Ivan Zakmardi Dijankovečki (oko 1600.–1667.) nepravedno je zanemaren u historiografiji, kao i u svojem rodnom kraju. U hrvatskoj povijesti 17. stoljeća istaknuo se kao jedan od utjecajnih pojedinaca jer je ostavio snažan politički i kulturni pečat na prostoru današnje sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Premda je u historiografiji najčešće spominjan kao protonotar, važna su i njegova dobročinstva, kojima je potpomogao razvoj školstva, odgojno-obrazovnih institucija i kulture. U članku je prikazana ostavština koja je proizašla iz Zakmardijeva filantropskog karaktera. Naime, Zakmardi je u Križevce doveo pavline s kojima je osnovao školu. U Varaždinu je pak surađivao s isusovcima s kojima je osnovao sjemenište, konvikt i zakladu. U Zagrebu je podigao žrtvenik u crkvi sv. Marka koji je kasnije preseljen u Križevce. Uz to, u Zagrebu je za potrebe gradske škole sagradio dvokatnicu na Gradecu, kao i, a u sklopu današnje Zvjezdarnice, zgradu spremišta za hranu. Naposljetku, u nastojanju da im pomogne u djelovanju, križevačkim pavlinima i varaždinskim te zagrebačkim isusovcima darovao je i brojne posjede te novac. Pavlinima je pomogao i u Olimju, zahvaljujući čemu je u tom gradu osnovan pavlinski samostan. Svojim dobročinstvima Zakmardi se, dakle, iskazao kao pobornik razvoja odgoja, obrazovanja i kulture. ; Ivan Zakmardi Dijankovečki (around 1600–1667) has been unjustly overlooked in historiography, as well as in his birthplace. He was distinguished as one of the influential individuals in the Croatian history of the 17th century by leaving a strong mark on politics and culture of today's northwest Croatia. Although in historiography he was most often referred to as a prothonotary, his benefactions, which helped the development of school education, educational institutions, and culture, are important as well. This article portrays the heritage that emerged from Zakmardi's philanthropic character. In fact, Zakmardi brought Paulines to Križevci, with whom he then founded a school. In Varaždin, he cooperated with Jesuits to found a seminary, a monastery and an endowment. In Zagreb, he erected an altar in St. Mark's Church, which was later moved to Križevci. Also, for the needs of the old town school in Zagreb, he erected a two-storey building in Gradec, as well as a food storage building, which is a part of today's Observatory. Finally, in an effort to support their activities, he donated numerous estates and money to Paulines in Križevci and Jesuits in Varaždin and Zagreb. He also helped the Paulines in Olimje, which led to the establishment of a Pauline monastery in that town. Due to his benefactions, Zakmardi stands out as a supporter of upbringing, education, and culture.
Labour market, value of wages and standard of living are inextricably linked determinants of economic development. Croatian GDP, living standards and purchasing power of the population are among the lowest in Europe. Wage growth in Croatia is present, but, as in most Central and Eastern European countries, it is not accompanied by an increase in labour productivity. The majority of the income of the Croatian population is spent on food, which is associated with low productivity of the economy. There is a significant dependence on social transfers in the structure of the household income, which, for a significant share of the population, represent the difference between poverty and relatively normal life. Croatia has failed to create economic models that enable economic growth through technological progress and strengthening of labour productivity. In order to improve the standard of living in the Republic of Croatia, it is necessary to solve the structural problems present in the labour market and create economic policies that encourage economic growth. This paper analyses the relationship between the value of wages, labour market and standard of living in the Republic of Croatia. The hypothesis is that structural problems in the Croatian labour market affect the value of wages, and consequently the standard of living of Croatian citizens. The aim of this paper is to analyse the structural problems on the labour market in Croatia and their impact on the value of wages. The purpose of this paper is to point out the importance of an efficient labour market in the national economy of the Republic of Croatia. ; Tržište rada, vrijednost plaća i životni standard neraskidivo su povezane odrednice gospodarskog razvoja. Hrvatski BDP, životni standard i kupovna moć stanovništva među najnižima su u Europi. Rast plaća u Republici Hrvatskoj postoji, ali, kao i u većini zemalja srednje i istočne Europe, nije popraćen porastom produktivnosti radne snage. Glavnina dohotka hrvatskoga stanovništva otpada na prehranu, što se povezuje sa slabom produktivnošću gospodarstva. U strukturi dohotka stanovništva primjećuje se i znatna ovisnost o socijalnim transferima koji, za znatan udio stanovništva, predstavljaju razliku između siromaštva i relativno normalnog života. Republika Hrvatska je podbacila u kreiranju ekonomskih modela koji omogućuju gospodarski rast kroz tehnološki napredak i jačanje produktivnosti radne snage. Kako bi se poboljšao životni standard u Republici Hrvatskoj, nužno je riješiti strukturne probleme prisutne na tržištu rada i kreirati ekonomske politike koje potiču gospodarski rast. U ovome radu analizira se veza između vrijednosti plaća, tržišta rada i životnog standarda u Republici Hrvatskoj. Postavljena hipoteza glasi: strukturni problemi na hrvatskom tržištu rada utječu na vrijednost plaća, a posljedično i na životni standard hrvatskih građana. Cilj rada jest analizirati strukturne probleme na tržištu rada u Republici Hrvatskoj i njihov utjecaj na vrijednost plaća. Svrha rada je ukazati na važnost efikasnog tržišta rada u nacionalnom gospodarstvu Republike Hrvatske.
U članku se iznose dosad nepoznati detalji o zgradi vojne pekare i skladišta brašna izgrađenoj na strateški važnoj poziciji u sklopu Opskrbničke vojarne, kao dijela VIII. Eugenova bastiona osječke Tvrđe. Zgrada je podignuta sredinom 18. stoljeća, a uvidom u sačuvane povijesno-arhivske nacrte možemo utvrditi da je do današnjih dana sačuvala izvornu prostornu organizaciju i oblikovanje uz manje naknadne intervencije. Upravo je zbog neprekidnog višestoljetnog rada pekare i skladišta izbjegnuto rušenje VIII. bastiona pri razgradnji fortifikacijskog prstena Tvrđe u prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Vrijedan rezultat konzervatorsko-restauratorskih istraživanja je i dosad jedinstveni pronalazak grafita na zidnim plohama u unutrašnjosti. ; The building housing the military bakery and flour warehouse was built on an important strategic position within the Supply Barracks, as part of the Bastion VIII of Eugen of Savoy in the Tvrđa fortress in Osijek. It was built in the mid-18th century, and preserved historical and archive drawings confirm that it has kept its original form and shape, with smaller subsequent interventions caused by advances in technology in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was built for military purposes in the mid-18th century, but developed through several construction phases. It represents a perfect monument of utilitarian construction, with food production technology whose process can still be reconstructed on the basis of the preserved equipment. First-rate military builders understood the technique for storing raw materials for making bread as well as technical requirements of a bakery. The military bakery is located in the north part of the city with less traffic to prevent pollution from smells, smoke, dust, etc. The location was also determined by the proximity of drinking water and energy sources, and, most likely, the vicinity of the river port, where ships brought supplies such as flour, salt and yeast, since there were not enough supplies in Osijek prior to the construction of the Supply Barracks and military bakery. The military bakery is a monumental two-storey brick building that had the central function of the supply and warehouse system of Tvrđa in Osijek. The supply of bread and other baked goods continued throughout the 19th century, when the newly built military facilities outside the Fortress were supplied, until the 1970s. Brick ovens were found on the ground floor, and graffiti were on the walls in the interior. The graffiti represent a spontaneously created decoration on the surface, and new elements were added over time. The size and motifs of the graffiti templates differ, and they are a testimony to the work and imagination of soldiers, and moments from their lives. We can conclude that the continuous production of baked goods from the time of the construction until the second half of the 20th century preserved and, very likely, prevented the devastation of the fortification complex that the bakery was part of. Therefore, details discovered on the basis of the results of conservation and restoration research will be relevant to the revitalization and reconstruction of the building.
