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Before the war, Australia was a great food-producing country—in fact, she had, per capita, the greatest food supply in the world—yet there was no one department in the Commonwealth government in which the task of administering that food supply was centralized. No constitutional or statutory basis existed for control by the Commonwealth of food production, processing, and distribution. Agriculture was a function of the individual states, all of whom maintained separate departments of agriculture. Since the export of certain basic agricultural products such as wool and wheat was essential to the economy of Australia, a loosely-knit system of marketing boards affiliated with the Commonwealth Department of Commerce had developed to supervise the sale of these commodities. However, several of these boards, such as the Dairy Produce Board and the Dried Fruits Export Control Board, which had derived their powers originally from special legislation, experienced difficulties because of constitutional restrictions. In 1936, the Privy Council declared invalid a series of marketing laws relating to dried fruits, dairy products, and wheat. Section 92 of the Constitution, which requires free trade among the states, was interpreted by the Council as constraining the Commonwealth as well as the states. Under the wartime emergency powers granted to the Commonwealth by the National Security Regulations of 1939–40, these agencies and many additional similar ones received legal basis.

Digest of relevant court opinions handed down since 1933. ; Part of a project to supplement: United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Office of the General Counsel. Decisions of courts in cases under the Federal Food and Drugs Act. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The sixth session of the Food and Agricultural Organization Conference was held November 19 to December 7, 1951 in Rome. This was its first biennial session. The provisional agenda for the conference included the following: appointment of a Director-General; election of Council members and chairman; emergency action to assist the United Nations in the maintenance of peace and security; final action on the international plant protection convention; establishment of a Latin American fisheries council, and principles of forest policy; review of the world situation and existing trends in agricultural production and consumption; international commodity problems; the activities of FAO and its long-term objectives; the report of the Director-General (Dodd); the technical assistance program; the $8,753,000 budget and other administrative and financial questions; and the relation of FAO to the United Nations.

Mode of access: Internet. ; This report also constitutes section 1 of: United States. Federal Security Agency. Annual report (1944) ; Continued in 1945 by: United States. Food and Drug Administration. Annual report of the Federal Security Agency for the fiscal year . Section 1, Food and Drug Administration.

Surplus agricultural commodities have been moved abroad during the late 1950's under several programs: Public Law 480, The Mutual Security Act, and foreign dollar loans and credits. Shipments under these programs have bulked large in recent years—running close to 40 per cent of total agricultural exports and amounting to about $1.5 billion. The emphasis in these programs has been on surplus disposal, rather than on the development needs of the recipient countries. Hence, it is not surprising that the potential for using the sur plus food and fiber bounty of the United States to support and induce economic development has scarcely been touched. But policy actions are within our grasp for making more effective use of surplus food and fiber products from the United States in the recipient "underdeveloped" countries; food and fiber can be used as capital to finance economic development.

The United States Government, over the past several years, has endeavored to utilize its abundance of agricultural commodities for the promotion of economic development in certain foreign locales. The disposal of surplus food and fiber products purportedly serves the dual purpose of alleviation of domestic over-production and assistance to underdeveloped countries engaged in a struggle for economic advancement. The two programs which attempt an integration of surplus disposal with foreign economic assistance are Section 402 of the Mutual Security Act and the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (PL 480).

