Suchergebnisse

It should be noted that in the Republic of Poland in the years 1918–1939 the main state institutions in the field of provisioning were: in the period of 1918–1921 the Ministry of Provisioning, in the years 1921–1938 the Ministry of the Interior, and in the years 1938–1939 the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Reforms. Of course, in the entire interwar period for the provision of state supplies, and especially its main supply subsystems, such as urban population (various categories of cities and settlements), rural population (individual regions of the country), Polish army, public administration, state enterprises, industrial plants, etc. many specialized state (administrative) institutions, self-government structures, business entities and social organizations worked. However, it should be emphasized with all force that the concepts of the provisioning policy, and then the forms and methods of its implementation arose in the central and supreme institutions of the state, which, by virtue of government laws and ordinances, received competences in this respect. It should be recalled that for a great part of the interwar period the supreme state institution in the field of food supply policy was the Ministry of the Interior. Therefore, without knowing the twists and turns of the administrative policy of the Interior Ministers in the field of food supply, it is impossible to understand the ways of provisioning the society during the Second Polish Republic, and especially the forms, methods and problems related to the provisioning of the Polish Army. Finally, it should be noted that the provisioning system of the Polish State – starting from its very beginning – has although sometimes with difficulty, coped with not only the burden of provisioning the Polish society with food and necessities, but also the provisioning of the Polish army during the wars (1918–1921), during peace (1921–1939) as well as during the German-Polish war of 1939.

The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union plays a particular role in the process of European integration and the implementation of numerous community goals that go beyond the traditional functions of agriculture, associated with the production of food, and concern the multifunctional development of rural territories. The CAP played the main role in enlarging the EU, by incorporating the twelve new states from Central and Eastern Europe by means of ensuring their smooth integration into the common market and facilitating the accelerated adaptation, modernization and restructurization of the agricultural and food sectors, as well as the non-agricultural fields of the socio-economic and cultural activation of rural populations. The EU's agricultural and rural policy continues to undergo evolutionary transformation, and its shape in the new 2014–202 financial perspective is of vital and justified interest for Poland. The paper presents the latest proposals of the European Commission in this respect, presented on October 12, 2011, the Polish official negotiating position and the author's assessments, opinions and predictions. ; The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union plays a particular role in the process of European integration and the implementation of numerous community goals that go beyond the traditional functions of agriculture, associated with the production of food, and concern the multifunctional development of rural territories. The CAP played the main role in enlarging the EU, by incorporating the twelve new states from Central and Eastern Europe by means of ensuring their smooth integration into the common market and facilitating the accelerated adaptation, modernization and restructurization of the agricultural and food sectors, as well as the non-agricultural fields of the socio-economic and cultural activation of rural populations. The EU's agricultural and rural policy continues to undergo evolutionary transformation, and its shape in the new 2014–202 financial perspective is of vital and justified interest for Poland. The paper presents the latest proposals of the European Commission in this respect, presented on October 12, 2011, the Polish official negotiating position and the author's assessments, opinions and predictions.

The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union plays a particular role in the process of European integration and the implementation of numerous community goals that go beyond the traditional functions of agriculture, associated with the production of food, and concern the multifunctional development of rural territories. The CAP played the main role in enlarging the EU, by incorporating the twelve new states from Central and Eastern Europe by means of ensuring their smooth integration into the common market and facilitating the accelerated adaptation, modernization and restructurization of the agricultural and food sectors, as well as the non-agricultural fields of the socio-economic and cultural activation of rural populations. The EU's agricultural and rural policy continues to undergo evolutionary transformation, and its shape in the new 2014–202 financial perspective is of vital and justified interest for Poland. The paper presents the latest proposals of the European Commission in this respect, presented on October 12, 2011, the Polish official negotiating position and the author's assessments, opinions and predictions.