Alimentarna kampilobakterioza najčešće je prijavljivana zoonoza u Europskoj uniji (EU), predstavlja jedan od vodećih javnozdravstvenih problema i uzrokuje ogromne financijske gubitke (EFSA-ECDC, 2015.). Pileće meso jedan je od najvažnijih izvora uzročnika ove bolesti u globalnim okvirima. U radu je opisana kontaminacija brojlerskih jata i pilećeg mesa bakterijama roda Campylobacter u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Cilj rada bio je istražiti učestalost kontaminacije pilećih trupova uzorkovanih na liniji klanja nakon faze evisceracije kampilobakterijama. Pileći trupovi i jetra (n=84) uzorkovani su jednom mjesečno tijekom godine dana u jednoj od najsuvremenijih klaonica brojlera u BiH. S ciljem izolacije bakterija Campylobacter spp. iz svakog trupa u laboratoriju je uzet uzorak grudne musklulature, bris visceralne šupljine, kao i uzorak jetre (n=252). Onečišćenje kampilobakterijama utvrđeno je u 27,4 % (23/84) pilećih trupova, i to najčešće u pilećim prsima (19,0 %), nešto manje u visceralnoj šupljini (15,5 %), a najmanje u uzorcima pileće jetre (9,5 %). Ukupno, bakterije Campylobacter spp. izolirane su iz 37 uzoraka. Izrazita predominacija ustanovljena je za Campylobacter jejuni (91,9 %), dok je Campylobacter coli bila neznatno zastupljena (8,1 %). Rezultati ovog istraživanja podcrtavaju značaj pilećeg mesa kao potencijalnog izvora alimentarne kampilobakterioze i sugeriraju obveznu mikrobiološku kontrolu onečišćenja pilećeg mesa s bakterijama roda Campylobacter u BiH. ; Food-borne campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported zoonosis in the European Union (EU), which represents one of the leading public health issues and causes enormous financial losses (EFSA-ECDC, 2015.). Chicken meat is one of the most important global sources of the disease. Campylobacter contaminations of broiler flocks and chicken meat in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) have been described. The aim of the study was to research the prevalence of campylobacter contamination of chicken carcasses and liver samples on slaughter line after the evisceration phase. Monthly sampling of chicken carcasses and liver was carried out along a year at one of the most recent broiler slaughterhouses in BiH (n=84). To isolate Campylobacter spp., from each carcass a deep sample of pectoral muscle, visceral cavity swab and liver (n=252) were taken. Campylobacter spp. contamination was detected in 27.4 % (23/84) of chicken carcasses. Out of the 252 analyzed samples, the most prevalent campylobacter contamination was observed in chicken breasts (19.0 %), less in visceral cavity (15.5 %), and the least in chicken liver (9.5 %). In total, Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 37 samples. C. jejuni was predominant (91.9 %), while C. coli was slightly represented (8.1 %). Results of the study underline the importance of chicken meat as a potential source of food-borne campylobacteriosis and suggest compulsory microbiological control of campylobacter contamination of chicken meat in BiH. ; Lebensmittelbedingte Infektionen durch Campylobacter sind die am häufigsten gemeldeten Zoonosen in der Europäischen Union (EU); sie zählen zu den führenden Problemen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und verursachen erhebliche finanzielle Verluste (EFSA-ECDC, 2015). Weltweit zählt Geflügelfleisch zu den wichtigsten Quellen dieser Krankheitserreger. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Kontamination von Masthähnchen und Hähnchenfleisch mit Campylobacter in Bosnien und Herzegowina beschreiben. Ziel der Studie war es, die Prävalenz der Kontamination der Hähnchenrümpfe, die auf dem Schlachtband nach der Ausweidung stichprobenartig untersucht wurden, mit Campylobacter festzustellen. In einem der modernsten Schlachthöfe in Bosnien und Herzegowina wurden ein Jahr monatliche Proben der Hähnchenrümpfe und Leber untersucht (n=84). Um die Campylobacter spp. zu isolieren, wurden aus jedem Rumpf Proben des Brustmuskels, ein Abstrich des viszeralen Hohlraums sowie eine Leberprobe (n=252) für das Labor entnommen. Die Kontamination mit Campylobacter spp. wurde bei 27,4 % (23/84) der Hähnchenrümpfe festgestellt. Unter den insgesamt 252 untersuchten Proben wurde die größte Prävalenz der Kontamination mit Campylobacter in der Hähnchenbrust (19,0 %) festgestellt, gefolgt vom viszeralen Hohlraum (15,5 %); der niedrigste Anteil wurde in der Hähnchenleber (9,5 %) festgestellt. Insgesamt wurden die Campylobacter spp. in 37 Proben isoliert. Eine ausgeprägte Prädominanz wurde bei C. jejuni (91,9 %) festgestellt, währen die C. coli nur geringfügig vertreten war (8,1 %). Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung unterstreichen die Relevanz von Hähnchenfleisch als potentielle Quelle der lebensmittelbedingten Infektionen mit Campylobacter und deuten auf eine unerlässliche mikrobiologische Kontrolle der Kontamination von Geflügelfleisch in Bosnien und Herzegowina durch Campylobacter hin. ; La campilobatteriosi alimentare è la zoonosi più frequentemente riscontrata nell'Unione europea (UE). Essa rappresenta uno dei problemi di salute pubblica più importanti e causa enormi perdite finanziarie (EFSA-ECDC, 2015). La carne di pollo è una delle fonti principali di questa infezione a livello globale. Nello studio è descritta la contaminazione da Campylobacter spp. delle batterie di polli da carne (i c.d. brojler) nella Bosnia ed Erzegovina (BiH). Lo studio aveva come scopo quello di accertare la prevalenza della contaminazione da Campylobacter spp. nelle carcasse di pollo campionate sulla linea di macellazione dopo la fase dell'eviscerazione. La campionatura mensile delle carcasse e dei fegati del pollo è stata compiuta durante l'arco di un anno in uno dei più moderni stabilimenti di macellazione di polli da carne della BiH (n=84). Al fine di isolare il Campylobacter spp., in laboratorio s'è provveduto a prelevare un campione della muscolatura del petto per ogni carcassa campionata, oltre a sottoporre le carcasse allo striscio della cavità viscerale ed al prelievo di un campione del fegato (n=252). La contaminazione da Campylobacter spp. è stata accertata nel 27,4 % (23/84) delle carcasse di pollo analizzate. Su un totale di 252 campioni analizzati, la massima contaminazione da Campylobacter spp. è stata riscontrata nel petto del pollo (19,0 %), un po' inferiore nella cavità viscerale (15,5 %) e minima nei campioni di fegato di pollo (9,5 %). In totale, il Campylobacter spp. è stato isolato in 37 campioni. Nei campioni contaminati è stata riscontrata la schiacciante predominanza del C. jejuni (91,9 %), mentre la presenza C. coli è stata ritenuta trascurabile (8,1 %). I risultati di questa ricerca sottolineano l'importanza della carne di pollo quale potenziale fonte della campilobatteriosi alimentare e suggeriscono la necessità di un controllo microbiologico obbligatorio per accertare la contaminazione da Campylobacter spp. della carne di pollo in BiH. ; La campilobacteriosis alimentaria es la zoonosis más común en la Union Europea (UE) y representa uno de los problemas principales de salud que causa grandes pérdidas financiales (EFSA-ECDC, 2015). La carne de pollo es uno de los causantes principales de esta enfermedad a nivel mundial. En este trabajo fue descrita la contaminación de los rebaños de los broiler y del pollo por el Campylobacter en Bosnia y Herzegovina. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la prevalencia de la contaminación de los abdómenes de pollo por el Campylobacter en la línea de matanza después de la fase de evisceración. Durante un año, mensualmente fueron tomadas las muestras de los abdómenes de pollo y del hígado en uno de los mataderos más modernos en Bosnia y Herzegovina (n=84). Con el fin de aislar el Campylobacter spp. de cada abdomen fueron tomadas las muestras de la musculatura pectoral, el frotis de la cavidad visceral y la muestra del hígado (n=252) en laboratorio. La contaminación por el Campylobacter spp. fue encontrada en 27,4 % (23/84) de los abdómenes de pollo. Entre 252 muestras analizadas, la prevalencia mayor de la contaminación por el Campylobacter spp. fue encontrada en la pechuga de pollo (19,0 %), menor en la cavidad visceral (15,5 %) y la menor en las muestras de hígado (9,5 %). El Campylobacter spp. fue aislado de 37 muestras en total. Prevaleció el C. jejuni (91,9 %), mientras el C. coli casi no estaba presente (8,1 %). Los resultados de esta investigación muestran la importancia del pollo como una fuente potencial de campilobacteriosis alimentaria y sugieren el control microbiológico obligatorio de la contaminación por el Campylobacter del pollo en Bosnia y Herzegovina.
Nakon ofenzive hrvatske i njemačke vojske na području planine Kozare u ljeto 1942. godine nastao je zbjeg s velikim brojem izgladnjele i bolesne djece. Kad je slomljen otpor partizanskih snaga, veće skupine djece iz zbjega privremeno su smještane u nekoliko prihvatnih centara (logor Stara Gradiška, sabirališta u selima Mlaka, Jablanac, Uštica i drugdje), a zatim su, bez prethodnih priprema, prevezene u različita prihvatilišta s ciljem pružanja pomoći i zdravstvene skrbi te su potom udomljavana u obitelji. U organizaciji zbrinjavanja djece presudna je bila uloga države, a iz dostupnih dokumenata jasno se razabire da je djeci u prihvatilištima uz smještaj i prehranu pružana i odgovarajuća zdravstvena skrb, odnosno da djeca nisu bila diskriminirana i zanemarivana. Osnovna je namjera ovoga rada, korištenjem izvornog arhivskog gradiva i izjava sudionika događaja (sudski zapisnici), pokazati da su djeca s Kozare i Potkozarja 1942. godine u prihvatilištima u Jastrebarskom, Sisku i Zagrebu imala odgovarajuću opću i zdravstvenu skrb u skladu s mogućnostima tadašnje medicine u zadanim ratnim okolnostima. Naime, sve do danas u različitim medijima postoji cijeli niz stavova o namjernom izgladnjivanju, trovanju i mučenju te djece. Ovdje želimo istaknuti da su to proizvoljni i činjenično neutemeljeni navodi koje su plasirale jugoslavenske komunističke vlasti odmah nakon završetka Drugoga svjetskog rata, ali i pojedine društvene, političke pa i znanstvene strukture. Stoga, u duhu znanstvenih spoznaja, mislimo da su nazivi dječji ili ustaški logori neprimjereni te da bi bilo uputnije koristiti nazive prihvatilišta ili sabirališta za djecu, pa i privremene bolnice za djecu. ; After the offensive of the Croatian and German army in the area of the Kozara mountain in the summer of 1942, a refugee camp was created with a large number of starving and sick children. When the Partisan resistance was crushed, large groups of children from the camp were temporarily moved to a number of reception centres (concentration camp Stara Gradiπka, shelters in the villages of Mlaka, Jablanac, Uštica, and elsewhere). Then, without prior preparations, they were all moved to further temporary shelters with the goal of providing general care and healthcare. The children were later placed in foster homes. The organization of placing the children into any form of housing depended for the most part on the State. From available documents, it is clear that the children in the camps were given housing and food, as well as adequate healthcare, meaning that the children were not discriminated against or neglected. The basic purpose of this paper is to show that children from Kozara and Potkozarje in 1942 had adequate general care and healthcare, in accordance with the capacities of medicine at the time in the given circumstances of war. This is done by using original archive materials and statements of participants of the events (court records). We wrote this paper because today there is an abundance of opinions in various media that the children were starved, poisoned, and tortured. Here we want to point out that these claims are arbitrary and unfounded, spread by the Yugoslav communist regime after the end of World War II, as well as certain social, political, and even scientific groups. Therefore, the terms "children's camps" or "Ustasha camps" are inappropriate, and instead, the terms "reception centres" or "children's shelters", even "children's hospitals" should be used.
