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The article surveys the theories of national economy regulation introduced by eminent economists of the Stockholm School in the late XIX - early XX centuries and the social situation in Sweden during this period. The article also analyzes the transformation of Swedish economy during XX century from a relatively pure market economy to a modern "Scandinavian socialism", focuses on the role of government agencies and the influence of the political system on this process. In addition, the paper highlights those features which, according to the author, contributed to Sweden's shift from the raw materials supplier of the leading industrial powers in the late XIX century to a current world leader in technological development.

The article covers the role of a charity foundation in the social support of the population which is carried out through the development and implementation of programmes and projects aimed at certain groups of population: elderly people, large families, children with disabilities. The author paid special attention to the project 'Growing Together - Platform for Family Co-Creation', which aims to provide assistance and support to families raising children with special needs. A charity foundation complements the measures of social support provided by the state.

The Advanced Research Foundation is governmental organization wich tasked with informing the country's leadership on projects that can ensure Russian superiority in defense technology. The foundation will also analyze the risks of any Russian technological backwardness and technological dependence on other powers. The report considers an historical background about worldwide analogous, i.e. DARPA (USA), MAFAT (Israel), DRDO (India), DGA (France) and SASTIND (China), and an experience of advanced research projects organizations in the Soviet Union and modern Russia.

The paper presents the analysis of pensioning as a social contract. The aim of research is to reveal the features of the Russian pension contract taking into account transformations of pension process in the 2000s. In accordance with the aims this article analyzes the contract bases of pension interactions. As a methodological basis the author applies the theory of social contracts, institutional model of the Principal-Agent and the McGuire-Olson theory of stationary bandit. The conducted research offers to consider pensioning as a special case of a social contract. It also identifies the general trend in changes of the Russian pension contract during the period since 2002 till the present period. The pension policy in 2002-2018 resulted in further strengthening of the state position as a stakeholder of the pension contract, decrease in the role of private structures in pensioning, replacement of pension accumulating with a distribution method, reduction in the value of personified interactions in the pension process and, on the contrary, increase in the role of common pension rules as an implicit basis of the pension contract.

Purpose: to find out the main reasons for divorce in old age, to assess social perception of certain situations that lead to divorce, to trace the development later in life after the divorce of former spouse. Methodology: qualitative research on how to "double reflection" in formal means of semi-structured interviews; discourse analysis of online documents on the Internet forums for the elderly. Results: allocated substantial characteristics of divorce in the third age. 1. The causes of divorce in older age, alcoholism, adultery, fake divorce, divorce due to the illness of a spouse, divorce is a consequence of the crisis of retirement. 2. Social approval/ condemnation of divorce in the third age - the examples cited in the study is an indicator of gender inequality. 3. The trajectories of the spouses later in life - "The effect of the return of" the wandering behavior, a new life, a divorce after the divorce. Practical implications - the creation of special courses on social gerontology for students of social and humanitarian disciplines, gerontologists, social workers, as well as the use of programs of socio-psychological training for the elderly.