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na politykę rolną Unii Europejskiej, w kontekście szans i możliwości jakie stwarza polskiemu rolnictwu. Opracowanie zawiera również charakterystykę aktualnego Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (PROW) na lata 2014-2020, który pozwala na efektywne zarządzanie środkami unijnymi w celu wsparcia polskiego rolnictwa. Sektor rolny jest kluczowy dla polskiej gospodarki przede wszystkim w celu zagwarantowania bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego. Polskie rolnictwo zapewnia różnorodne, przystępne cenowo i bezpieczne produkty na najwyższym poziomie. Polska oraz inne kraje Unii Europejskiej jest znana na całym świecie ze swoich tradycji kulinarnych, dlatego zadaniem unijnego rolnictwa jest również kreowanie warunków, dających rolnikom różne możliwości, z których kluczową jest właśnie produkcja żywności. Bogactwo zasobów rolnych Unii Europejskiej przekłada się na bezpieczeństwo dostaw żywności dla europejskich obywateli, ale także pozwala konkurować na arenie międzynarodowej i odgrywać strategiczne miejsce. ; The aim of this article is to draw attention to the agricultural policy of the European Union, especially in the context of the opportunities and possibilities that it creates for Polish agriculture. The study also includes the characteristics of the current Rural Development Programme (RDP) for the years 2014-2020, which allows for effective management of EU funds to support Polish agriculture. For the Polish economy, the agriculture sector is crucial, mainly in order to guarantee food security. Polish agriculture provides diversified, affordable and safe products at the highest level. Poland and other European Union countries are well known throughout the world for their culinary traditions, so the task of EU agriculture is to create conditions that give farmers different options, from which food production plays the main role. The European Union's richness of agricultural resources gives security of food supply for Europe's citizens and also allows it, to compete EU agriculture with others countries on the international stage.

The paper consists of three parts. The first one describes the conditions in which foreign trade with UE countries is carried out. Those conditions are a result of dozens of years of Common Agricultural Policy followed by EEC countries whose objectives and system conditions for their realisation have been presented in the paper. The evolution of objectives and measures taken to achieve them have also been shown. The second part addresses the need to protect the food market in Poland, suggesting to make use of the UE's experience in that respect, including mainly the implementation of certain system conditions and necessary instruments required to provide protection of the market. The third part gives an account of what has happened so far in the area of the realisation of the Agreement about a Liaison between Poland and the European Union countries in the sector of food processing and agriculture. The 'agricultural' part of the Agreement has been presented and the possibilities of trading plus first attempts of its evaluation have also been presented. They do not look too good for Poland which seems to receive disadvantaged treatment in comparison with the countries associated in the EU. The ratification of GATT agreements relatively reduces those benefits, too. Therefore, the need to renegotiate the agricultural part of the agreement may be required if the promised benefits for Poland were to remain on paper only. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

Protection of geographical indications is an important and controversial issue in the negotiations of the European Union's new generation trade agreements. The aim of this paper is to present and evaluate the most important provisions adopted in the area of geographical indications in The Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the EU and Canada (CETA), from the perspective of European commercial interests. The research was based on literature studies and the analysis of legal acts. The data on protected designations of origin from the EU databases DOOR, E-Bacchus and E-Spirit-Drinks were also analysed. The compromise on geographical indications achieved in CETA negotiations can be considered satisfactory for the European Union, which in foreign policy seeks to ensure strict protection of EU designations of origin. However, the agreement contains numerous exceptions to obligations which, in some cases, result in lower protection levels. ; Ochrona oznaczeń geografi cznych stanowi ważną i zarazem kontrowersyjną kwestię negocjacyjną w umowach handlowych nowej generacji, zawieranych przez Unię Europejską. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena najważniejszych uzgodnień przyjętych w obszarze oznaczeń geografi cznych w Kompleksowej Umowie Gospodarczo-Handlowej między Unią Europejską a Kanadą (CETA), z perspektywy interesów handlowych Europy. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w oparciu o studia literaturowe oraz analizę aktów prawnych; wykorzystano również dane na temat chronionych nazw pochodzenia z unijnych baz danych: DOOR, e-Bacchus oraz e-Spirits-Drinks. Kompromis dotyczący oznaczeń geografi cznych osiągnięty w negocjacjach CETA można uznać za satysfakcjonujący dla Unii Europejskiej, która w polityce zagranicznej dąży do zapewnienia ścisłej ochrony unijnych oznaczeń pochodzenia. Jednocześnie umowa zawiera liczne wyjątki od zobowiązań, które w przypadku niektórych oznaczeń geografi cznych skutkują obniżeniem poziomu ich ochrony.