U glavnom gradu EU-a, Bruxellesu, pridružili su se i naši proizvođači mlijeka na dan ukidanja kvota za proizvodnju mlijeka akciji proizvođača mlijeka. Zemlje razvijenog mljekarstva očekuju 20 % porasta proizvodnje bez ekonomskih posljedica, no Republika Hrvatska nema takav tržni alat zbog gubitka velikog broja proizvođača, odnosno isporučitelja mlijeka. Kvote ne ugrožavaju Hrvatsku jer odobrena kvota znatno je veća u odnosu na količinu ukupne proizvodnje mlijeka. Prema izvješću Europske komisije iz prosinca 2013., zbog loših klimatskih prilika i visokih troškova stočne hrane proizvodne kvote EU članica nisu ostvarene za oko 6 %. Dobar primjer su Austrija, Cipar, Poljska i Njemačka te Danska koje su proizvele više od svojih kvota. Zajednička agrarna politika daje praktičnu i organizacijsku potporu za Mliječni paket gdje su određena jasna pravila otkupa mlijeka i njegove cijene u pisanim ugovorima između proizvođača i mljekarske industrije. Tijekom djelovanja sustava kvota restrukturiran je mliječni sektor, odnosno godišnje je proizvodnju napuštalo oko 6 % proizvođača. Poboljšanjem u genetici i učinkovitošću hrane dovodi do povećanja prosječnog prinosa po kravi, iako situacija u tom pogledu znatno varira unutar članica EU-a. Specijalizirane farme u EU-15 članicama ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka od 7300 kg/krava za prosječno stado od 54 krave, dok ostale članice EU-a ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka 5700 kg/krava za prosječno stado 19 krava. Zbog strukture stada ne možemo biti konkurentni farmama u SAD-u sa 115 krava, Australiji sa 258 i Novom Zelandu sa 458 krava. ; In the capital city of EU, Bruxelles, there was a rally of milk producers on the day of abolition of milk quotas, which was joined by our own producers. Countries with developed dairy production expect 20% increase in production without economic consequences, however, Croatia has no such market tool because of the loss of a large number of manufacturers, specifically, suppliers of milk. Quotas are not threatening for Croatia because the approved quota is much higher than the amount of the total milk production. According to the European Commission report in December 2013, due to bad climate conditions and the high cost of animal feed, production quota of EU Member States has not been achieved by the lack of about 6%. Good examples are Austria, Cyprus, Poland, Germany, and Denmark which have produced more than their quota. The Common Agricultural Policy provides a practical and organizational support for the Dairy package where there are certain rules for the purchase of milk and its price in the written agreement between producers and dairy industry. During the period of the quota system dairy sector was restructured, that resulted in annual 6% of manufacturers leaving the production. Improving the genetics and efficiency of food leads to an increase in the average yield per cow, although the situation in this regard varies considerably across the EU Member States specialized farms in the EU-15 Member States achieved an average milk yield of 7300 kg/cow for the average herd of 54 cows, while other EU members are eligible for the average milk yield of 5700 kg/cow for the average herd of 19 cows. Due to the structure of the herd we cannot be competitive with farms in the United States which have 115 cows, Australia 258 and New Zealand with 458 cows.
Omladinski klub V3 varaždinske Gimnazije utemeljen je 21. rujna 1965. godine na obljetnicu stradanja V3 (petog tri) razreda kragujevačkih učenika prema kojem je dobio ime. U početku je djelovao u bivšoj crtaoni, najvećoj prostoriji u varaždinskoj Gimnaziji. Nakon rekonstrukcije gimnazijske zgrade u periodu 1971.-1973. godine, za njegove je potrebe, uz dobrovoljni rad učenika, bio uređen podrumski prostor južnog krila Gimnazije u kojem je nastavio uspješno djelovati do izbijanja ratnih sukoba koji su početkom 90-ih godina XX. stoljeća prouzročili raspad Jugoslavije i osnutak neovisne Republike Hrvatske. Djelujući kao učenički klub koji je imao ograničenu autonomiju unutar škole, razvijao je bogatu i razgrananu aktivnost, priređujući javna događanja, kulturne i zabavne priredbe namijenjene gimnazijalcima, a često i široj publici. Zahvaljujući vlastitim prihodima, Klub je dijelom bio financijski neovisan, a njegovim su radom, uz indirektan nadzor škole, uglavnom samostalno upravljali učenici. U njegovoj su organizaciji pred gimnazijskim učenicima nastupali i izvodili svoje programe istaknuti umjetnici, književnici, glazbenici i glazbeni sastavi, znanstvenici, sportaši i društveno-politički aktivisti i djelatnici s područja čitave Jugoslavije. Polaznicima Gimnazije je tako bilo omogućeno, ne samo korisno provođenje slobodnog vremena, već i mladima svojstvena zabava jer je Klub redovito, jednom tjedno priređivao disco-večeri i godinama bio jedini disco-klub u Varaždinu. Izbijanjem Domovinskog rata i izmjenom društveno-političkog i gospodarskog sustava početkom 90-ih godina XX. stoljeća, djelovanje Omladinskog kluba V3 je spontano prekinuto. Njegov neiskorišteni prostor uprava varaždinske Gimnazije odlučila je iskoristiti kako bi osigurala brzu prehranu za potrebe svojih učenika. ; on the 21st of September 1965 at the anniversary of the plight of V3 (fifth three) class of Kragujevac students. At first its activities were confined to the former Gimnazija drawing room which was at the time the biggest room in the school. After the reconstruction process of the Gimnazija building in the period between 1971 and 1973, aided by student volunteers, the basement of the school was refurbished for the purposes of the club activities. It continued to flourish until the start of the war which in 1990s marked the collapse of Yugoslavia and contributed to the establishment of the indepedent Republic of Croatia. As a student club which had only limited autonomy within the school, the club developed a rich and varied plan of activities which entailed the organization of public events, cultural and entertainment events intended for Gimnazija students and general public as well. Thanks to its own earnings, the club was partially independent in terms of its finances and its activities were mostly organized independently by the students with an indirect supervision of the school management. The club organized various spectacles for its students which were delivered by distinguished artists, writers, musicians and music groups, scientists, athletes, political activists and other important figures from the entire territory of Yugoslavia. Gimnazija students were thus offered not only a high-quality activity plan for their free time, but also a form of entertainment because the club would regularly, once a week set up disco-evenings as it was the only discoclub in Varaždin for many years. After the beginning of the War of Independence and the newly emerged social, political and economic system in the early 1990s, the activity of the youth club V3 was spontaneously discontinued. Its emptied premises were afterwards used by the Gimnazija management for a fast food facility catering to its students.
Wine-growing and wine industry are strategic activities of great importance to the Republic of Croatia. By its range of products and the quality of wine our country is "the wine world in small". The areas of vineyards are reduced to minimum (58.513 ha), but there is a possibility of planting vine on significantly larger vineyard surfaces. The annual wine production amounts to 200 million litres, of which only one third of wine production is recoreded. The number of wine-growers registered in the Register is 14,436, even though there are almost 100 000 families in this production. Croatia needs 10 000 family estates with the area of vineyards of about 5 ha; these areas would make this production maintainable. By the time Croatia joins the EU we should have 70, 000 ha of vineyards, which practically means that we must plant from 2 000 to 3 000 ha of vineyards a year. The realization and implementation of the Law on wine should be observed through the reform of the overall agriculture (Law on agriculture, Law on agricultural land, Law on stimulus in agriculture, forestry and fishery, Strategy of the development of Croatia, and so on). We believe that this new legislation in this area will enable faster and higher quality solvation of the problems that appear in wine-growing and wine production. Finally, it is important to create the conditions for the maintenance of wine-growing estates, for significant enlargement of wine-growing areas and for the larger vine and wine production, for the doubling of the registered wine trade, for the significant increase in wine consumption (30 to 40 litres per capita) and for a more significant wine export. The new Law on wine, the reform of stimulus, the Law on agricultural areas and other regulations are a quality basis for sorting things out in this production and for the realization of the set goals. Operational programme for creating 13, 000 ha of vineyards in the period from 2004 to 2007 is being realized. In 2004 / 05 13 million of vine seedlings were planted, of which the Croatian production accounts for 10 million, that makes about 2 700 ha of newly planted vineyards. More than 3000 ha of forest areas have been given commissioned (for cultivation). Through HBOR and HAMAG 175 loans have been approved and 57 million kn have been granted, with the interest rate of 4 % on 10 years and with the grace period of two years. The trend of vineyard planting is going to continue in 2006, when over 3000 ha of vineyards are expected to be planted. High quality seedlings will be provided for this production. Almost a thousand sorts of more and more quality wines on Croatian market are a guarantee for sparkling possibilities of wine-growing and wine production in the country. Never before has so much been done for the industry of wine-growing and wine production as nowadays, and there is no doubt that the results will be seen. These programmes (Operational programme for vineyard creation, Commissions for forest areas, Giving loans to permanent plantantions etc.) must bear fruit and this Ministry and Government will be remembered by the good they have made, by the quality wine offered together with the rich food in Croatia and in the world, and finally, by the beauty that a high quality wine gives!
