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Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M ; Food self-sufficiency is a relevant political issue in many countries, developed and developing, particularly to satisfy the internal nutritional needs of the population and face situations in which the prices of basic products are unstable or when a country faces an external shock. Improving resilience involves strengthening local rural communities to meet demand with domestic production. The member countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LCN) produce enough food to sustain their population and to be one of the world's largest food exporters. From the theoretical discussion and using data from FAO, the research shows that there is a potential to improve food sovereignty and to define food and agricultural policies through agricultural complementarity among the LCN countries. Diverting part of the current trade with third parties to intraregional trade, for products in which the region has a comparative advantage, would mean that LCN countries could save up to 2.7 billion dollars per year, that is, 6.8%of total imports of food in 2018, avoiding the outflow of foreign currency and promoting greater economic integration between countries.

"U.S. Government Printing Office : 1942"--P. 51. ; "November 1942"--P. 1. ; "This information handbook is designed as a source of information materials and reference for use by the United States Department of Agriculture workers and others in support of the 1943 Food for Freedom program"--P. [2] of cover. ; "AWI-14." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

Digest of relevant court opinions handed down since 1933. ; Part of a project to supplement: United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Office of the General Counsel. Decisions of courts in cases under the Federal Food and Drugs Act. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Report year ends June 30 ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Title varies: 1928-29, Report of the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration; 1930-40, Report of the Chief of the Food and Drug Administration; 1941- Report of the Commissioner of Food and Drugs ; 1928-29 issued by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration; 1930-41, by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Food and Drug Administration; 1941- by U.S. Federal Security Agency. Food and Drug Administration ; FOR COMPLETE RECORD SEE CHECKLIST

Mode of access: Internet. ; This report also constitutes section 1 of: United States. Federal Security Agency. Annual report (1944) ; Continued in 1945 by: United States. Food and Drug Administration. Annual report of the Federal Security Agency for the fiscal year . Section 1, Food and Drug Administration.

"This leaflet is approved by Bureau of Home Economics, Extension Service, Consumers' Counsel, Department of Agriculture ; Children's Bureau, Department of Labor ; Office of Education, Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency ; Consumer Commissioner, National Defense Advisory Commission." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

A insegurança alimentar e o desperdício de alimentos são abordados pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da atual Agenda 2030, desenvolvidos pelos países membros das Nações Unidas (ONU). Cada um dos estados-membros da ONU promoveu planos, programas, estratégias e / ou legislações aprovadas, destinados a lidar com o desperdício e a perda de alimentos (DPA) ao mesmo tempo em que alcançam os objetivos de todos os ODS. Essas participações efetivas são descritas por cada país num Relatório Nacional voluntário divulgado pela ONU na sua Plataforma de Conhecimento de Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Para ajudar a União Europeia (UE) a alcançar os ODS, a UE desenvolveu uma estratégia para reduzir o desperdício e a perda de alimentos, uma vez que a redução de DPA pode também: 1) lutar contra as alterações climáticas, através da redução das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE); 2) ajudar na erradicação da fome e da desnutrição, por meio da redistribuição dos alimentos resgatados; 3) gerar poupança económica para produtores e distribuidores; 4) ter impactos sociais positivos na vida das populações empobrecidas; 5) fortalecer os sistemas alimentares. Esta estratégia, denominada Estratégia Farm to Fork, apresenta uma série de ações que visam uma transição mais rápida para um sistema alimentar sustentável a qual deve ter um impacto ambiental neutro ou positivo, reverter a perda de biodiversidade, ajudar a mitigar as mudanças climáticas, garantir a segurança alimentar, nutrição e saúde pública, e preservar a acessibilidade dos alimentos. As políticas da UE com relação ao DPA são postas em prática pelos membros da UE aprovando leis ou implementando