DOI 10.15826/tetm.2020.1-2.008This article aims to discuss the reasons and consequences of the recent historical monuments' destruction in the United States. The author uses the concept of Foundation myths as well as opinion polls' results and cases from modern history to provide argumentation for the idea of ongoing polarization in American society. The results show that, although the political elites are relatively united on the issue of historical memory, there is a certain division among ordinary citizens. The causes for the recent attacks on the monuments and the historical figures they represent lies in the crisis, caused by the COVID-pandemic, economic downturn and protests over racism. However, the fundamental reason lies in the chronic socio-economic, cultural, and political difficulties, particularly income inequality, political polarization of elites and mass publics of American society. In the conclusion of the article, the author discusses how the discourse over historical figures and foundation myths shaped 2020 Presidential elections in the US and how specific agenda related to Founding Fathers was used by the US President Donald Trump during his campaign.For citation: Sherlock, T. (2020). Evaluating the Legitimacy of the American Foundation Myth. Tempus et Memoria, 1, 1–2, 76–81.Submitted: 30.10.2020Accepted: 02.12.2020 ; This article aims to discuss the reasons and consequences of the recent historical monuments' destruction in the United States. The author uses the concept of Foundation myths as well as opinion polls' results and cases from modern history to provide argumentation for the idea of ongoing polarization in American society. The results show that, although the political elites are relatively united on the issue of historical memory, there is a certain division among ordinary citizens. The causes for the recent attacks on the monuments and the historical figures they represent lies in the crisis, caused by the COVID-pandemic, economic downturn and protests over racism. However, the fundamental reason lies in the chronic socio-economic, cultural, and political difficulties, particularly income inequality, political polarization of elites and mass publics of American society. In the conclusion of the article, the author discusses how the discourse over historical figures and foundation myths shaped 2020 Presidential elections in the US and how specific agenda related to Founding Fathers was used by the US President Donald Trump during his campaign.For citation: Sherlock, T. (2020). Evaluating the Legitimacy of the American Foundation Myth. Tempus et Memoria, 1, 1–2, 76–81.Submitted: 30.10.2020Accepted: 02.12.2020

The article discusses modern issues connected with financial support of self-government. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the independence of local self-government, one of the guarantees of which is local budgets. Local issues are financed with expenditures of local budget funds. However, municipalities have limited powers to form the expenditure and revenue of their budgets. Expenditure obligations of municipalities are derived from the composition of local issues defined by federal legislation. The Russian Tax Codecompletely establisheslocal taxes and fees, municipalities could just determine their rates within the limits specified in the Tax Code as well as determine the procedure and terms of payment, tax exemptions and special features of the taxation base. Local taxes include only two property taxes - property tax on individuals and land tax, which are not enough to finance functioning of local budgets. In this connectionBudget Code of the Russian Federation grants personal income tax to the local. In addition, municipalities are provided with significant amounts of inter-budgetary transfers, which puts them in a certain financial dependence on higher budgets. In this connection, the article concludes that the proclaimed independence of municipal formations is not fully provided by financial sources.

