries. The European Community together with such organizations as the UN and the FAO have come up with quite impressive policies on improving food security, namely the four specific dimensions: insurance, access, use and stability. The main directions of improvement for each food security policy has been analyzed by the author at the level of the country of the Europe and Central Asia region. The scientific methods used by the author are: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, history and logic. As a result of research, we find that regardless of the level of development of the country, the state must pay particular attention to the development of such a direction as: increasing the volume of domestic food production, facilitating food imports in the country, creating jobs.

Received: February 13th, 2021 ; Accepted: June 11th, 2021 ; Published: July 8th, 2021 ; Correspondence: veronika.urievna@mail.ru ; Ensuring food security is a strategic goal of any state, especially in the face of population growth. A review of the academic literature showed the presence of problems in ensuring a high level of food security in China: the rigidity of demand for food, limited land resources, structural contradictions between supply and demand. This study proposes an approach to assessing the level of food security, based on the calculation of an integral index consisting of four units of indicators: the sub-index of provision of crop products, the sub-index of productivity, the sub-index of provision of livestock products, and the sub-index of food import dependence. The results show that, in general, the level of food security in China has increased over the period under review, but there are problems in self-sufficiency in crop and dairy products, as well as in an increase in food import dependence. A forecast of the dynamics of the integral index of the food security level and its sub-indices was constructed, which showed that a decrease in the integral index might occur due to a decrease in self-sufficiency in livestock products and import dependence, while the availability of crop products and yields will increase. The study showed that the measures taken by the Chinese government led to some positive changes, but it is necessary to take a comprehensive approach to this problem, to solve which it is necessary to use the potential of all sectors of the food industry.

The task of overseeing food security at an international scale is complicated by the multi-variable and complex nature of the problem. Nevertheless, much policy and governance work has been done through international, most of all through the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Within the FAO, the Committee for World Food Security (CFS) formalizes food security policy, guidelines, and assessments, acting as the main food security governance body within the much broader FAO. Previous research has pointed out the presence of a food security governance system but has not interrogated how power can be understood within this system. I use Foucault's theory of biopolitics, along with critical discourse analysis and discursive institutionalism, to determine how the CFS enacts biopolitical governance through its discursive framework, and what tools the CFS uses to achieve this governance. I find that through both the CFS' heavy emphasis on food production as a solution to food insecurity and the comprehensive use of statistical analysis, a system of biopolitical governance is achieved.

A recent publication of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has highlighted the food insecurity problem facing the globe: food production will have to increase by 70 percent in 2050 to keep up with a global population that is projected to grow from 6 billion to 9 billion. There has to be more investments in agriculture to improve productivity, which will be critical to the goal of achieving food security. There is scope for governments and the private sector cooperation in food production. The paper discusses innovative financing schemes geared to food production and identifies policy gaps, that is, areas where governments could intervene to enhance the workings of the market.

The state of food security and nutrition is a vital issue for governments. It is recommended to govern food security in a systematic approach to enable governments to achieve food security and to eliminate all forms of malnutrition. Food security and nutrition (FSN) systems should be measurable, primary food security indicators should be regularly observed and assessed. THE efficient FSN system should be capable of providing sufficient food at affordable prices for everyone. It should guarantee a stable and resilient supply to meet food demands and to deliver a nutritious and quality diet. However, the national FSN system should be capable of dealing with food security challenges and should address food security-critical and emerging issues. Achieving the desired state of food security and nutrition can be hindered by geopolitical instability and food prices and price volatility. The prevalence of poverty and hunger, especially in rural areas, would stress the food security system. Finally, sustainable agriculture and food systems are important factors for efficient food security and nutrition systems. This review paper aims to illustrate significant food security challenges that need to be considered by any food security and nutrition system

This course aims at unpacking the deeper structural causes of food insecurity and malnutrition by analysing economic, social and gendered power asymmetries that underlie global and local food systems. Students will become familiar with the conceptual, political and institutional differences between food security and food sovereignty and further link it to global politics. For instance, by observing the ways in which these concepts contribute to reach the Millennium Development Goals, or the whys and whereof of the hierarchies of knowledge in development practice. They will be introduced to food regime analysis, to value chain analysis, to the food systems approach as well as to feminist political ecology and thereby improve their skills to critically reflect environmental concerns and diverse power asymmetries in agrifood development. Students will be familiarized with current institutions and actors of food security governance and will be introduced to alternative food movements at international and local levels, their ideas about food sovereignty and questions of inequalities.

In this article the problem of food store safety in the Republic of Uzbekistan is examined. It's mentioned that the government by the way of further deepening of economical reforms in agriculture, rasing the level of using land-water resources, stimulation of widening application of the resource-saving technologies to production provides not only food store but also the social-economical defence of the population of Uzbekistan.