U probnim istraživanjima nalazišta Batina–Sredno potvrđene su pretpostavke koje počivaju na rezultatima terenskog pregleda o postojanju prapovijesnog i rimskog groblja smještenih južno od naselja na Gracu. Razdoblju prapovijesti pripadaju ostaci ravnog paljevinskog groblja daljske grupe s kraja brončanog i početka željeznog doba. U grobovima su zabilježeni brojni keramički, metalni i stakleni nalazi koji potvrđuju pretpostavke o iznimnoj važnosti Batine kao istaknutog južnopanonskog centra smještenog na važnoj komunikaciji koja je slijedila tok Dunava. Posebno je važno otkriće danas izravnanih tumula s grobovima smještenim uz njihove rubove od kojih se neki izdvajaju veličinom te brojem i vrstama nalaza. Razdoblju antike pripada otkriće paljevinskih i kosturnih grobova na južnoj nekropoli utvrde Ad Militare i pripadajućeg civilnog naselja. Zabilježeni su i karakteristični jarci V-presjeka koji se povezuju s djelovanjem rimske vojske. Rezultati probnih istraživanja na Srednom potvrdili su iznimno značenje ovog nalazišta za hrvatsku, ali i europsku arheološku baštinu. ; After two years of field surveying in north-eastern Baranja with the aim of finding new archaeological sites and documenting registered ones, trial excavations in Batina conduced. The trial excavations were conduced at the Sredno site, situated in the north-eastern part of Bansko Brdo. The excavations were conduced with the aim of examining the assumed existence of a prehistoric and Roman cemetery. The assumption was based on the results of a 2008 field survey. In the excavations, four trenches were dug, three in the central part of the site, and the fourth in its northern part, closest to the settlement at Gradac (Fig. 1). The trenches were dug in mild elevations that had been significantly lowered in the course of soil cultivation (Fig. 2). A total of 61 graves were excavated: 47 prehistoric and 14 Roman. In the trenches, a relatively large number of ditches were found, varying in width and depth. In the course of the excavations, a flat incineration cemetery of the Dalj Group was found, which represented the newer stage of the Late Bronze Age and the initial phase of the Early Iron Age. Along the northern margin of the cemetery in Sredno, tumuli were identified, the remains of which were suggested by irregular elevations also situated in other parts of the site. All the graves contained cremation remains, laid in ceramic vessels (Fig. 5) or in organic envelopes (Fig. 3). Most frequently, various forms of pots were used as urns, and in most cases they were covered by a bowl. The majority of finds comprise ceramic vessels that contained food and beverages for the final journey (Fig. 3). The most common finds are various forms of pots, bowls, kantharoi, beakers and cups, and exceptionally dual vessels and stands. Among metal grave goods, attire accessories (fibulae, needles) and ornaments (armlets, torques, pendants) were recorded. These often show signs of having been incinerated in a funeral pyre with the deceased. The number of metal attire accessories and ornaments is larger in women's graves, where glass beads and ceramic spindlewhorls also appear. Relatively small iron knives with a gently curved blade and a short tang are typical in the graves of both sexes. In men's graves, the parts of attire also include bronze needles. Whetstones and iron beads were also recorded. Grave 12 stands out with its finds of weapons and attire accessories, which also included a large ceramic symposial set. It was partly cut by grave 3, in which bronze items forming part of a horse harness were unearthed. According to the characteristics of the pottery and metal finds, the graves can provisionally be classified in two burial horizons: an older horizon from the end of the Late Bronze Age (9th century BC), and a newer one from the beginning of the Early Iron Age (8th century to the first half of the 7th century BC). The graves have direct analogies with Dalj Group finds from Batina, which are preserved in numerous European museum collections. In Sredno, 14 Roman incineration and skeleton graves were found. These belong to the southern necropolis located along the road leading from the Ad Militare fort to the Ad Novas fort. Incineration burials in urns, of the bustum type, were unearthed (Fig. 6), as well as those with scattered cremation remains in a grave pits. Skeleton graves with finds of coins were also recorded (Fig. 7). In the fills of cremation graves, ceramic vessel and lamp shards were found, as well as iron nails, wedges and rivets, and bronze mounts. On the basis of their finds, the oldest burials were dated to the 1st century, while graves of the bustum type suggest a more recent dating, probably the 2nd century or the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest. Skeletal graves are more recent and originate from the 3rd century. A relatively large number of wide and deeply sunk ditches were found that possibly represent the remains of ditches which might have been constructed along roads. Two ditches with a characteristic V-shaped cross-section deserve special mention, as they are typical defensive ditches (fossa) of Roman military camps.
Od ukupno pet poznatih bojnih listova barem djelomične hrvatske provenijencije, list Sudrug zagrebačke 25. domobranske pješačke pukovnije jedini je gotovo u cijelosti dostupan istraživačima. Od 25. rujna 1915. do 24. listopada 1918. tiskana su ukupno 84 broja, uglavnom na ruskom, manjim dijelom na talijanskom bojištu, opsega četiri do 16 stranica, u nakladi po svoj prilici manjoj od 100 primjeraka, pri čem su borbe narušavale planirani tjedni tempo izlaženja. Glavninu brojeva uredio je pričuvni natporučnik Ivo Klučka, inače zagrebački gimnazijski profesor, među suradnicima bili su Branimir Knežević, Milivoj Jambrišak, Rikard Kraus i Kosta Premužić, no većinu prinosa potpisali su danas nepoznati dočasnici i domobrani, a dio je ostao skriven iza pseudonima. Autorova raščlamba tematskih slojeva, odjeka i recepcije Sudruga zasnovana je na inozemnim radovima o sličnim vojničkim listovima te na hrvatskoj literaturi o usmenoj, pučkoj i popularnoj kulturi. Zaključno, ustanovljuje se da je riječ o vrijednom izvoru za raznolike pristupe književne, kulturne i vojne povijesti, kojega bi valjalo uzeti i kao poticaj za produbljenija istraživanja. Kao ilustracija poetičkoga šarenila Sudruga, prijepis deset u njem objavljenih izvornih pjesama dan je u prilogu. ; In many ways, Croatian experience of the First World War has for decades been a neglected theme. Among other things, a total of five trench journals (Feldzeitungen, bojni listovi) are known to have had existed, but only that of the Zagreb-seated 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment, the Sudrug (Comrade), is almost completely preserved, and available on the Croatian State Archives website. Starting on September the 25th 1915 and ending on October the 24th 1918, a total of 84 issues of Sudrug have been published, varying from 4 to 16 pages, and probably with a circulation of less than 100 specimens. Projected rate of publication was once a week, which was mainly sustained, apart from the serious setbacks caused by the 1916 Brusilov and the 1917 Kerenski offensive, and also by the 1918 fighting on the Italian front. As the journal was conceived under the auspices of the 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment Headquarters, for most of the time edited by one Ivo Klučka, Oberleutnant in der Reserve and otherwise a highschool teacher of Croatian and Classic languages, all of the available 1915–1917 issues were printed somewhere on the Russian front (probably in the close vicinity of the Regimental Headquarters), while the preserved 1918 issues were printed by the Austro-Hungarian 11th Army press department in the occupied region of Italy. Apart from Klučka, who had been a lesser known teacher without registered civilian bibliography, only several of the contributors were to a degree notable individuals, all of them at least for a brief period serving in the 25th Regiment: writer Branimir Knežević, physician and politician Milivoj Jambrišak, biologist and geographer Rikard Kraus, lawyer and war correspondent Kosta Premužić. Practicaly all other contributors of Sudrug were either simple NCOs and common soldiers whose names don't tell us much, or they had even decided to stay hidden behind the pseudonyms. As far as the ideological-political layer of Sudrug is concerned, generally it could be said that it followed the official Habsburg line, but with some alterations, presenting – or, more often, just hinting – a somewhat »nationalized«, Croatian view on the Monarchy, the armed forces in general, and the more specific Croatian national interests. Much more elaborated was the educational layer of Sudrug, reporting not only on the current advances in military technology and tactics, but also on hygiene, legal questions, national history, geology etc. Most of the epic poetry, short-stories and essays dealt with either real or fictionalised battlefield events, mainly influenced by the oral folk tradition, but some also had certain expressionist traits. As a general rule, enemy rulers were frequently mocked at, but enemy soldiers – apart from pretty much demonized Russian Cossacks – were seldom derogatory treated. Similarly, liric poetry of Sudrug was more often on the rather simplified romanticist track, including two or three possible cases of avantgardism. Themes and tones vary from the expected (patriotism, perseverance, vengeance of fallen comrades, devotion to family, religious consolation…) to rather unexpected ones (meaningless suffering, pessimism, betrayal by beloved persons, unconditional pacifism…). Although not decisive, such a shift is clearly discernible as the war progressed. Particularly revelatory is a large section dedicated to humour, as the jokes and funny verses (mainly in the Croatian kajkavian dialect) tended to convey both happy and unhappy moments of the soldier's life, ranging from lice and monotonuos food to fatherly commanders and home leave. Interestingly, the absence of women was not so much coped with eroticism, as with mysoginistic utterances of a sort, culminating in a description of a would be physical punishment of an unfaithfull spouse. Also, most issues of Sudrug contained a section dedicated to the more serene regimental news such as decorations or promotions, and also to the memorial activities, such as the regimental frontline cemeteries and the Zagreb-seated regimental museum. Finally, there was also an enigmatics section, some of the correct answers bringing cigarettes, pocket watches and other officer-donated prizes. In spite of the primitive printing technique (»hectography«), many of the issues were illustrated with Art Nouveau vignettes, heraldic variations, caricatural portraits and even some short comic cartoons. Presumably, as the Sudrug had not been significantly distributed outside the battlefield and the 25th Regiment, its content was outside regular censorship as well as out of traditional high culture criteria. Although neither the contributing circle nor the reception of Sudrug had been as wide as the editors hoped for, it seems that the position of the journal – in spite of all the casualties, including the wounded Klučko – was unproblematic all the way untill the second half of 1917, when trends of war weariness and decaying complement numbers irreversibly gained the upper hand. All in all, Sudrug is judged to be an early Croatian manifestation of popular culture (as defined by Dean Duda), thus also representing a possible window to the oral culture world of illiterate soldiers, a window that certainly should be compared to other sources.
