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Abstract not available. 22 References.

Riste here responds to an article by Neumann (2005). Riste argues that, in his article, Neumann fails to answer the question that he himself has presented: "How Old is Norwegian Foreign Policy?" While the article is said to deal with foreign policy as an administratively separate or institutionalized phenomenon, it does not present any insight into whether a Norwegian foreign policy existed before this institutionalization. In addition, Riste claims, Neumann also sets misleading labels on various nationalist & formalist perspectives in relation to the question he confronts. Riste furthermore aims to re-orient items from his own writings, excerpts of which Neumann used in illustration of his argument. C. Brunski

Explores the question why dictators such as Robert Mugabe or Kim Jong Il implement mad policies that are driving the economic activities of their respective countries into the ground. The main reason for this is that dictators are trying to increase or retain their power by their domestic and foreign policy choices, and that these choices have to be understood from this perspective by those countries who choose to deal with them. For example, a common foreign policy choice of a dictatorship is to restrict trade to better control the country's economic output. The correct understanding of dictatorships is also the first step towards a successful foreign aid policy. L. Pitkaniemi