Suchergebnisse

International audience ; This paper tackles the crucial issue of price structure in the energy retrofit market of the private residential sector. It is based on a quantitative study of retrofit prices in France (1,000+ invoices) and a qualitative sociological survey of installers (25 open-ended interviews). We show a strong dispersion of prices within single retrofit-work categories (e.g. boiler, insulation). Half of the dispersion is explained by technical and economic reasons (brand and quality of product, housing size, type of company, discount…). This means that from a technical standpoint, the price is correct. Other components of the price are revealed by the qualitative survey. On the customer side, the refurbishment market is marked by a strong uncertainty. It is technically complex and there is a concern about poor workmanship, hence the role of reputation and trust. These are factored in the price as a " confidence premium " which makes the price fair from the customers' point of view. On the installer side, the price is formed at the crossroads of three characteristics: the perception of the household willingness to pay, the management practices of the company (profit margin calculation, load plan) and an adjustment to current local market prices. The fair price from the installer point of view is the price that allows his company to survive or make profit and to win new contracts. However, a determining factor of the price lies in the installer's recommendation of exactly which work to do and with which material or equipment. For a given energy performance, several technical solutions exist that impact the final price. To conclude, we note that observed prices may differ from the technically " correct " price but this doesn't mean that prices are inaccurate. Prices incorporate qualitative dimensions such as the accessibility of the site or the work quality of the company (being on-schedule, cleanliness of the work, etc.) that make them " fair " in practice. As a policy consequence, rather than a direct intervention on prices which is complex, governmental action might focus on standardizing the presentation of quotation, craftsmen company management and on assisting customers in their choices.

Annotation. The level of price on lands of agricultural purpose is the condition of efficient functioning of their market.The article proposes methodical approaches and projected calculation of level of price on lands of agricultural purpose in Ukraine on the basis of retrospective analysis of functioning of the market of lands of agricultural purpose and especially the level of prices in the beginning of the XX-th century. Methodical approaches as to the cost of land after its withdrawal from agricultural turnover are applied. Methodological principle of formation of price on land due to capitalization of the value of rent and on some economic indicators are proposed: correlation of crop and livestock products, export of agricultural products from 1 hectar of land, salary of workers in agriculture compared with European Union countries. The dynamics of changes of cost of lands in time is analysed. ; Анотація. Рівень ціни на землю сільськогосподарського призначення – запорука ефективного функціонування їх ринку. В статті запропоновані методичні підходи та проведений прогнозований розрахунок рівня цін земель сільськогосподарського призначення в Україні на основі ретроспективного аналізу функціонування ринку земель сільськогосподарського призначення і особливо рівня цін на початку ХХ століття, застосовано методичні підходи стосовно вартості землі при вилученні її з сільськогосподарського обороту, запропоновано методологічний принцип формування ціни землі через капіталізацію величини орендної плати та на окремих економічних показниках : співідношення продукції рослинництва і твариництва, експорту сільськогосподарської продукції з 1 гектара угідь, заробітної плати працівників сільськогосподарської галузі в порівнянні з країнами Євросоюзу. Проаналізовано динаміку зміни вартості земель в часі.

Most scholars interpret Marx's prices of production as those which achieve simple reproduction assuming profit rates are equal and all capitals turn over completely each year. The dynamics of equalization, as circulation intertwines with production over the business cycle, is absent. The traditional 'Marxist' equation for the profit rate likewise considers only simple reproduction. This leaves a gap in our understanding of Marx, particularly regarding the impact of turnover time on the profit rate, one of Ricardo's original problems which Marx claimed to solve. Starting from a critique of Veronese Passarella's and Baron's attempt to extend the traditional equation to expanded reproduction, I develop a more general equation showing how changes in turnover times, rate of surplus value and accumulation affect the equalization process, the formation of the general profit rate and hence of prices of production. Finally, considering Moseley's introduction to the recently published translation of a 27-page excerpt from Marx's Economic Manuscript of 1867–1868, I suggest an equation for decomposing the profit adjustment during equalization. JEL Classification: B24, B51, E11.