Migracijski val od 2014. do 2016. u kojem je velik broj djece i majki iz država Sjevernog trokuta na putu prema krajnjem odredištu SAD-u bio u tranzitu Meksikom okarakteriziran je krizom. Kriza je podrazumijevala postojanje prijetnje koja opravdava provođenje izvanrednih mjera. Teza rada je da pod utjecajem SAD-a Meksiko migrante u tranzitu smatra prijetnjom sigurnosti građanima Meksika, a ne ugroženim pripadnicima istoga kulturnoga kruga koje treba zaštititi. Stoga se prema njima ne odnosi u skladu s ciljem ljudske sigurnosti, već primjenjuje silu. Rad predstavlja studiju slučaja. U prvom odjeljku dani su prikaz vrsta migracija i poimanje migracija u kontekstu ljudske i građanske sigurnosti, dok su u drugom analizirani potisni i privlačni faktori migracija iz država Sjevernog trokuta. U trećem odjeljku prikazana je politika tranzitne države Meksika prema ilegalnim migrantima. U radu je izložen sud o migracijskoj politici Meksika prema migrantima u tranzitu. Zaključeno je da je iz perspektive ljudske sigurnosti politika bila »loša« jer je bila diskriminirajuća i u neskladu s kulturno-političkim kontekstom te moralnim i zakonskim normama. No gledano iz perspektive nacionalne sigurnosti politika je bila »dobra« jer je bila ostvariva, postigla je rezultate uz prihvatljiv trošak ljudi i sredstva i njome su obranjeni državni interesi Meksika – dobri odnosi sa SAD-om. ; This article will attempt to answer two questions; first, in what way did the Government of Mexico attempt to resolve the influx of a large number of migrants, children and family members, from the Northern Triangle countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras) who were transiting Mexico on their way to the United States in the 2014–2016 period? Second, why have migrants continued to arrive even after the adoption of the Mexican Programa Frontera Sur (PFS) of 2014, which was supposed to resolve the migration crisis and put an end to arrests and deportation? At the same time, the article will try to assess, according to Haines (2013), whether the Mexican post-2014 migration policy has been "good" (in line with the political and cultural context, achievable and effective with acceptable costs of staff and resources), or "bad" (discriminatory and incompatible with existing moral and legal norms). The thesis of the article is that under the influence of the United States, Mexico is treating migrants in transit as a security threat, rather than as members of the same cultural circle who require protection. So, instead of helping them, Mexico uses coercion to suppress them. While traditional threats are endangering the survival of the state, new threats to the state are also endangering individuals. The article consists of an introduction, three sections and a conclusion. The first section will provide an explanation of the relationship between migration and security (traditional national security and human security). The second section analyses the pull-and-push factors of migration from the Northern Triangle countries. This is followed by Mexico's transit policy towards illegal migrants, which is discussed in the third section. Case study research was used as a methodological strategy. The migration wave in the 2014–2016 period, consisting of many children and mothers from the Northern Triangle states transiting through Mexico on their way to the United States, was characterised as a crisis. A crisis implies the existence of a threat justifying the imposition of extraordinary measures. The issue of migrants in transit through Mexico was no novelty. Since the late 1980s, under the pressure of the United States, Mexico has been deporting migrants in transit back to their countries of origin. As Mexico has increasingly associated with the United States, there has emerged a growing need for greater compliance with "American requirements" and for the understanding of "American fears" of illegal migrants. After 11 September 2001, the fear became almost paranoid. Mexican presidents Fox, Calderon, and Nieto brought about and implemented a restrictive migration policy in line with the US policy, according to which migrants posed a threat to national security. Although repeatedly emphasising its intention to protect the migrants in transit, Mexico militarised and securitised its migration policy. This was particularly apparent after the 2014 Frontera Sur programme, which applied the same methods – arrest, deportation and denial of asylum – to the vulnerable population of women and children who largely satisfied the criteria for refugee status recognition. The PFS emphasised the intent to protect migrants, to better manage border crossings and to create security and prosperity zones in the south of the country. However, after two years of the programme's implementation it can be concluded that none of the objectives above have been achieved. Indeed, migrants in transit are additionally exposed to strife, suffering, and violations of their fundamental human rights, both by criminal organisations and the forces of law and order. Therefore, their transit has become much more uncertain than it was before. At the same time, human rights are violated by the state of Mexico itself, which denies migrants the right to asylum or recognition of humanitarian visas. The border in the south of the country has not become more secure. That PFS complies with US interests is apparent from the fact that the United States is its main source of funding, since it has managed to link the combat against drugs and migrants in transit via the Merida Initiative. The question is why have migrants continued to arrive despite everything mentioned above? It was their hope that somehow, they would reach the USA or, in the worst case, remain in Mexico. The most elementary human right, the right to life, is endangered in the countries of the Northern Triangle. In addition to personal insecurity, there are other human security threats in Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador forcing the citizens to flee and emigrate from political, economic, environmental, and health and food insecurity. With everything being said, it is not easy to evaluate the Mexican migration policy. From a perspective of human security, it was "bad" because it was discriminatory and incompatible with the cultural and political context, as well as with moral and legal norms. Evaluated from a national security perspective, it was "good" because it was achievable, it has yielded results with an acceptable cost of staff and resources and has achieved state interests – good relations with the United States. At the same time, it is one of the tools Mexico can use in the future if Trump should decide against Mexican interests (significant taxing of Mexican products or deporting the many Mexican citizens illegally residing in the United States). Since Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador belong to the same cultural (historical, religious and linguistic circle), it was presumed that Mexico would pursue a policy that favours migrants and their protection; however, that did not happen. The authors agree with Kimball (2007: 140) that in the long run, Mexico will not be able to simultaneously advocate and implement both the pro- and anti-immigrant policy. The problem of the migrant wave, mostly consisting of mothers and children from the Northern Triangle countries, who were in transit through Mexico during 2014–2016, was attempted to be resolved via securitisation rather than care about their security. Castles de Haas and Miller (2014: 5) state that in the case of Mexico, there is a proliferation of migration transition, since it is turning from an emigration into an immigration country. To be more specific, with Trump coming to power, Mexico is increasingly not just a transit country, but also an ultimate destination country. Trump's immigration policy regarding immigrants from Central America suffers from deep historical amnesia related to the role of the USA in the Central American conflict of the 1980s, which has significantly destabilised the region. Moreover, Trump denounces and demonises as dangerous criminals the families, women and children, who have fled from violence contributed to by the USA (Portillo Villeda and Miklos, 2017: 53–54). This is one of the reasons the number of arrested migrants from Central America on the southern border of the United States has significantly decreased, but the number of asylum seekers in Mexico has increased threefold. There is a hope that new Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador would perceive vulnerable Northern Triangle migrants more as a threat to human rather than national security.