Foreign aid has become a traditional part of the foreign policy of the United States, but in the eleven years since the enactment of the Marshall Plan there has been a steady increase of opposition to foreign aid programs. The votes in the Senate in favor of the Marshall Plan were 4.06 times the negative votes. Ten years later, in 1958, the "yea" votes in the Senate on the Mutual Security Administration bill were 3.00 times as many as the "nay" votes. The votes in the House for these same two years show an even greater manifestation of a growing opposition to foreign aid. In 1948 the affirmative votes were 4.48 greater than the negative, while in 1958 the figure drops to 1.93. While only two out of the eight Kansans in Congress voted against the Marshall Plan in 1948, three voted against the Mutual Security Act in 1958, and Senator Schoeppel, who did not vote, was known to be against the bill. This indicates that the Kansas Senator s and Representatives in Washington have roughly followed the national trend of a mounting opposition to foreign aid bills (3.00 more "yea" votes as "nay" votes in 1948 as compared to 2.00 more "yea" votes than "nay" votes in 1958). Throughout this study the writer has attempted to show why this opposition has increased as far as the Kansans were concerned. Speeches, both in and out of Congress as well as the public statements of the Kansas Senators and Representatives for the period 1948 to 1959 were checked in an attempt to as certain why these men voted as they did. A study was also made of the Congressional Record, the Topeka Daily Capital, the Hutchinson News-Herald, the Garden City Daily Telegram, the Emporia Gazette, and the Kansas City Star. Letters of inquiry were also submitted t o these men. It is the considered opinion of the author that the main reason for the Kansans voting in favor of foreign aid was basically due to the agricultural interest of their State. If any of the Senators and Representatives from Kansas have attempted to solve the problem of surpluses in agricultural commodities by foreign aid legislation. The majority of these men who voted in favor of foreign aid hoped that these plans would permit the flow of agricultural commodities to the rest of the world. This would, as they believed, solve the problem of hunger in the world while solving the problem of surpluses in the United States. That feeding hungry people is a humanitarian purpose cannot be disputed, but to feed the hungry of the world and collect a return for the food is a degree beyond a humanitarian purpose. The Kansans wanted the United States t o be the chief source of food for the world, yet they wanted the United States to be justly compensated for their food in the form of foreign currencies, strategic materials or military defense in Europe. Not all the Kansans believed foreign aid would solve the agricultural surplus problem in the United States. Those men who voted "nay" on foreign aid measures argued that a better and a cheaper plan could be legislated to solve the surplus problem. They believed that foreign aid measures were not t he best defensive maneuver t he United States could utilize for security in the world. They believed the money collected from taxpayers of t he United States could be used to gain the real advantages of security for the nation. The key to this security for the United States was a financially sound nation, one that built its military defenses upon its own shores, not the far-off shores of foreign countries. Although t he form of foreign aid has changed considerably, such as in the form of the Point Four Program (assistance to underdeveloped countries), Mutual Security Administration, or the International loan Fund; the debate in Congress concerning foreign aid has not actually changed. Those arguments that were used in 1948 were used in 1959.

Mercantilism is defined for this discussion as a policy of government that expressed in the economic sphere the spirit of nationalism that animated the growth of the national state in early modern times. The policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war. This end was to be achieved in large measure by means of an effective control over the external activities and resources upon which the nation was dependent. In turn, that urge impelled the mercantilists to prefer colonial dependencies to independent foreign countries in seeking sources of supply. If the state could not free itself completely from trade with foreign nations, it sought to control that trade in its own interest as much as possible. To realize such objectives, mercantilism embraced three subordinate and related policies. The Corn Laws fostered the nation's agriculture and aimed to realize the ideal of self-sufficiency as regards food supply. State aids to manufacturing industries, such as the protective tariff, sought to provide essential finished goods, including the sinews of war. The Navigation Acts were intended to assure that foreign trade would be carried on in such a way as to yield the maximum advantage to the state concerned.

The interest and significance of the postwar municipal elections held in Britain can best be appreciated if they are seen against wartime conditions on the one hand and the reconstruction tasks which confront local authorities on the other.In England, as elsewhere, local government was designed to promote the arts of peace. But for six years during World War II it was asked to shoulder burdens of the most formidable kind directly connected with the war effort. The decision to make local authorities responsible, under the guidance of the Ministry of Home Security and its regional commissioners, for the complex of functions comprised under civil defense was a momentous one. Never before in Britain or any other country had local authorities been asked to undertake a task of such magnitude and importance as that of providing air-raid shelters, wardens and fire-guard posts in almost every street, gas decontamination centers, light and heavy rescue squads, evacuation schemes, emergency feeding and reception centers for those rendered homeless by enemy air attack, furniture stores, rest homes, a first-aid repair service for houses, and various other items of this kind.The Ministry of Food placed heavy duties on both local-government officers and councilors in connection with food control and rationing; and local authorities provided cheap restaurants and canteens on a large scale. The Ministry of Fuel and Power drew largely on the resources of municipal administration in appointing local fuel overseers and their staffs for regulating the distribution and consumption of solid and liquid fuel.

A theoretical analysis of what basically motivates people to participate in politics. For the majority, pol'al participation is almost completely instrumental. They get pol'ly active to guarantee their basic security in such things as food, clothing, shelter, health, & physical safety from intra- & international violence or to gain a sense of belonging to some group other than family, church, trade union, etc. They pursue inherently enjoyable activities largely outside politics. For the small pol'ly active minority, Lasswell has argued that the basic goal is power, deference, or the displacement of private aggressions on public objects. Businessmen also need power; movie actresses, deference; Marx displaced his private aggressions on public objects. Among presidents of the US, Harding had little evident desire for power, or John Q. Adams for deference; Jefferson was not remarkable for his private aggressions. The only common motivation for the pol'ly active is their inherent & profound enjoyment of state-craft-however strong their other motivations may be. AA-IPSA.