outras iniciativas para prevenir, reciclar ou reutilizar o DPA. Em Portugal, para promover a redução do desperdício alimentar através de uma abordagem integrada e multidisciplinar, a Presidência do Conselho de Ministros instituiu a Comissão Nacional de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (CNCDA). Um dos objetivos da Comissão Nacional de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (CNCDA) é identificar, avaliar e monitorizar as necessidades de adaptação da Estratégia Nacional de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (ENCDA) e do Plano de Ação de Combate ao Desperdício Alimentar (PACDA), apresentando relatórios periódicos ao Ministro da Agricultura. Depois de promover um inquérito às partes interessadas ao longo da cadeia alimentar, durante o 3º trimestre de 2020, o CNCDA concluiu que, exceto no canal HORECA: 1) houve um aumento nas doações / excedentes de alimentos resgatados, embora o canal HORECA não tenha seguido esta tendência global; 2) em todos os setores de atividade, a perceção geral era de que a pandemia COVID-19 tinha contribuído para a redução do desperdício de alimentos. Em simultâneo com as políticas internacionais e nacionais, os movimentos civis surgiram com o foco no combate ao desperdício, em todas as suas dimensões, da produção ao consumo. Esses movimentos têm como objetivo unir várias partes interessadas em uma luta ativa contra o desperdício de alimentos usando abordagens e possibilidades inovadoras. Uma das abordagens para combater a insegurança alimentar das famílias de baixos rendimentos, consiste em organizações de ajuda alimentar que resgatem e redistribuem os excedentes alimentares, do canal HORECA e do setor de distribuição. Como resultado, a adequação dos alimentos ou refeições distribuídas por cantinas sociais, mercearias solidárias ou bancos de alimentos têm sido objeto de investigação científica em diversos países. No entanto, os alimentos fornecidos nas organizações estudadas são, principalmente, ou adquiridos pela organização ou adquiridos por doadores que posteriormente doam esses alimentos à organização, ou ainda, em quantidades menores, resultantes de sobras de alimentos. Nessas organizações, devido ao seu custo e às necessidades de logística de transporte e refrigeração, os alimentos frescos costumavam ser fornecidos em quantidades baixas ou muito baixas. Como resultado, o teor de nutrientes das refeições e cestas de alimentos geralmente carece de vitaminas e minerais. Além disso, os resíduos alimentares sendo um reservatório de hidratos de carbono, proteínas, lípidos e outros macro e micronutrientes orgânicos e inorgânicos, podem ser considerados como uma fonte material na indústria de alimentos, indústria de ração animal ou indústria farmacêutica como aromatizantes e fragrâncias, antioxidantes, aditivos e suplementos alimentares. No entanto, como os processos de extração industrial exigem know-how e consomem mais tempo, materiais, energia e recursos humanos, a maneira mais favorável do ponto de vista ambiental de aumentar o ciclo de alimentos é usá-los como estão, para alimentar a população em insegurança alimentar. Tanto quanto sabemos, nenhuma outra investigação mediu e avaliou a contribuição de alimentos frescos ou preparados na hora, para uma dieta equilibrada de famílias de baixos rendimentos. Assim, nesta tese de doutoramento, pretendeu-se explorar as formas como o desperdício de alimentos é reciclado, focando principalmente no processo que leva ao consumo humano, medindo seus resultados no que diz respeito à quantidade de micro e micronutrientes reaproveitados, para a contribuição para uma alimentação equilibrada, para o alívio da insegurança alimentar e, finalmente, para a contribuição para o alcance dos ODS. Com base na lacuna de investigação identificada acima, esta tese é regida por quatro questões investigativas principais: a) Com é que o desperdício de alimentar está a ser reutilizado? b) Como é que os alimentos reciclados podem contribuir para a dieta equilibrada de famílias de baixos rendimentos? c) Qual é o conteúdo nutricional dos alimentos resgatados e redistribuídos veiculados por uma organização de ajuda alimentar, em relação aos valores de doses diárias recomendadas? d) Como é que o processo de reciclagem e redistribuição de alimentos pode contribuir para o cumprimento dos ODS? Derivando destas questões, foram estabelecidos seis objetivos principais de pesquisa: i) Fornecer uma atualização sobre o que foi encontrado para aumentar a reutilização do desperdício alimentar como um material ou fonte de energia, mas também para encontrar soluções de uso de desperdícios alimentares para consumo humano. ii) Avaliar o contributo dos alimentos frescos ou acabados de confecionar, resgatados e redistribuídos como complemento da alimentação das famílias de baixos rendimentos, de acordo como guia alimentar português (Roda dos