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAUZ 20-tu OBLJETNICU DANA HRVATSKOGA ŠUMARSTVANa 101. Godišnjoj skupštini Hrvatskoga šumarskoga društva, održanoj 9. svibnja 1997. god. (188 sudionika) u Zaključcima pod red. br. 15 Skupština "proglašava 20. lipnja za Dan hrvatskoga šumarstva, koji će se od 1998. godine u organizaciji HŠD-a obilježavati svake godine". Naime, toga je datuma na 96. Redovitoj skupštini 20. lipnja 1991.g. jednoglasnom odlukom promijenjen naziv udruge iz Saveza društava inženjera i tehničara šumarstva i drvne industrije Hrvatske u Hrvatsko šumarsko društvo. Tako je od 1998.g. Dan hrvatskoga šumarstva redovito obilježavan. Uz redovita izvješća o radu i financijskom poslovanju udruge, u nastavku je uvijek slijedila aktualna stručna tema. Stručna tema ove Skupštine bila je "Hrvatsko šumarstvo danas i sutra". Uvod u raspravu dali su tadašnji predsjednik HŠD-a prof. dr. sc. Slavko Matić i direktor "Hrvatskih šuma" p.o. Zagreb Anđelko Serdarušić, dipl. ing. šum. Kao temu za razmišljanje, navest ćemo samo dio iz tih uvoda i rasprave objedinjenih u 15 zaključaka.Prof. Matić ponajprije naglašava kako je HŠD najmjerodavnija stručna organizacija koja mora raspravljati o stanju u hrvatskome šumarstvu, posebno onda kada su svakim danom problemi sve brojniji i uočljiviji. No, nitko ne očekuje njihovo rješenje preko noći. Najvažniji problemi su: zapošljavanje diplomiranih inženjera i općenito smanjenje broja zaposlenih u šumarstvu; nepotrebno izdvajanje velikih površina šuma u nacionalne parkove i parkove prirode i davanje na upravljanje raznoraznim upravnim odborima gdje gotovo i nema šumara; podređeni odnos prema struci gdje Hrvatske ceste, vodoprivreda i elektroprivreda, protivno Zakonu o šumama, ulaze u šume bez naknade; drvni sortimenti se raspoređuju po komisijama, uz niske cijene a svi se zaklinjemo u slobodno tržište; u šumu nam ulaze needucirani i slabo opremljeni poduzetnici s nekvalificiranom radnom snagom; poseban trud treba ulagati u afirmaciju struke utemeljene ponajprije na profesionalnoj etici; trebamo se riješiti onih "zalutalih" u šumarsku struku, kojima je cilj samo laka zarada.Direktor Serdarušić nakon uvoda daje desetak prijedloga za zaključke; uputiti zahtjev Hrvatskoj radioteleviziji za termin redovitog priloga o hrvatskom šumarstvu; da predstavnici HŠD-a, Šumarskog fakulteta, Šumarskog instituta i Hrvatskih šuma p.o. izrade suvremeni Zakon o šumama i Dugoročni program šumarstva i upute ga Ministarstvu uz zahtjev za ukidanje tzv. "liste finalista", reprogramiranja dugova, dodjela dionica, odgoda plaćanja itd.; usklađivanje odnosa šumarstva i drugih djelatnosti; da se osigura više financijskih sredstava za gospodarenje privatnim šumama i sanaciju ratnih šteta, te da na prostornom uređenju i djelatnostima zaštite prirode, neizostavno sudjeluju i šumarski stručnjaci.Tomislav Starčević naglašava kako je vrijeme da se analizira da li smo i koliko, dosljedno provodili temeljne koncepcijske pretpostavke za razvoj hrvatskoga šumarstva, gdje u provedbi tih opredjeljenja još nema jasne šumarske politike; Šumariji kao temeljnoj organizacijskoj jedinici ne daje se dovoljno važnosti i ovlaštenja, iz čega proizlazi gubitak motiva; kod uzgojnih radova vidljivo opada kvaliteta; doradom planova gospodarenja povećava se sortimentna struktura planova sječa, pa nemamo definirane planske veličine; naposljetku ovu Skupštinu smatra poticajnom za temeljiti razvoj šumarstva.Prof. Joso Vukelić smatra da Vlada RH nema koncepciju razvoja šumarstva i javnog poduzeća, ne uvažava stručna mišljenja, postavlja nekompetentan Upravni odbor; resorno Ministarstvo je neadekvatno organizirano i šumarstvo i lovstvo bi trebalo izdvojiti u posebnu Državnu upravu, kao što su to vode. Posebno ističe nezadovoljstvo društveno-moralnim položajem šumarske struke.Prvi resorni ministar Ivan Tarnaj ističe kako nijedna organizacija nije konačna, pa tako ni šumarska; ova dosadašnja, obrazlažući je detaljno, smatra da je bila dobra, jer trebalo je u teškim uvjetima preživjeti, no nakon 7 godina možda je vrijeme za novu.Prof. Branimir Prpić iskazuje nezadovoljstvo podređenošću šumarstva u Strategiji prostornog uređenja RH i smanjenjem opsega šumarskih djelatnosti, posebice u prostornom planiranju i zaštiti prirode i okoliša, gdje šumarske poslove preuzimaju nestručni kadrovi.Prošlo je 20 godina pa imajući pred sobom ovaj skraćeni prikaz navedene stručne teme (detaljno u Šumarskom listu br. 5-6/1997., str. 323-332), pokušajmo odgovoriti barem na dva pitanja: što se to do danas promijenilo i da li je "svatko od nas korigiranjem svoga rada dao najbolji doprinos poboljšanju stanja u šumarstvu", što je tada sugerirao prof. Matić u uvodnom izlaganju? Uredništvo ; EDITORIALOn the 20th Anniversary of the Day of Croatian ForestryAt the 101st Annual Assembly of the Croatian Forestry Association held on 9th May 1997, (188 participants), June 20th was proclaimed the Day of Croatian Forestry, which will be celebrated annually by the Croatian Forestry Association starting from 1998 (Conclusions, item 15). At the 96th regular meeting held on 20th June 1991, the name of the association was unanimously changed from the Association of Engineers and Technicians of Forestry and Wood Industry of Croatia into the Croatian Forestry Association. The Day of Croatian Forestry has been marked interminably since 1998. Regular reports on the activities and financial affairs of the Association have always been accompanied by discussions on current specialist topics. The specialist topic of the said Assembly was "the Croatian forestry today and tomorrow". An introduction to the discussion was given by Professor Slavko Matić, PhD, the then president of the Croatian Forestry Association, and Anđelko Serdarušić, BSc in forestry, director of the company "Croatian Forests". To provide food for thought, we shall mention only some parts of these introductions and discussions summarized in 15 conclusions.First and foremost, Professor Matić stresses that the CFA is the most competent professional organisation to discuss the condition of Croatian forestry, particularly in view of a growing number of acute problems. However, nobody expects overnight solutions. The most important problems include the employment of graduate engineers and the declining number of those employed in forestry in general; unnecessary conversions of large forest areas into national parks and nature parks and their management by managing boards consisting of anybody but foresters; a subordinate attitude towards the profession, reflected in the fact that the Croatian Roads, Water Management and Electrical Utility Company, contrary to the Forest Law, enter forests without any monetary compensation; wood assortments are distributed per commissions at low prices despite the fact that we all staunchly support the free market economy; forests are treated by uneducated and poorly equipped entrepreneurs with unqualified labour force; particular effort should be invested in the promotion of the profession that is based primarily on professional ethics; those who have "wandered" into the forestry profession by accident with the only goal of making easy money should be removed from forestry.Director Serdarušić followed his introduction with some ten proposals for the conclusions. These include the following: a request should be submitted to the Croatian Radio Television to allocate a fixed term for programmes on Croatian forestry; representatives of the CFA, the Faculty of Forestry, the Forest Research Institute and Croatian Forests Ltd should draw up a modern Forest Law and a Long-Term Forestry Programme and submit it to the Ministry. The Programme should be accompanied by a demand to abolish so-called "finalist lists", re-programme debts, allocate shares, postpone payments, etc; the relationship between forestry and other fields should be coordinated; more financial means should be ensured for the management of private forests and the recovery of war damage; and forestry experts should invariably be included into spatial management and nature conservation activities.Tomislav Starčević stresses the need to analyse whether the basic conceptual prerequisites for the development of Croatian forestry have been implemented and to what extent, considering that the application of these prerequisites is not guided by a clear forestry policy; the forest office, as the basic organisational unit, is not given sufficient importance and competences, hence the loss of motives; the quality of silvicultural treatments is visibly declining; by adding to management plans the assortment structure of cutting plans is increased, resulting in changes in the planned amounts; and finally, he considers this Assembly an incentive for the overall development of forestry.Professor Joso Vukelić points out that the Croatian Government does not have a clear concept of the development of forestry and public enterprises, does not accept professional opinions, and appoints incompetent management boards; the Ministry is inadequately organized; while forestry and hunting management should be placed under a separate State administration, similar to water management. He particularly expresses dissatisfaction with the socio-moral position of the forestry profession.The first forestry minister Ivan Tarnaj states that no organisation is final, and consequently the forestry organisation is not final either; he maintains that the current organisation is good in view of the fact that it was difficult to survive in hard conditions, but after seven years it is perhaps time to launch a new organisation.Professor Branimir Prpić expressed dissatisfaction with the subordinate position of forestry in the Croatian Strategy of Spatial Planning and with a reduced volume of forest activities, particularly in spatial planning and nature conservation and environment protection, where forestry activities are performed by inexpert personnel.Twenty years have passed: looking at this brief review of the topic (find a more detailed analysis in Forestry Journal No. 5-6/1997, pp 323-332), let us try and answer at least two questions: what has changed since and have we all "by improving our work, given the best contribution to the condition in forestry", as Professor Matić suggested in his introductory discussion. Editorial Board