Introduction. The Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), developed on the basis of J.Haidt's moral foundations theory, has become a popular tool for studying morality. The questionnaire contains five scales corresponding to moral foundations – namely, harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, in-group/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity. Despite moderate reliability of the scales, the technique can be instrumental in identifying moral foundations of social stereotypes and political beliefs in Russian samples, as well as in developing Russian instruments for diagnosing individuals' morality. This study presents the psychometric characteristics of the MFQ Russian version and provides new evidence of the relationship between moral foundations and other variables. Methods. To verify the validity of the proposed MFQ Russian version, we employed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (S.Schwartz) and the Short Dark Triad questionnaire (M.S.Egorova et al.) for measuring Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) was employed for evaluating respondents' tendency to social desirability (E.N.Osin's adaptation). Socio-demographic characteristics were identified using a special questionnaire. Results. Testing the modified version of the questionnaire on a sample comprised of 354 individual participants showed a moderate reliability of five primary scales (0.62–0.68) and a good reliability of secondary scales (0.79–0.84). The factor structure of the MFQ Russian version demonstrated a satisfactory level of matching the original technique. The respondents' answers reflected a moderate level of social desirability. The scales of moral foundations and secondary scales ('ethics of autonomy' and 'ethics of community') showed the expected relationship with values, negative personality traits, religiosity, and gender. Discussion. The unique outcome of pilot testing of the MFQ Russian version was the demonstration of a direct relationship between the individualizing and uniting moral foundations. All other results are in good agreement with the predictions of moral foundations theory and with the conclusions of previous studies. ; Введение. Разработанный на основе теории моральных оснований Дж.Хайдта «Опросник моральных оснований» (MFQ) стал популярным инструментом в зарубежных исследованиях морали. Он включает пять соответствующих моральным основаниям шкал: «забота», «справедливость», «лояльность группе», «уважение» и «чистота». Несмотря на умеренную надежность шкал, методика может оказаться полезной для исследования моральных основ социальных стереотипов и политических убеждений в русскоязычных выборках, а также для разработки отечественных методик диагностики моральной сферы. В данном исследовании впервые представлены психометрические характеристики русскоязычной версии опросника моральных оснований и приведены новые данные о связи моральных оснований с другими качествами. Методы. Для проверки валидности предложенной русскоязычной версии опросника моральных оснований использовались «Портретный ценностный опросник» (Ш.Шварц) и «Короткий опросник Темной триады», направленный на измерение макиавеллизма, психопатии и нарциссизма (М.С.Егорова и др.). Для анализа подверженности ответов тенденции к социальной желательности использовался опросник социальной желательности BIDR (адаптация Е.Н.Осина). Социально-демографические характеристики были выявлены с помощью специальной анкеты. Результаты. По итогам апробации адаптированной версии методики на выборке из 354человек сделаны выводы об умеренной надежности пяти первичных шкал (0.62–0.68) и хорошей надежности шкал второго уровня (0.79–0.84). Факторная структура русскоязычной версии показывает удовлетворительное соответствие оригиналу. Выявлена умеренная подверженность ответов тенденции к социальной желательности. Анализ валидности показал, что шкалы моральных оснований и шкалы второго уровня («этика автономии» и «этика сообщества») демонстрируют ожидаемые связи с ценностями, негативными чертами личности, религиозностью и полом. Обсуждение результатов. Особенностью русскоязычной версии является наличие прямых связей между индивидуализирующими и сплачивающими моральными основаниями. Тем не менее, остальные результаты хорошо соответствуют предсказаниям теории моральных оснований и выводам, полученным в зарубежных исследованиях.

Modern sociology places dignity and justice at the center of social debate. In estatebased societies only the aristocrats possessed the right to dignity and honor. The article analyzes these concepts as elements of the general structure of meaning underlying the institutions of modern societies. However, the progress of society conducive to their entry into the state of modernity the right to dignity kept extending towards an ever greater number of citizens. Dignity became an element of the policy of equality that tended to override the line of distinction charted by estates or other social subjects. In the early years of equalization policy, the struggle of dignity and equality assumed the form of recognition of the so-called natural rights of man, that constituted the essence of human condition. The idea of natural rights led to a debate and later to policy measures that resulted in the modern concept of citizenship. The latter asserted the right of every human being to dignity, equality before law and freedom to engage in productive, entrepreneurial activity without interference from other actors of political or economic life. The idea of equality, embedded in citizenship, came to be expressed in the policy of inclusion that overcame social prejudice and consequently in policies that extended political recognition to ever wider social groups. In the 20th century the egalitarian policy led to a wider scope of social rights that were regarded as a necessary condition of social justice and human independence. At present the principles of dignity and justice are implemented in social policy as acquired "capabilities" — a sum of life forces and means that allow citizens to uphold their citizenship regardless of the conditions in which they find themselves. Inclusion turns into the main vector of social policy, setting out to endow citizens with equal rights and resources that are necessary for their implementation.