Alimentos), utilizando a organização Refood-Leiria como estudo de caso. Esta avaliação é feita, em primeiro lugar, apenas considerando os dados categorizados como alimentos redistribuídos pertencentes à Roda dos Alimentos Portuguesa. Em segundo lugar, são considerados os dados totais, pertencentes ou não à Roda dos Alimentos Portuguesa, o que permite também a terceira avaliação, que consiste em comparar os alimentos reciclados, na organização do estudo de caso, com o padrão alimentar da população portuguesa em geral. iii) Quantificar os nutrientes dos alimentos resgatados e redistribuídos na organização do estudo de caso. iv) Avaliar como esses nutrientes contribuem para aliviar a insegurança alimentar das famílias beneficiárias. v) Avaliar as formas pelas quais o processo de reaproveitamento de alimentos frescos pode contribuir para o alcance dos ODS. vi) Propor uma estratégia para tornar o processo de resgate e redistribuição de alimentos uma atividade perene, naturalmente integrada na vida dos cidadãos. O projeto de investigação escolhido leva naturalmente a um desenvolvimento de pesquisa sequencial. A questão-chave inicial no início desta pesquisa foi "O que está a ser feito para melhorar a reutilização dos alimentos, principalmente para consumo humano?". Após pesquisa exploratória da literatura, realizou-se a reflexão crítica, identificou-se uma possível organização do estudo de caso, foram estabelecidas questões de pesquisa mais específicas e consequentes objetivos iniciais. Além disso, um projeto à escala de uma tese de doutoramento requer constante aperfeiçoamento e adaptação. Assim, num processo iterativo, os objetivos iniciais i), ii) e iii) foram expandidos para iv), v) e vi). Em termos de materiais, novamente num processo iterativo, paralelamente à constante pesquisa bibliográfica, foram solicitadas autorizações, na organização do estudo de caso, para recolha de dados relativos aos alimentos redistribuídos e dados sociodemográficos. Foram pesquisadas e selecionadas ferramentas adequadas para avaliar o conteúdo nutricional dos alimentos redistribuídos e sua adequação, bem como valores de referência nutricional e guias alimentares. Para medir a insegurança alimentar, foi selecionada a Escala de Experiência em Insegurança Alimentar (FIES). Os programas utilizados na análise e tratamento dos dados foram o Food Processor Plus® (ESHA Research, Salem, Oregon), Microsoft Excel Office® 365 e IBM® SPSS® Statistics versão 27 para Windows®. Esta tese tem um formato cumulativo e baseia-se em três publicações científicas com revisão por pares, resultantes das diferentes fases da investigação. As publicações foram organizadas em três partes principais. A Parte I é baseada no capítulo do livro "Rerouting Food Waste for Climate Change adaptation: the paths of research", apresentado no 4th World Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation WSCCA- 2021), que decorreu em paralelo com a COP26 em Glasgow, Scotland, a 3 de novembro de 2021, e aceite como capítulo do livro 4th World Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation Book - "Climate Change Strategies: handling the challenges of adapting to a changing climate", a publicar na editora Springer. Fornece uma compilação de como a investigação para a reutilização de DPA tem evoluído desde a crise económica de 2008, para encontrar soluções inovadoras de uso de DPA tanto como fonte de biomateriais e bioenergia, como para consumo humano para combater a insegurança alimentar. Os resultados são discutidos sob as seguintes perspetivas: distribuição geográfica da instituição do autor, categorias temáticas e palavras-chave dos autores. Foram identificadas as tendências atuais e previsíveis na gestão de resíduos alimentares como matéria-prima e para a segurança alimentar. Verifica-se que os campos de interesse da pesquisa de DPA têm sido, por um lado, o desperdício alimentar como fonte de matériaprima para a produção dos biocombustíveis e dos biomateriais e, por outro lado, a reciclagem dos resíduos alimentares para consumo humano, como solução para a insegurança alimentar. A Parte II é baseada no artigo "The Contribution of Up-Cycled Food Waste to a Balanced Diet of Low-Income Households" publicado na revista Sustainability (2021), 13 (9): 4779. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094779 e compreende a avaliação da contribuição de alimentos frescos ou recém confecionados, resgatados e redistribuídos para complementar a dieta familiar de baixo rendimento, de acordo com o guia alimentar português (Roda dos Alimentos), tendo como estudo de caso a organização Refood-Leiria. Em primeiro lugar, apenas são considerados os dados categorizados como alimentos redistribuídos pertencentes à Roda Alimentar Portuguesa. Em segundo lugar, são tidos em consideração os dados totais, pertencentes ou não à Roda dos Alimentos Portuguesa, o que permitirá também a terceira avaliação que consiste na comparação dos dados recolhidos, relativos a alimentos resgatados e redistribuídos, com o padrão alimentar da população portuguesa em geral. Os resultados sugerem que os alimentos reciclados podem contribuir para uma alimentação mais equilibrada em termos de "Batata, Cereais e Produtos de Cereais", "Legumes", "Carne, Peixe, Marisco e Ovos" e "Frutas", ambos de acordo com a Roda Alimentar Portuguesa e em comparação com a população portuguesa em geral. A Parte III é baseada no artigo "The Nutritional Content of Rescued Food Conveyed by a Food Aid Organization", publicado na revista International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2021), 18(22):12212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212212. Concentra-se na determinação do conteúdo nutricional de cestas de alimentos fornecidos pela nossa organização de estudo de caso. Todos os itens de cestas de alimentos são pesados, em três rodadas de pesagem durante um período de quatro meses. A Escala de Experiência de Insegurança Alimentar (FIES) foi aplicada para medir a insegurança alimentar das famílias. Os resultados mostraram que, no nosso estudo de caso de organização de ajuda alimentar, as doações de alimentos contribuem substancialmente para a ingestão da Dose Diária Recomendada (DDR) de energia, macro e micronutrientes. Ao avaliar como esses nutrientes contribuem para aliviar a insegurança alimentar das famílias beneficiárias, concluímos que a perceção de insegurança alimentar é independente da quantidade de nutrientes servidos. Tanto quanto sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo que mede o conteúdo nutricional de alimentos resgatados frescos ou recém confecionados, redistribuídos por uma organização de ajuda alimentar. Essas três partes são acompanhadas de um capítulo anterior, uma introdução geral à tese, e um último capítulo sobre as reflexões e conclusões finais em que as questões de pesquisa são respondidas. Limitações do estudo, bem como uma perspetiva sobre futuras investigações estão incluídas no último capítulo desta tese, seguidas pela bibliografia compilando todas as fontes citadas de todos os capítulos. Ao final da tese, são fornecidos dois apêndices, nos quais estão organizados todos os materiais de pesquisa relevantes, como os diagramas metodológicos da Parte II e da Parte III, Escala de Insegurança Alimentar em Língua Inglesa e Língua Portuguesa. O Apêndice B contém o diagrama da metodologia usado na parte II, e o Apêndice C contém todos os materiais usados na parte III. ; There has been a growing concern in food waste and food loss reduction while the number of food insecure families in the European Union has increased resulting in an increasing number of households depending on food assistance programs. The practice of up-cycling food to improve the diet of low-income households not only tackles food wastage and food insecurity, but also has the potential to contribute to the fulfilment of other Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) (SDG 2 and SDG 12, as well as the potential to contribute to the fulfilment of other SDG, such as SDG 1, SDG 3, SDG 10, and SDG 13). After having conducted a scientific literature compilation in the food waste reuse field adopting a methodology based on the use selected key words, extracted results were divided in two categories: raw material and food security. Actual and predictable trends on food waste management were identified for both categories: food waste is regarded as a source of raw materials to produce biofuels and high value biomaterials, or as a solution to food insecurity through food aid organizations. However, there has been an increasing concern with the adequacy of food provided by these organizations, whether up cycled or not, due a lack a fresh food. Therefore, we endeavoured in a pilot study concerning the contribution of up-cycled fresh food to vulnerable households. This study analyses the contribution to a balanced diet of an upcycling food organization which rescues and redistributes fresh or freshly cooked food to low-income households, to determine the nutritional balance of food hampers provided by our case study organization, according to the Portuguese food guidelines. We also evaluate the ways in which the process of upcycling fresh food can contribute to achieve SDG. We determine the nutritional content of food hampers provided by our case study organization, weighing all items of food hampers in three weighing rounds over a period of four months. To evaluate how these nutrients contribute to alleviate food insecurity of the beneficiary households, the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) was applied to measure households´ food insecurity. In the conclusion we propose a strategy to make the food rescue and redistribution process a perennial activity, naturally integrated into citizens´ lives.