"Izrada hrvatske poljoprivredne strategije jedan mi je od prioriteta, a ona neće zanemariti ni aspekte ruralnog razvoja, okoliš, proizvode zaštićenog podrijetla, ruralni turizam, obnovljive izvore energije." Ovo je izjava novoga resornog ministra poljoprivrede iz opširnog intervjua kojega je dao Večernjem listu 10. ožujka 2016. god. U nastavku navodi kako je za izradu strategije poljoprivrede i prehrambene industrije, šumarstva i prerade drva rok do kraja 2016. god. Također navodi kako je trenutno u tijeku redefiniranje Programa ruralnog razvoja. O nedostatku strategija Države za gotovo sve resore gospodarstva, kao i očekivanjima da se iste konačno naprave, što se odnosi i na šumarstvo i preradu drva, pisali smo u br. 5-6 Šumarskoga lista 2011. god. Bilo je to vrijeme uoči novih parlamentarnih izbora, pa su se strategije očekivale od nove Vlade. Kao što vidimo, protekao je cijeli mandat sada već stare Vlade i ništa nije učinjeno, pa se stihijski radilo. Bez strategije i uz slabu kontrolu resornog ministarstva, koje bi trebalo biti odgovorno za šumarsku politiku i strategiju, posebice prepuštanje Hrvatskim šumama d.o.o. i nekompetentnom rukovodstvu da provodi svoju šumarsku politiku uz svoju strategiju, iako su uvjetno rečeno samo "koncesionari", evidentno je da su nastale velike štete za šume i šumarstvo. Nestručno vođenje firme i robovanje "profitu" pod svaku cijenu, zahtijeva od nas da postavimo pitanja i na njih tražimo odgovore. Na temelju činjeničnog stanja će se uz ostalo temeljiti, nadamo se, napokon zacrtana konzistentna šumarska politika i strategija. Naravno da ne možemo ovdje postaviti sva sporna pitanja, pa stoga dopunu prepuštamo čitateljstvu. Neka od tih pitanja su: treba li preskočiti jedan etat jer smo dirnuli u glavnicu; da li je narušen omjer smjese sječom vrjednijih vrsta drveća; da li je narušena debljinska struktura sastojina; da li se, gdje i koliko kasnilo s uzgojnim radovima njege i čišćenja koji određuju buduću sastojinu; koje sastojine trebaju ići u prijevremenu obnovu jer su nestručnim gospodarenjem dovedene u stanje da ne koriste optimalno potencijale šumskoga staništa; što je s prirodnom obnovom sastojina; zašto i koliko ostaje drvne sirovine u šumi; što je sa šumskim redom; koliko i zašto imamo toliko oštećenih stabala prouzročenih vučom sortimenata; zašto imamo previše Ad stabala; kako obrađujemo sortimente da ne oštećujemo šumsko tlo; da li su nam i zašto šumske vlake postale vododerine; da li je istina da od ubranih prihoda za korištenje šumskih cesta samo manji dio vraćamo za njihovo održavanje, pa su stoga u vrlo lošem stanju; da li privatnicima plaćamo vuču i dalje tako malo da vozni park obnavljaju kupnjom naših isluženih traktora koji zagađuju okoliš; zašto je nekim pilanskim klasama trupaca cijena niža od ogrjevnog drva; što je s pošumljavanjem opožarenih površina koje su potencijalna opasnost za eroziju tla; kome i zašto je prepušteno gospodarenje (osim sirovinskog) s ostalim gospodarskim potencijalima šume i naposljetku pitanje koliko će šuma i šumarstvo platiti robovanje isključivo novčanom profitu utopljenom u nezajažljivost birokracije? Kada neslužbeno razgovaramo s našim kolegama, pa i s nekima koji su trenutno u vladajućoj strukturi Hrvatskih šuma d.o.o., svi negoduju, pa i čude se nekim naredbama neutemeljenim na načelima šumarske struke i znanjima koje su na Fakultetu polučili. Višekratna eksperimentiranja iz strogo centralizirano ustrojene uprave, a zapravo jednog čovjeka, dovela su šumarstvo gotovo do ruba obstojnosti struke. U ovoj smo rubrici uz ostalo pisali o odstupanju jednog od načela iz 10 sentenci o šumi, uvaženog akademika Dušana Klepca, a ono se odnosi upravo na organizacijski oblik šumarstva od centralističkoga do proklamirano decentralističkoga, koji kao najpovoljniji "omogućuje na istom prostoru i istoj organizacijskoj jedinici korištenje svih izravnih i neizravnih beneficija koje šuma pruža". Rekli smo tada da je to danas strogo centralistički oblik, u kojemu za svaku sitnicu treba tražiti odobrenje centra, gdje upravitelji uprava nemaju nikakvih ingerencija, čime im je ograničena inventivnost i primjena stečenih šumarskih znanja i iskustava te narušen ugled pred zaposlenicima i lokalnom zajednicom, gdje revirnici i ostali inženjeri sve više postaju kancelarijski službenici, a beneficije šume su svedene na isključivo sirovinsku bazu. Time se zapravo želi poništiti i omalovažiti multifunkcionalnu ulogu šume, a šumarske stručnjake svesti na razinu neinventivnih nadničara. Začuđujuće je da su osim središnjice HŠD-a, koja je posebice u ovoj rubrici Šumarskoga lista upozoravala na činjenično stanje, mnogi smatrali da će se nešto samo po sebi riješiti, i što je još gore, ne osjećaju se odgovornima. O svemu tome, pa i po pitanju prerade drva i energetske strategije također smo više puta pisali u ovoj rubrici i još u nekim tekstovima – samo treba "prolistati" Šumarski list i početi aktivno štiti struku, jer inače nemamo pravo prigovarati. Uredništvo ; "Formulating the Croatian agricultural strategy is one of my priorities, which will on no account neglect the aspects of rural development, environment, products of protected designation of origin, rural tourism and renewable energy sources." This is what the new Minister of Agriculture stressed in an extensive interview given to Večernji List (Evening Paper) on 16 March 2016. The Minister went on to say that the deadline for drawing up the strategy of agriculture and food industry, forestry and wood processing was the end of 2016. He pointed out that the Rural Development Programme was currently being redefined. In the Forestry Journal No. 5-6 we already wrote about the non-existence of state strategies for almost all economic sectors, including forestry and wood processing, and about general expectations that they would finally be formulated. Since this was at the time of new parliamentary elections, the strategies were expected to be drawn up by the new Government. As we can see, the entire mandate of the old Government had elapsed without anything being done in this respect, which in a way legitimized disorganized work. Lack of strategies and poor control in the competent ministry responsible for the forestry policy and strategy, and particularly the fact that the company Hrvatske Šume Ltd and its incompetent management were allowed to implement their own forestry policy and their own strategy, despite being, conditionally said, "concessionnaires", resulted in evident and great damage for forests and forestry. In view of how incompetently the company is managed and how its primary goal is "profit" at any cost, we must demand the answers to some questions that will reveal the factual state. These answers will, we hope, finally lay the foundations for a consistent forestry policy and strategy. It is not possible to raise all controversial issues here, so we leave additional issues to the readers. Here are several of these questions: should one annual cut be skipped because we have nipped into the growing stock; has the mixture ratio been disturbed by cutting more valuable tree species; has the stand diameter structure been disturbed; have the silvicultural operations of tending and cleaning, which determine the future stand, been delayed and by how much; which stands should be regenerated prematurely owing to inexpert management which brought them into a state in which they cannot make optimal use of forest site potentials; what about natural stand regeneration; how much raw wood material remains in the forest and why; what about the forest order; what quantity of damaged trees is caused by skidding the assortments and why; why are there too many accidentally cut trees; how do we process assortments so as to avoid damage to forest soil; have forest skidding lines turned into gullies and why; is it true that only a small portion of the money collected from forest road use is spent on their maintenance, leading to their extremely poor condition; do we continue to pay very low amounts for skidding to private entrepreneurs, so that they restock their vehicle fleet by purchasing old tractors that pollute the environment; why is the price of some sawlog classes lower than the price of fuelwood; what about afforesting burnt areas, which are a potential hazard for soil erosion; who has been entrusted with the management (in addition to raw material) of other economic forest potentials and why: and finally, how much will forests and forestry suffer because of blind servitude to monetary profit only, dictated by greedy bureaucracy? In unofficial conversations, our colleagues, including some colleagues who are currently in the managing structure of the company Hrvatske Šume Ltd, express disapproval and wonder at some directives that are not based on the principles of the forestry profession and on the expertise acquired at the Faculty of Forestry. Multiple experiments conducted by the strictly centralized management, or better said, by one man, have led forestry almost to the very brink of survival. Among other things, we already wrote about abandoning one of the principles contained in the 10 sentences on forests by distinguished Academician Dušan Klepac. This principle relates precisely to the organisational form of forestry, from centralist to decentralist, which "allows the use of all direct and indirect benefits of a forest in the same space and in the same organisational unit". We have already pointed out that at present this form is strictly centralist, according to which approval of the centre must be obtained for any little thing, and in which forest administration managers have no jurisdiction over anything. Naturally, this hampers their inventiveness and limits the application of forestry knowledge and experience, as well as undermines them before other employees and the local community. Moreover, forest rangers and engineers are increasingly turning into office clerks, while the benefits of a forest are exclusively limited to the raw material base. In fact, all this is aimed at nullifying and undermining the multifunctional role of a forest and downgrading forestry experts to the level of uninventive labourers. It is surprising that, with the exception of the management of the Croatian Forestry Association, which has repeatedly warned of the factual state in this column, many believe that things will work out by themselves, or even worse, do not feel responsible for any of the above. We have tackled these issues, as well as issues of wood processing and energy strategies, on several occasions in this column and in some other texts - all we need to do is browse through Forestry Journal and start protecting the profession more actively; otherwise, we have no right to complain. Editorial Board
