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Metametaphysics is the study regarding the foundations and the methodology of Metaphysics. We'll analyze in this paper three methodologies that established the origins of Metametaphysics in the Analytic Tradition: that of Alexius Meinong, Rudolf Carnap and Willard van Orman Quine. According to Meinong, there is a distinction between 'to exist' and 'there is' and, in order to preserve the intuition that every intentional act is directed towards an object, there are things that do not exist. According to Carnap, the questions in Metaphysics can be easily answered by empirical or inferential means once we adopt a linguistic framework and answer these questions internally to this framework. Quine argued that to take an entity as existing is to take it as the value of a bound variable. Metametaphysics is relevant because it disambiguates our vocabulary and makes the philosophers avoid verbal disputes. Our objective in this paper was not to show our preferences to one of these methodologies but to provide a starting point for those who are not familiar with these matters - just so other researchers may engage with the issues that belong to Metametaphysics.

With the words written here, we have the desire to reflect on what is Law, the so-called "Juridical Science". Observing that in the world "legal reason is posited as a reason without a body, or, if we wish as a narcissistic reason, insofar as it is the mirror-object body of itself" (SATIE, 2010, 637), our view of the Law has here a critical philosophical-sociological bias. We criticize the Law based on comments about what we believe to be the two main typologies of men that currently exist in our social environment: the "law man" and the "man of law." This is the legal professional and that is the common man, the one who declares himself faithful to obey the laws. The results of the bibliographical research on the subject reveal that the Law is not well the Science fomenting social peace, but only another ideological instrument responsible for controlling people, with the discriminating of being a state element, cogent, obligatory for all.

Portugal has always lived an unstable balance between the continental pressure and the search for a maritime option. In this way some movements had defined the continuities in the strategic options and in the historical features of the Portuguese foreign policy, which we may define as structures or international insertion models. Historically, Portugal has known three models of international insertion also connected with three different historical periods. Adapted from the source document.

Tony Blair transformed radically the United Kingdom in different policy areas. However, the changes brought by Blair between 1997 & 2007 represent a deviation from social democratic values. This argument will be demonstrated with an analysis of New Labour's economic, social, constitutional foreign policies. Adapted from the source document.

The choice of a model to be adopted in the process of urban planning and transportationrequires extensive analyzes of model characteristics and suitability to the problem being treated. This paper presents a comparison of twenty-two integrated models of land use and transportationby using content analysis methods to simplify this process and assist the planner to define the model to be adopted. The results showed that the evaluated methods have the potential to list the key information and establish important connections, simplifying the analysis of large volumes of information. In addition, the comparison has identified classes of similarities between the models and diagnose limitations, seeing new research opportunities in the area, such as applications in regional studies.

With the theme arrangements for Brazilian municipalities in the field of public policy and education management from the late 1980s, this article is the result of bibliographic and documental study, seeks to map/describe the changes regarding the role of municipalities in the definition of public policies and management education in their territories, forged from the late 1980s to the early twenty-first century, particularly by the context of political liberalization; by the rules; by acts of the National Council of Education; for programs, projects and activities of federal governments; and actions of entities linked by the municipal education. The literature, the paper reports that in the history of Brazilian education, content of municipal autonomy does not remain uniform. In the late 1980s, education, municipalities experience assignments education system. In the 1990s, at least formally, the emphasis and technical guidance turn to the actual process of institutionalization of municipal systems of education / teaching and the need to address the efficiency of municipal systems. In the 2000s, continuing educational programs to support municipalities and is strengthened defense Contribution System, for the establishment of municipal systems of education/teaching. However, problems persist and historical weaknesses with the performance of these federal spheres institutionalization of municipal education and, therefore, to guarantee the right to education.

State educational services suffered a plague of privatisation during the 1980s and 1990s, inspired by the neoliberal hegemony of the time. This article looks into what contribution education can make to the construction of an informed, and participative democracy. The teaching of science and technology needs to be based on principles of justice and equality, and, to ensure that all have equal opportunity to reach the highest levels, should be public, free and of high quality.