A world-wide contest for power between the na tions of the free world and those within the Communist orbit is the dominant phenomenon within international politics today. This situation is certainly not new, but the pace is accelerating. Within the next decade or so the loyalties of the underdeveloped and uncommitted nations will be molded. Food can be a sig nificant weapon for the United States, both in terms of national interest and national morality. One major difficulty, however, is the inability of American farm organizations to see the central issue of our times and to concentrate their unified efforts upon this objective. They tend to confuse rhetoric with reality and thereby dissipate our national strength through their misunder standing of the crucial goal. A White House Conference on Farm Policy is proposed as a means for beginning the redirec tion of American farm policy. The genius of American politics seems to call for a new accommodation in view of the threatened national security and the mounting dissatisfaction with present farm policies.

Turkey is used as an example of the urbanization problem in a developing society. Few studies of accelerated urbanization & associated soc re-org have been conducted & few S's of att's have been associated with econ planning. Mechanization of agri must occur if the country is to compete successfully, & the individuals so displaced must develop new skills, subordinate themselves to a boss, cooperate with a group, & shift their residence out of the village. These changes also mean investment in adult educ & training, housing, & other Ur facilities. The author theoretically develops that $2.3 billion are needed to assimilate a farm machinery investment of $200 million. Unemployment, Ur slums, shortages, & inflation result when the required sums are unavailable. The actual size of the Ru/Ur shift in Turkey is shown from the % increase of city dwellers 1950-1955, & increase in rail & highway passenger traffic. As a result of this increase official figures show 22% of Ur families living in a single room & an increase in squatter's shacks. Figures showing expenditures for expansion of streets & property acquisition, an increase in the number of water & power customers, food prices which have increased 6-7% per yr also support the conclusions with regard to the effects of not supporting mechanization. Inflation is a function of rapid urbanization & the changing pattern of consumption implied by this process. The Turkish gov has located industry close to displaced workers, but they prefer the Ur risks. attitude res might also indicate how well the soc security system & labor code are working. A Minister of Reconstruction & Settlement is surveying community needs in housing & public services, but the emphasis is on demographic & econ rather than human factors. More attention given to urbanization as a function of accelerated econ development might prevent the pol'al instability which often follows the soc disintegration. J. D. Twight.

The purpose of this investigation was to study state- supervised school lunch programs in city schools of Kansas to disclose some of the more common administrative practices and to determine the degree of satisfaction with these same programs as measured by school administrators who were associated with them. The questionnaire was used to gather data from all school lunch programs in cities of the first and second classes and programs in one third of the cities of the third class. Usable responses were received from 79 percent of first-class city schools, from 85 percent of second-class city schools, and from 89 percent of third class city schools. Besides being a great financial investment, the school lunch program is also a valuable service feature that is rapidly becoming an integral and vital part of the educational program. This huge business brings many responsibilities to school administrators, and these school officials must be prepared to manage each phase of school lunch services in a satisfactory manner. The study revealed that 51 percent of the total enrollment of all schools studied participated in school lunch programs. The school was the sponsoring agency for most of these 210 programs, and the school administrator was most frequently the authorized representative. These administrators seldom had written policies to guide them in their management of school lunch activities. The average number of students served in each eating center was 139, and there was an average of 59 students served for each full -time school lunch employee. Less than one third of the school lunch supervisors had training in home economics. The study disclosed that most supervisors and cooks did not work underwritten contracts. About two thirds of these workers were required to have physical examinations. Many free services, including free lunches, pay for holidays, activity passes, and social security benefits, were extended to school lunch workers. Most school lunch programs required either part or all of their school lunch staff to attend summer school lunch workshops sponsored by the School Lunch Division in Kansas. Less than half of the schools followed budgets in the operation of their programs, while more than three fourths of school lunch programs required annual audits of school lunch records. All but a few programs were self-supported except for government commodities and cash reimbursements from the state. Most purchases of foods and equipment were made on open market, and foods were generally purchased from local retailers. It was apparent that schools were doing much to integrate lunch programs with educational programs. More than four fifths of the schools gave instruction in proper table manners and in the values of balanced diets. Further attempts at integration were revealed through the many services related to school lunch programs in which students participated. One fourth of the programs made no attempts to interpret school lunch services to their communities. School lunch programs in cities of the first class more often publicized their school lunch activities than did those in cities of either second or third classes. In general, school officials in all three classes of city schools were equally satisfied that their school lunch programs were quite satisfactory. Questionnaire responses indicated that a majority of school officials felt that the school lunch program very definitely rendered a fine service to children and youth.