RIJEČ UREDNIŠTVAOvo su bile teme Konferencije za tisak u hotelu Vestin krajem rujna, koje su nazočnima predstavili: zastupnica u Europskom Parlamentu gospođa Marijana Petir i direktor Hrvatskog drvnog klastera Marijan Kavran.U Strasbourgu je u rujnu na izvanrednoj sjednici Odbora za okoliš, javno zdravlje i sigurnost hrane, predstavljen paket novog zakonodavstva u području europske politike ublažavanja klimatskih promjena koji je usvojen u srpnju. Taj je paket na odnosnoj sjednici podržala i naša zastupnica, pozdravljajući nastavak odgovornog provođenja energetske i klimatske politike EU, s primjedbom da prijedlozima propisa nedostaje opipljivo vrednovanje potencijala dugogodišnjih šuma kao ponora ugljika. S tom primjedbom se u potpunosti slažemo, s napomenom da je to samo jedna, ali svakako vrlo značajna, od 15-ak navedenih općekorisnih uloga šume u Zakonu o šumama, na koje neprestano ukazujemo suprotstavljajući je mišljenjima o šumi kao isključivo sirovinskom resursu.Glede ponora ugljika, podsjećamo da je grupa od nekoliko šumarski stručnjaka imenovanih od tadašnjeg Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i prostornog uređenja, 2000. god. putem Akademije šumarskih znanosti za šumarski sektor (jedan od 6) napravila analizu i izradila Izvješće o ulozi šume i šumarstva o vezivanju ugljika, kao Prilog nacionalnom izvješću o klimatskim promjenama za Okvirnu konvenciju UN za promjenu klime (UNFCCC). Navodimo neka značajna saznanja, podatke i izračune iz toga Izvješća:Šume značajno djeluju na klimu ovisno o dobi šumskih sastojina, te imaju pozitivan utjecaj na smanjenje negativnog učinka "stakleničkih plinova". Od 720 milijardi tona CO2, 120 milijardi tona veže se u procesu fotosinteze, 60 milijardi tona veže se trajno, a najveći je dio uskladišten u šumama, koje prema Burschelu najučinkovitije upijanjem CO2 utječu na njegovo smanjenje. Ugljik je u šumi vezan u drveću, prizemnoj vegetaciji, tlu i mrtvom drvu (drvnim proizvodima). Kao mjere ublažavanja navedene su: smanjenje stope devastacije, povećanja površina pod šumom (npr. na oko 331 000 ha produktivnog neobraslog tla mogu se osnivati energetske šume), povećanje zaliha ugljika u postojećim šumama kroz značajnije njege proredom, koje će rezultirati većom drvnom masom, kvalitetom i biološkom raznolikošću. Unapređenjem gospodarenja i podizanjem kvalitete privatnih šuma postiglo bi se također povećanje zaliha ugljika. U odnosnoj analizi nastavno je i naznačena uloga zamjene fosilnih goriva sa šumskom biomasom, što je također prilog ublažavanju klimatskih promjena, no to je već drugo pitanje. Izračunom, koristeći kao podlogu Šumsko-gospodarsku osnovu područja za razdoblje 1996.-2005. god., a po metodi Burschela, Kuerstena i Larsona, izračunata je količina vezanog ugljika u drveću (krupno drvo, granjevina i korijen) po vrstama drveća za kopneni dio Hrvatske i Sredozemlje, a isto tako u prizemnom rašću, šumskom tlu i mrtvom drvu. Sveukupno to iznosi 418,191.492 tona (374, 281. 359 tona crnogorica i 43, 910. 103 tone bjelogorica).Ovo Izvješće i izračune naveli smo skraćeno, samo da se zna da oni postoje, jer nismo sigurni da li to znaju u odnosnim ministarstvima i da li ih koriste, a nije nam znano da li i zastupnica Petir raspolaže s tim podacima. Potom zanima nas, da li su, ako su bili potrebni napravljeni izračuni za razdoblje 2006.-2015. god., u što sumnjamo, jer zastupnica Petir hvaleći hrvatske šumarske stručnjake kako oni znaju svoj posao, navodi kako su naše državne institucije opet podbacile, tako da strateški dokument poput Šumsko-gospodarske osnove gospodarenja Republike Hrvatske za razdoblje 2016.-2025. god. koja je temelj novog obračuna, kasni. Prema na početku spomenutom paketu glede udjela korištenja zemljišta i šumarstva, Komisija će primjenom od 2021. god. koristiti "načelo nezaduživanja" – ne smije se emitirati više emisija od onoga što priroda može apsorbirati. Upozoravamo na, kako kaže zastupnica Petir, prednosti koje Republika Hrvatska ima glede svojih očuvanih šuma u odnosu na ostale zemlje, a mi dodajemo i na temelju pokazanih izračuna o poniranja ugljika, koje bi mogla izgubiti opetovano neodgovornim ponašanjem.Glede informacija o novoj studiji Europske komisije: "Kaskadna uporaba drva" i međusobnog utjecaja šumarstva, prerade drva i sektora proizvodnje energije iz drva, posebice povećanja novo-dodane vrijednosti u finalnoj proizvodnji za nas nije novost, jer smo više puta o tome pisali u ovoj rubrici. Pri-mjerice u br. 3-4/2011. "Nešto o klasično-gospodarskoj vrijednosti šuma"; u br. 5-6/2011. "Strategija (Strategije) razvoja"; u br. 5-6/2012. "Odnos šumarstva i prerade drva", a ponešto i u br. 1-2/2016. "Problemi konzistentne šumarske i drvoprerađivačke politike u Hrvatskoj". Isto tako bilo je riječi i o šumskoj biomasi i korištenju stvarnog drvnog otpada za energiju, a ne standardnih sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Ponajprije problem leži u tome, da se šumski sortimenti vrednuju po netržišnim cijena-ma, pa je tako moguće drvnu sječku i pelete, pa i parket proizvoditi iz za to tržišno preskupe drvne sirovine. Naravno, Hrvatske šume d.o.o. (kćerka "Biomasa") trebale su se ponajprije baviti načinima pridobivanja drvnog otpada iz šume, a ne prodajom biomase iz dosadašnje redovite proizvodnje sortimenata (ogrjevnog drva). Tada bi imali vjerojatno i manji problem s potkornjacima o kojima danas bruje ponajviše nestručnjaci, ali to je također posebna tema.Uredništvo ; EDITORIALThese were the main topics of the press conference held at the Westin Hotel at the end of September. The speakers who introduced the topics to those present were Ms Marijana Petir, the Croatian representative in the European Parliament, and Marijan Kavran, Director of the Croatian Wood Cluster.A new legislative package in the field of the European policy of climate change mitigation, which was adopted in July, was presented at an extraordinary session of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety in Strasbourg in September. The package was also supported by the Croatian MEP, who commended the continued responsible application of the EU energy and climate policy. However, she objected that the proposals of the regulations lacked a more palpable evaluation of the long-term forest potential as a carbon sink. We fully agree with this objection, stressing that this is just one, but highly important, of the fifteen-or-so non-market forest roles listed in the Forest Act. We constantly refer to these roles whenever we argue against those who perceive the forest as a raw material resource only.As for carbon sinks, we would like to remind the readers that in the year 2000, a group of forestry experts appointed by the then Ministry of Environment Protection and Spatial Planning, made an analysis within the Academy of Forestry Sciences for the Forestry Sector (one of six sectors) and issued a Report on the Role of Forests and Forestry in Carbon Sequestration. The report was a contribution to the national report on climate change for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here are some important insights, data and calculations from the Report:Forests have a significant effect on climate, depending on the age of forest stands, and positively mitigate the negative effect of "glasshouse gases". Of 720 milliard tons of CO2, 120 milliard tons are sequestered in the process of photosynthesis, 60 milliard tons are sequestered permanently, while the largest part is stored in forests. According to Burschel, by capturing CO2 forests have an immense importance in carbon dioxide reduction. In forests, carbon is sequestered in trees, ground vegetation, soil and dead wood (wood products). The following mitigating measures were listed: reducing the degree of devastation, increasing areas under forests (e.g. about 331,000 ha of productive bare soil may be used to establish energy forests), and increasing carbon stocks in the existing forests through tending by thinning, which will result in greater wood mass, higher quality and biological diversity. Other measures of increasing carbon stocks would be to apply progressive management and raise the quality of private forests. The analysis also discusses the possibility of replacing fossil fuels with forest biomass as yet another contribution to climate change mitigation. However, this is another issue. The Forest Management Plan of the area for the period 1996 – 2005 and a method by Burschel, Kuersten and Larson were used to calculate the quantity of sequestered carbon in trees (large wood, branches and roots) by tree species for the continental part of Croatia and the Mediterranean. The same was done for ground vegetation, forest soil and dead wood. Overall, the amount is 418,191,492 tons (374, 281, 359 tons of coniferous and 43, 910, 103 tons of deciduous trees).This Report and the calculations are presented here in brief form, just to show that they exist, because we are not sure that those in the ministries are aware of their existence or that they use them. We do not know whether Ms Petir, the Croatian MEP, is aware of these data either. We would also like to know whether calculations were made for the period 2006 -2015, but we doubt it very much, considering that MEP Petir, when praising the Croatian forestry experts and their know-how, claimed that our state institutions have failed yet again, so that the strategic document such as the Forest Management Plan of the Republic of Croatia for the period 2016 – 2025, which is the basis for the new calculation, is late. According to the aforementioned package, in terms of the share of land use and forestry, the Committee will apply the "principle of non-indebtedness" as of 2021 – no quantities of emissions are allowed beyond those that nature can absorb. As Ms Petir says, the Croatian representatives constantly stress the advantages of the Republic of Croatia in terms of preserved forests compared to those in other countries. To this, we would add the advantages related to carbon sequestration, which could be lost by the repeatedly irresponsible behaviour.The new study of the European Commission, entitled "The Cascade Use of Wood", and the mutual interaction of forestry, wood processing and the sector of wood for energy production, and particularly an increase in the newly-added value in the final production are topics that we are already familiar with. We mentioned these issues in our column on several occasions, for example in No 3-4/2011 "Something about the Classical-Commercial Value of Forests", No 5-6/2011 "The Strategy (Strategies) of Development"; No 5-6/2012 "The Relationship between Forestry and Wood Processing", and No 1-2/2016: "The Problem of Formulating a Consistent Forestry and Wood Processing Policy in Croatia". We also dealt with the problem of forest biomass and the use of real wood waste for energy production instead of standard assortments (fuel wood). The main problem is that forest assortments are evaluated by non-market prices; as a result, wood chips and pellets, and even parquet, are produced from highly expensive raw wood material. The company Croatian Forests Ltd (daughter company "Biomass") should primarily concentrate on the ways of obtaining wood waste from forests rather than selling biomass obtained from regular production of assortments (fuel wood). In this case, we might not have so many problems with bark beetles today, a favourite topic of discussion among non-experts mostly; however, this is another story and another topic.Editorial Board