Bangladesh is the most densely populated country in the world. With a total population of around 165 million, the country has constantly been facing food security challenges and other problems. Therefore, increasing food production is one of the feasible solutions to this challenge, and proper agricultural land use for food production bears critical importance. Adopting sustainable irrigation systems and viable technologies would be vital for ensuring efficient use of agricultural land in Bangladesh to safeguard the country's food security. Solar irrigation pumps (SIPs) can be a reliable option in this regard. However, Bangladesh has experienced a prolonged growth rate of SIP installation in the last decade. The countryhas set a target to install 10000 SIPs by the year 2027, albeit it is a tiny share of the 1.57 million conventional irrigation pumps operating in the country. This study aims to investigate the economic feasibility of the SIPs operating in the northern region of Bangladesh in terms of estimating financial feasibility and environmental benefits. The study is mainly based on primary data collected from the users of SIPs from two Upazilas of Dinajpur and Rangpur districts. A total of 14 SIPs, categorized into large, medium, and small pumps, are selected randomly from the available SIPs in the study areas. The financial analysis reveals that small SIPs are the most profitable option (20% IRR) for investment. Large SIPs are moderately profitable (10% IRR), and their profitability can be improved (10.50% IRR) by introducing additional uses of solar energy. However, medium SIPs are the worst (5% IRR) option for investment. In the study areas, large and medium SIPs are designed for the 'fees for service model', and small SIPs are designed for the 'fees for ownership model'. It is found that the 'fees for ownership model' is more profitable than the 'fees for service model'. Moreover, the net environmental benefit for all SIPs is found almost equal to the given subsidy for installing them. Also, the net environmental benefit per kilowatt peak (kWp) is highest for the small SIPs. This paper recommends that additional use (e.g., husking, grinding, supply excess electricity to grid, and so on) of solar energy can improve the profitability of investmenton SIPs. Further, the government should continue giving grants for installing SIPs and promote 'fees for ownership model' (small SIPs) for personal use. It would speed up the dissemination rate of SIPs and help increase the country's agricultural production and improve the environmental conditions.

Not Available ; NoMarine fisheries production in India has increased from 0.5 million t in 1950 to 2.47 million t in 1997. The gross value of fisheries landings in India was US$2.37 billion in 1997. The contribution of fisheries to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has risen from 0.7% in 1980 - 81 to 1.2% in 1994 - 95. The contribution to agricultural GDP has risen from 1.9% to 4%. Fisheries production also plays a critical role in food security and livelihood in rural areas. The southwest (SW) coast, while only 16% of the Indian coastline, is an important area for marine fisheries production, contributing 31.7% (0.74 million t) in 1993 - 98. This production is dominated by pelagic (59% of landings) and demersal species (23%). However, the open access system has resulted in rapid increases in fishing effort, particularly in the coastal areas. The density of fishers inshore has increased from 3.6 to 8.5 fishers per km2 in the past four decades. This excess effort has resulted in overfishing of the stocks and lower economic rent from the fishery. The overall objective of coastal fisheries management along the southwest coast of India is sustainable coastal fisheries development. This requires key ecological, social, economic and administrative issues to be addressed. Ecological sustainability requires the reduction of the excess effort through limited entry and effort reduction schemes, appropriate exploitation patterns through improved gear selectivity and restoration of the degraded coastal environment through integrated coastal zone management initiatives. Key social interventions include: creation of alternative employment to reduce fisher numbers, prevention/management of increasing intra- and inter-sectoral conflicts and empowerment of artisanal fishers through co-management schemes, social legislation and improved support/welfare schemes. The key economic issues include declining earnings, particularly of artisanal fishers, which requires; optimizing fleet composition for economic returns, improvement of the marketing system and cold storage chains, improvement of post-harvest processes to increase product value. The key administrative needs are a strong fisheries policy that balances welfare concerns with sustainability, effective implementation of regulations, and increased government resources for fisheries management. Project briefs covering the key interventions are provided, however these require further review and improvement in collaboration with concerned stakeholders. ; Not Available