The article is devoted to the history of foundation of University in Voronezh. The idea of establishing a regional university appeared since the beginning of the 19th century. This issue had already been discussed by Voronezh society and the educational community. Nevertheless, the implementation of this idea became possible only in 1918 when the Russian teaching staff of former Yuriev (Derpt) University was evacuated from Estonia to Russia. This relocation was not a random event since Voronezh was an administrative, economic and cultural centre of Black Earth Region of Russia. In the early XIX it had been planned that it would be one of the Russian cities where the universities should be open. In 1879 the newspaper Novoe vremya published the article "Voronezh University" where the author raised the question of establishing a University. In 1907–1908 the idea was substantiated by an eminent geographer P. Semenov- Tyan-Shansky. And only in spring 1918, when Yuriev was occupied by Germans and the professors of Yuriev University were looking for a new location, the question was settled at the governmental level. In autumn 1918 the first lecture was delivered and the history of Voronezh University began. ; Статья посвящена истории учреждения классического университета в Воронеже. Идея создания возникла еще в начале XIX в. Долгое время воронежское общество периодически поднимало вопрос об устройстве университета. Практическая реализация давнего замысла произошла в 1918 г. в связи с ликвидацией в Эстонии бывшего Юрьевского университета и перемещения его персонала в Воронеж.

The publication presents an analysis of the materials of the surveys of the FCTAS RAS, the Interregional Social Science Study "The Future of Russia", the Levada Center and the Public Opinion Foundation for the last two decades, covering historical topics. The aim of the study was to identify the main characteristics of the historical consciousness and the state of the historical memory of Russians at present. Studies by sociological centres in recent years show that the historical knowledge of a large part of Russians is fragmentary, comes from different sources, and is not always correct. Many events and personalities are mixed up in consciousness, or even forgotten altogether. Moreover, this phenomenon refers not only to distant events in history, known exclusively from textbooks, but also to decades directly related to the person´s life. Choosing between various historical alternatives of the country's future vision, Russians to a greater extent are focused on neutral ideas of strengthening Russia's position in the external and internal arena, whilst the ideas of an "Orthodox state", a turn towards Europe or Eurasianism do not find major support among the population. With major contribution by the authorities the Great Patriotic War at present is the main historical event, overshadowing all the others. At the same time, the constant emphasis on the war theme and on heroic moments, combined with the levelling of tragic ones, causes a distorted perception of the event among a part of the population. In addition, the interpretation of history (especially during the Great Patriotic War) becomes the arena of a "political war." Various political forces give their own interpretation of events, that can both confuse some citizens and, on the other hand, form irreconcilable ideological opponents. The memory of the war is becoming more and more mythologised as a consequence of the fact that its real participants are gradually passing away. In connection with all above, current and future generations will have to look for grains of truth in a highly politicised and sometimes deceptive information field. The correct perspective of raising the awareness of the Russian population, "clarifying historical consciousness" is seen in a multifaceted historical discourse with the participation of professional historians, openness to any discussion, and broader media coverage.

The article deals with the logical and theoretical structure of K. Marx's «Capital». In the «Theories of Surplus Value», there is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract in the history of economic thought. This ascent allowed to define the goods as a starting point for the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. But there is no direct way to the economic theory of Marx, whose subject is not the products labour activity, but the material production relations arising during these activities. While researching the goods, Marx uses the «power of abstraction», which allows separating «economic matter» from the «naturally tangible» material basis: use value, concrete labour, etc. An integral system of economic categories is based on the synthesis of natural historical thinking phenomena discovered by Aristotle; Hegel's understanding of purposive activity; specific goals of social production, which are realized in property relations. K. Marx introduces into scientific knowledge the notion of economic progress as a change of social formations. He considers the significance of different models of the division of labour for determining the concept of value. In A. Smith's model, the value is determined a posteriori, after market evaluation of the products or services produced. A unit of measurement is not working time in itself, but economic information on the effectiveness of its use, i.e. money. In the model of K. Marx, the value is determined a priori, in the form of labour costs in the physiological sense. Given a choice, the labour expended receives a marginal evaluation in the form of alternative costs (loss of profits). The meaning of the «absolute, universal law of capitalist accumulation» is identified as a causa finalis, which determines the value of the commodity labour, variable capital, surplus value. I conclude that the development of the dialectics of the topic and the focus of an economic study allows using the method of rational eclecticism if the corresponding material is subject to a subsequent dialectical-materialistic interpretation. © 2018 Economy of Region. All rights reserved.