In the post-Cold War world, Africa has been an important focus of Brazilian foreign policy. Having a significant historical weight in building our nation, African countries are also part of the moves adopted by Brazil's foreign policy. The main purpose of the present text is to show this relevant regional dimension regarding Brazil's international insertion during the Lula era. The work is divided in two parts: the first part approaches Africa's international insertion throughout recent years and the second analyses the dimension occupied by African affairs in Brazil during the Lula era. The main argument is that the new role played by Africa in the international scene coincides with a global Brazil. Adapted from the source document.

Analyzing strategic orientations of the last four pluriannual plans -- 1996-1999, 2000-2003, 2004-2007 & 2008-2011, the article reveals how foreign policy has been incorporated to federal planning & the role given to the foreign sector in the development strategies undertaken by Cardoso & Lula governments. It demonstrates coherence between the foreign policy planned & that effectively undertaken, explaining the differences between their strategies & the lines of foreign policy prioritized. Adapted from the source document.

The growing importance of China in the international arena is inducing profound changes, not only for the West, but mainly at the Rest of the World. For most of the developing countries, the outcome of the commercial relationship with the Chinese partner allowed them to finally implement self-oriented policies, without attending external pressures. On the back of this new reality, it was considered to be relevant the analysis of the Chinese impact over Latin-America, through the study of Brazilian foreign policy during the presidential mandates of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. In order to treat properly this subject, the international and Latin-American context of each presidential mandate is also provided as background information. Adapted from the source document.

Russia-China relations have been marked by areas of cooperation built on shared approaches in fundamental foreign policy topics, as well as by some elements of continuity in projects of national consolidation. However, this has not been a relationship without constraints, especially regarding incompatible goals. This article analyses the relations between Russia and China in an internationally changed framework, where the Asia-Pacific region has been gaining growing relevance. Political, economic and security relations are object of analysis, with the aim of understanding the main issues in the agenda and the dynamics that these have generated regarding the bilateral relationship, which is increasingly understood as asymmetrical. Adapted from the source document.

O artigo tem por objetivo investigar como o jornalismo local apresenta a visão dos turistas estrangeiros sobre Fortaleza durante a Copa do Mundo de 2014. Partindo dos referenciais sobre imagem, discute-se a construção da imagem do Brasil e, mais especificamente, do Ceará. A análise crítica do discurso (ACD), com base nas proposições de Norman Fairclough (2005), é o caminho escolhido para analisar duas notícias publicadas em junho de 2014, nos dois principais jornais da cidade, O Povo e Diário do Nordeste. O foco em qualidades de Fortaleza ajuda a construir uma imagem positiva da cidade para o cidadão local.

This article reflects on the changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty upon the common foreign policy & security domain as well as that of principles. It also examines the communitarian & intergovernmental nature of the EU, underlining the creation of the High Representative for Foreign Affairs & Security Policy, & identifies the policy of rapprochement to the citizens which mainly results from the strengthening of the power of the European Parliament. Adapted from the source document.

In the course of 1978 Security, territory, Population Foucault takes as its object of analysis the pastoral power developed and extended by the Catholic Church from the third century to the 16th century. How can we place this study in Foucault's trajectory? We think that the analysis of power extended to the pastoral scope serves the realization of the genealogy of modern governmentality, so that the art of Christian government inserts itself in the history of rationalised political practices. We seek to demonstrate the author's thesis that the techniques undertaken by the Christian pastoral power and that produce a power at the same time individualizing and totalizing are present in current political governmentality. For that, we set the specificity of pastoral power in relation to political rationality, which confers its exteriority against the ancient Greek thought and the arts of government from the modernity. Thus, the refusal of a laicizing reading of pastorate is evident, since the techniques of pastoral government go beyond the religious sphere in which they were circumscribed, what puts the question of how to govern in different social fields.