Howard Solomon World War I Posters Collection Text reads: "THE COUNTRY NEEDS YOU TO HELP HARVEST THE CORN. LOCK YOUR DESK. CLOSE YOUR DOOR. AND DO YOUR PART. APPLY TO YOUR COUNTY AGENT OR AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. US DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE." Dimensions: 32.5 X 47 _______________________________________ WWI Poster Exhibition Labels for Area Gallery, Fall 2017 Created by students in Libby Bischof's Spring 2017 World War I: Culture, Politics, Memory class The Country Needs You to Help Harvest the Corn H. Devitt Welsh, 1918 Howard Solomon World War I Posters Collection Special Collections, University of Southern Maine Created by H. Devitt Welsh and produced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, this poster brought the war effort home to the American farmers. Corn was promoted as an alternative food during the war years, ensuring that wheat harvests could be conserved and shipped overseas to the soldiers and the European relief efforts. Corn's nutritional value was promoted and foods like popcorn became more popular. Corn harvest yields were bountiful and corn could be harvested often. The labor of the harvest could be difficult without a complete labor force. Volunteer organizations like the Women's Land Army (1918) were formed during the war to assist with harvests. Programs under the Food and Drug Administration encouraged Americans to plant gardens, raise animals, conserve food, waste less, and 'do their part' to aid in the war efforts. In this poster, the artist initially draws the viewer in with the juxtaposition of the waving flag against the cornfield, framed squarely in a farmhouse window. Within the farmhouse, an older man stands next to a seated farmer as they look out over the field. The farmer's face isn't shown and he almost looks like a scarecrow. The faceless farmer may represent the enlisted men, whose farms were left in the hands of their families and neighbors. An empty barrel sits in the corner implying lean times, however, the crop is plentiful and there are potatoes and apples on the table. The message "Lock your desk, Close your door, and Do your part," written across the bottom, appealed to citizens on the home front to assist with the harvest. The war effort, and their men abroad, were depending on them to fill the proverbial barrel. -Jessica Vogel, History, Class of 2017 ; https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/wwi_posters/1006/thumbnail.jpg

Foreign aid has become a traditional part of the foreign policy of the United States, but in the eleven years since the enactment of the Marshall Plan there has been a steady increase of opposition to foreign aid programs. The votes in the Senate in favor of the Marshall Plan were 4.06 times the negative votes. Ten years later, in 1958, the "yea" votes in the Senate on the Mutual Security Administration bill were 3.00 times as many as the "nay" votes. The votes in the House for these same two years show an even greater manifestation of a growing opposition to foreign aid. In 1948 the affirmative votes were 4.48 greater than the negative, while in 1958 the figure drops to 1.93. While only two out of the eight Kansans in Congress voted against the Marshall Plan in 1948, three voted against the Mutual Security Act in 1958, and Senator Schoeppel, who did not vote, was known to be against the bill. This indicates that the Kansas Senator s and Representatives in Washington have roughly followed the national trend of a mounting opposition to foreign aid bills (3.00 more "yea" votes as "nay" votes in 1948 as compared to 2.00 more "yea" votes than "nay" votes in 1958). Throughout this study the writer has attempted to show why this opposition has increased as far as the Kansans were concerned. Speeches, both in and out of Congress as well as the public statements of the Kansas Senators and Representatives for the period 1948 to 1959 were checked in an attempt to as certain why these men voted as they did. A study was also made of the Congressional Record, the Topeka Daily Capital, the Hutchinson News-Herald, the Garden City Daily Telegram, the Emporia Gazette, and the Kansas City Star. Letters of inquiry were also submitted t o these men. It is the considered opinion of the author that the main reason for the Kansans voting in favor of foreign aid was basically due to the agricultural interest of their State. If any of the Senators and Representatives from Kansas have attempted to solve the problem of surpluses in agricultural commodities by foreign aid legislation. The majority of these men who voted in favor of foreign aid hoped that these plans would permit the flow of agricultural commodities to the rest of the world. This would, as they believed, solve the problem of hunger in the world while solving the problem of surpluses in the United States. That feeding hungry people is a humanitarian purpose cannot be disputed, but to feed the hungry of the world and collect a return for the food is a degree beyond a humanitarian purpose. The Kansans wanted the United States t o be the chief source of food for the world, yet they wanted the United States to be justly compensated for their food in the form of foreign currencies, strategic materials or military defense in Europe. Not all the Kansans believed foreign aid would solve the agricultural surplus problem in the United States. Those men who voted "nay" on foreign aid measures argued that a better and a cheaper plan could be legislated to solve the surplus problem. They believed that foreign aid measures were not t he best defensive maneuver t he United States could utilize for security in the world. They believed the money collected from taxpayers of t he United States could be used to gain the real advantages of security for the nation. The key to this security for the United States was a financially sound nation, one that built its military defenses upon its own shores, not the far-off shores of foreign countries. Although t he form of foreign aid has changed considerably, such as in the form of the Point Four Program (assistance to underdeveloped countries), Mutual Security Administration, or the International loan Fund; the debate in Congress concerning foreign aid has not actually changed. Those arguments that were used in 1948 were used in 1959.