Access to sufficient safe food is a basic requirement for human health. Ensuring food safety and security in a highly globalized world presents increasingly difficult, and often under-appreciated challenges, for governments, commercial organizations and individuals alike. Food security is undoubtedly amongst the most pressing of challenges confronting the world in the twenty-first century. The FAO definition (1996) highlights the importance of ensuring that all people have access to safe, nutritious, preferred food, rather than simply ensuring that sufficient food is produced. A large part of food security is assuring the food is safe from a chemical, physical or biological aspect. According to UN, access to a safe and secure food supply is a basic human right. Everyone needs food and needs it every day either plant sources or animal sources or both. Food safety must be an integral part in the nutrition and food security policies and programs. Food safety and food security are interrelated concepts which have an impact on the health outcomes and quality of human lives. A key challenge to scale up nutrition, public health and food security/food safety globally is to better leverage existing capacity and research working towards evidence-based decisions. Food safety deals with safeguarding the own national food supply chain from the introduction, growth or survival of hazardous microbial and chemical agents. Food safety and food security (food availability) are essential goals that need to be met to protect and improve human health and nutrition. ; BG; bg; EFSAfocalpoint@mzh.government.bg

The article covers the issues of ensuring food security, reforms carried out by Uzbekistan in this regard and mutual cooperation, which are becoming one of the most pressing problems in the world today. The increase in the number of Population year-on-year, climatic changes, urbanization, economic, ecological factors adversely affect the volume and quality of food production. This, in turn, dictates the implementation of deep consistent reforms in the spheres of existing rural agriculture and food industry. In recent years, with the aim of accelerating the development of agricultural production and the food industry, addressing sectoral challenges, Uzbekistan has been working not only in domestic capacity but also with international organizations and developed countries. In particular, Uzbekistan joined the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOUN) on 2 November 2001. During this period, Uzbekistan has implemented a number of national and regional projects in collaboration with the UN. For example, Uzbekistan carried out 8 national and regional projects in the Republic during 2001-2015 in cooperation with this organization. On June 5-6, 2014 in Tashkent on the initiative of Uzbekistan held an international conference on the theme "significant reserves of Food Program Implementation in Uzbekistan". In addition, the FAOUN's 32nd regional conference for Europe is scheduled to be held in Uzbekistan for the first time among the countries of Central Asia on May 5-7, 2020. This is evidenced by the growing strengthening of cooperation with the FAOUN Organization of Uzbekistan.

Food security is a global challenge. This paper examines the regional variation in household food security in Nepal. Specifically, I examine the variation in household level food security with particular reference to newly formed provinces constructed as per the new constitution (2015) of the country, three ecological regions and rural-urban locations of households. I use the nationally representative data from 2011 Nepal Demographic Health Survey to investigate the issue. Using both descriptive as well as multivariate analysis, evidences show that there is regional variation in overall food security in Nepal. Findings show that food security is a problem of rural households. Moreover, food security status of households also significantly varied by province. Households living in Karnali and Far-west provinces (province 6 and 7) located in the western part of Nepal are more food insecure as compared to those living in other provinces. Food security status of households also varied by domains of food security. While anxiety about food supply was an issue for households in the mountains and the hills, food security in terms of quality was equally important in all three ecological regions. However, interestingly, quantity of intake was not a major issue in all the three ecological regions. All three domains were important for households that live in rural areas as well as those living in provinces other than those in Karnali and Far-west provinces. These findings provide a macro level snap shot of food security situation of Nepal and are deemed important for the newly formed federal and provincial governments for food policy framing. Further investigation at the micro-level is necessary for more concrete policies.

This joint working paper lays out a rationale and strategic framework for improving food security and managing food-price shocks in the Arab countries. The paper does not provide country specific policy and project recommendations. Such recommendations will follow from the country by country application of the framework, taking into account each country's political and cultural preferences, resource endowments, and risk tolerance. In 2007 and the first half of 2008, a sharp rise in agricultural commodity and food prices triggered grave concerns about food security, malnutrition and increased poverty throughout the world. While the threat of a prolonged food-price shock receded with falling energy and commodity prices and a weakening global economy in the second half of 2008, many factors underlying the volatility in food prices appear here to stay and will require careful management if the world is to avoid future food-price shocks. This paper suggests three critical strategies that, together, can serve as pillars to help offset future vulnerability to price shocks: a) strengthen safety nets, provide people with better access to family planning services, and promote education; b) enhance the food supply provided by domestic agriculture and improve rural livelihoods by addressing lagging productivity growth through increased investment in research and development; and c) reduce exposure to market volatility by improving supply chain efficiency and by more effectively using financial instruments to hedge risk.

From its initial drafting to its eventual passage in the Indian Parliament and beyond, the National Food Security Bill has been extensively debated with a lot of animation by activists, economists, politicians and even corporate leaders. This article presents a brief summary of the debate in the backdrop of a discussion of the general issues related to food security and India's past record of food grain management. Since the Bill has now been turned into an Act, it is suggested that the focus of attention should now shift to its implementation mechanism and suitable measures to mitigate the apprehended undesirable consequences of the proposed nationwide food security programme.

In Nigeria, two third of the population lives in food poverty, and poor access to the means of supporting rural development being among the causative factors. Consequently, food security which goes with food self sufficiency and sustainability is still elusive. Agriculture remains a key component of the Nigeria economy. The Government has made very frantic efforts to ensure food security by introducing a number of programmes including the National Programme on Food Security however, the extent to which it has moved in the direction of ensuring food security is unknown. This study therefore sought to determine the contributions of the National Programme on Food Security on household food security in Enugu State. A hypothesis was formulated to guide the study. A well structured questionnaire was validated and used to collect relevant information from 450 respondents who were randomly selected from three Local Government Areas which were hitherto used as sites for the National Food Security Programme in Enugu State. Findings indicated that the National programme has helped farmers to improve in some areas by providing loans, seedlings, machines, and these led to an increase in household food security. Recommendations were made at strengthening efforts on food security. Onuoha, Onyekachi Chibueze | Onugu, Charles Uchenna | Edoga, Juliet Chinenye "Contributions of the National Programme on Food Security (NPFS) on Household Food Security in Enugu State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11487.pdf