Treatment by means of food apart from herbal therapy became important at the turn of 19th and 20th century. Sanitarians recommended diet that would include fruit and vegetables. Theypaid particular attention to proper feeding habits. They presented recipes for proper diet incouraging cleanliness in flats and houses aswell as physical exercises. The aim of this article is a close look at the ideas on nutrition of one of the propagators of hygiene, the pioneer of health fighting for ecual rights for women and parliamentary democracy – Ph. D. Justyna Budzińska‑Tylicka. ; Leczenie za pomocą pożywienia obok farmakologii ziół stało się ważne na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Higieniści zalecali dietę uwzględniającą w swoim składzie warzywa i owoce. Szczególnie troszczyli się o wyrobienie właściwych nawyków dbałości o zdrowie u dzieci. Przedstawiali recepty właściwego odżywiania się, zachęcając do troski o czystość w pomieszczeniach mieszkalnych, popularyzując aktywność fizyczną. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie poglądów na odżywianie jednej z rzeczniczek higieny, pionierki zdrowia kobiecego, walczącej o równouprawnienie kobiet i demokrację parlamentarną – doktor Justyny Budzińskiej‑Tylickiej(1867–1936).

Present article concerns the provisions about the security and order during the election of the king in Both Nations Commonwealth, which were designed to ensure the safe and lawful carrying out election conventions. The purpose of these provisions was guaranteeing: proper organization of the meeting of Legislature (known as The Circle of Knights), correct adoption of foreign envoys and lawful conduct of monarch election. These regulations were prepared to fi ght with the criminal off ences and assurance the legal instruments to cope with problems concerning with functioning security services, building infrastructural facilities and supplying food. The author points at heterogenic nature of provisions of the security and order during the election of the polish kings, which included both procedural as well as substantive rules. Furthermore, substantive rules were related not merely with the criminal provisions, but also the others, similar to present-day regulations, which secure the mass events. The author tries to present the process of preparation and implementation of the provisions about the security and order during the election of the polish kings as one of the main tasks in the process of organization of the election conventions.

Present article concerns the provisions about the security and order during the election of the king in Both Nations Commonwealth, which were designed to ensure the safe and lawful carrying out election conventions. The purpose of these provisions was guaranteeing: proper organization of the meeting of Legislature (known as The Circle of Knights), correct adoption of foreign envoys and lawful conduct of monarch election. These regulations were prepared to fi ght with the criminal off ences and assurance the legal instruments to cope with problems concerning with functioning security services, building infrastructural facilities and supplying food. The author points at heterogenic nature of provisions of the security and order during the election of the polish kings, which included both procedural as well as substantive rules. Furthermore, substantive rules were related not merely with the criminal provisions, but also the others, similar to present-day regulations, which secure the mass events. The author tries to present the process of preparation and implementation of the provisions about the security and order during the election of the polish kings as one of the main tasks in the process of organization of the election conventions.

India is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic country located in Southeast Asia. It is the 2nd largest populated country which has the 7th position in the geographical area. Since 1990 India has emerged as one of the wealthiest economies in the developing world. Recently it is the second fastest growing major economy in the world. Despite the fact that economical development in India has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy, literacy rates and food security, India's performance in the area of health care has been still far from satisfactory. The system of financing health care as a one of the most privatized in the world faces especially many problems. This paper would therefore attempt to describe and assess the system of financing health care in India. In order to outline to the readers the overall country context the first section will provide a brief description of the demographic, economic and health profile of the Indian population. The second and third sections will present the main methods of funding health care in India as well as and the budget of health care system. The concluding section would attempt to assess the financing system in India and offer a way forward for the better achievement of health care system goals.