Nutritional problems of var ious population groups throughout the world are constantly being emphasized, It has been pointed out that life expectancy at birth is only thirty to forty years for over half of the world's population , while for those people who have been able to take advantage of modern medical and nutritional science, it is sixty five to seventy years, Hunger, as well as preventing economic advancement, promotes unrest and political upheavals. The United States, in the interest of preserving its own security and way of life has a vital stake in solving world nutritional problems as well as its own. Without doubt, we are all aware of this need today of improving the nutritional needs of our own people in practically all parts of the United States. However, the nutritional needs have to be defined before improvements can be recommended. More exact and reliable criteria are needed for identifying borderline cases of malnutrition for various groups of people. This problem is gradually being solved through correlated medical, biochemical, and dietary studies. Thus, as one of the criteria on which to rely, dietary studies are one of the means of measuring the nutritional adequacy of the diet. An evaluation of the school lunch by means of a dietary study cannot be made without also considering the other foods eaten during the day. The benefit of a good school lunch to health and dietary habits, therefore, may be greatest for those children whose family food supplies and habits are the poorest. The benefit will be greatest in the extent to which the foods provided in the school lunch supplement those supplied in the home. A study of the dietary habits of school children in terms of the nutritive value of the school lunch and the rest of the day's food would help to evaluate the nutritional status for the group studied and measure the effectiveness of the school lunch program for improving the dietary habits of the children. Since the school lunch and its contribution tot the total day's diet had not been studied in Utah, seven-day dietary records of the 8th grade Logan Junior High and 8th and 9th grades Wellsville Junior High students were used in evaluating the nutrient intake of the children. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of each meal ( breakfast , noon meal , and evening meal) to the total day's diet with emphasis on children eating school lunch versus the children not eating school lunch . The between-meal foods were also studied to see to what extent this supplementary intake improves the overall adequacy of the adolescent's diet .

Howard Solomon World War I Posters Collection Text reads: "'HEY FELLOWS!' YOUR MONEY BRINGS THE BOOK WE NEED WHEN WE WANT IT. American Library Association. United War Work Campaign – Week of November 11, 1918. Dimensions: 24.5 X 34.75 ______________________________________ WWI Poster Exhibition Labels for Area Gallery, Fall 2017 Created by students in Libby Bischof's Spring 2017 World War I: Culture, Politics, Memory class Hey Fellows! John E. Sheridan, 1918 Howard Solomon World War I Posters Collection Special Collections, University of Southern Maine The World War I poster "Hey Fellows!" was created by John E. Sheridan for the American Library Association (ALA) in November of 1918. A prolific illustrator for the Saturday Evening Post, Sheridan was commissioned by the American Library Association to create a poster to advertise their efforts in the war. Throughout the war, the ALA served as part of the United War Work Campaign to raise money for war relief efforts both in the United States and abroad. Recognizing the importance of libraries, the ALA launched the Library War Fund. In 1917 and 1918, the American Library Association collected over five million dollars in donations for the Library War Service, resulting in the erection of thirty-six libraries across the United States and Europe. Distributing over 350,000 books overseas, the ALA successfully provided literature to hundreds of thousands of servicemen. Amidst the despair, loneliness, and ceaseless horror of war, the ALA libraries and their books served as beacons of hope to the servicemen, providing a form of escapism, and a vision for the future. Created during the week of the armistice, Sheridan's poster is an emotional call for donations to the Library War Fund. Thrusting his book in the air, the soldier demands our attention, reminding viewers that such donations do not just provide food and supplies, but also sustenance of the mind. --Emma Quinn, History, 7-12 Education, Class of 2020 ; https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/wwi_posters/1003/thumbnail.jpg

Howard Solomon World War I Posters Collection Text reads: "HIS HOME OVER THERE - More Than 2000 Such Homes for Our Boys - United War Work Campaign, November 11th-18th" You may view an undamaged version at the Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/wwipos/item/00653324/ __________________________________________ WWI Poster Exhibition Labels for Area Gallery, Fall 2017 Created by students in Libby Bischof's Spring 2017 World War I: Culture, Politics, Memory class His Home Over There Albert Herter, 1918 Howard Solomon World War I Posters Collection Special Collections, University of Southern Maine This poster was designed by Albert Herter (1871-1950) for the United War Work fundraising campaign, which took place from November 11th through the 18th, 1918. Born in New York in 1871, Herter had a successful career in painting and interior design, as well as illustration. He began designing WWI posters in honor of his son Everit, who served and was killed in the war in 1918. The United War Work Campaign raised funds to help provide American soldiers overseas with the necessary essentials as well as entertainment to boost their morale such as: movies, libraries, gymnasiums, and swimming pools. President Wilson organized the United War Work Campaign fundraiser to raise 170 million dollars to help fund and pay for demobilization. The fundraiser lasted for a week and included organizations such as the YMCA, the YWCA, the American Library Association, the Knights of Columbus, the Salvation Army, and the Jewish Welfare Board. The weeklong campaign raised 203 million dollars--the largest fundraiser in history at that time. Many of the posters for the campaign, including this example for the Young Men's Christian Association, depicted soldiers enjoying food, playing games, or having a roof over their heads. These images, including the one before you, where soldiers are entering a YMCA building during a cold winter evening, resonated with the American people, and made them feel as though they had to help provide for their fellow Americans overseas fighting in the war. The YMCA operated 4000 huts and tents near the front lines that provided recreation and religious services for American soldiers in their allies, as well as 26 R&R leave centers for soldiers in France. YMCA staff and volunteers also sent over hundreds of entertainers, worked with prisoners of war, supervised canteens, and served on troop trains. They became an indispensible part of the war effort. --Wyatt Disney, Psychology, Class of 2018 --Paige Marcello, English, Class of 2020 ; https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/wwi_posters/1009/thumbnail.jpg

The purpose of this investigation was to study state- supervised school lunch programs in city schools of Kansas to disclose some of the more common administrative practices and to determine the degree of satisfaction with these same programs as measured by school administrators who were associated with them. The questionnaire was used to gather data from all school lunch programs in cities of the first and second classes and programs in one third of the cities of the third class. Usable responses were received from 79 percent of first-class city schools, from 85 percent of second-class city schools, and from 89 percent of third class city schools. Besides being a great financial investment, the school lunch program is also a valuable service feature that is rapidly becoming an integral and vital part of the educational program. This huge business brings many responsibilities to school administrators, and these school officials must be prepared to manage each phase of school lunch services in a satisfactory manner. The study revealed that 51 percent of the total enrollment of all schools studied participated in school lunch programs. The school was the sponsoring agency for most of these 210 programs, and the school administrator was most frequently the authorized representative. These administrators seldom had written policies to guide them in their management of school lunch activities. The average number of students served in each eating center was 139, and there was an average of 59 students served for each full -time school lunch employee. Less than one third of the school lunch supervisors had training in home economics. The study disclosed that most supervisors and cooks did not work underwritten contracts. About two thirds of these workers were required to have physical examinations. Many free services, including free lunches, pay for holidays, activity passes, and social security benefits, were extended to school lunch workers. Most school lunch programs required either part or all of their school lunch staff to attend summer school lunch workshops sponsored by the School Lunch Division in Kansas. Less than half of the schools followed budgets in the operation of their programs, while more than three fourths of school lunch programs required annual audits of school lunch records. All but a few programs were self-supported except for government commodities and cash reimbursements from the state. Most purchases of foods and equipment were made on open market, and foods were generally purchased from local retailers. It was apparent that schools were doing much to integrate lunch programs with educational programs. More than four fifths of the schools gave instruction in proper table manners and in the values of balanced diets. Further attempts at integration were revealed through the many services related to school lunch programs in which students participated. One fourth of the programs made no attempts to interpret school lunch services to their communities. School lunch programs in cities of the first class more often publicized their school lunch activities than did those in cities of either second or third classes. In general, school officials in all three classes of city schools were equally satisfied that their school lunch programs were quite satisfactory. Questionnaire responses indicated that a majority of school officials felt that the school lunch program very definitely rendered a fine service to children and youth.