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Sprawl and fragmentation are phenomena common to many cities but they do have particularities depending on the geographic, economic and societal context. This paper will examine the particularities of these two phenomena, intrinsically related, in the Aburra Valley (the metropolitan area of Medellin – Colombia). The phenomena will be analyzed from their origins, their different manifestations and the possible solutions of control within this context.Low density and discontinuous urban growth is a matter of great interest to city governments, transport authorities, urban planners, economists, sociologists and environmentalists. From a technical view, sprawl is associated with negative effects such as larger commuting times and greater consumption of fuel, which also means increase of pollution; increase in capital investment to accommodate population growth in space; acceleration of inner-city urban decline due to the abandonment of former urban spaces, social segregation manifested in spatial mismatch of population (poor living in inner city, rich living in peripheral areas). But from the citizen's perspective, regardless of income, small low-density communities, which shape sprawl, are an ideal of living. This dichotomy with its implicit factors represents a big challenge to contemporary urban governance. ; lo Sprawl e la frammentazione sono fenomeni comuni a molte città, ma hanno differenti connotazioni a seconda della specificità geografica, il contesto economico e sociale. l'articolo esamina le peculiarità di questi due fenomeni, intrinsecamente legati, nella Valle de Aburrá (l'area metropolitana di Medellin - Colombia). I fenomeni saranno analizzati dalla genesi , nel le loro diverse manifestazioni e prefigurando le possibili soluzioni di gentione all'interno di questo contesto.

Sprawl and fragmentation are phenomena common to many cities but they do have particularities depending on the geographic, economic and societal context. This paper will examine the particularities of these two phenomena, intrinsically related, in the Aburra Valley (the metropolitan area of Medellin – Colombia). The phenomena will be analyzed from their origins, their different manifestations and the possible solutions of control within this context.Low density and discontinuous urban growth is a matter of great interest to city governments, transport authorities, urban planners, economists, sociologists and environmentalists. From a technical view, sprawl is associated with negative effects such as larger commuting times and greater consumption of fuel, which also means increase of pollution; increase in capital investment to accommodate population growth in space; acceleration of inner-city urban decline due to the abandonment of former urban spaces, social segregation manifested in spatial mismatch of population (poor living in inner city, rich living in peripheral areas). But from the citizen's perspective, regardless of income, small low-density communities, which shape sprawl, are an ideal of living. This dichotomy with its implicit factors represents a big challenge to contemporary urban governance. ; lo Sprawl e la frammentazione sono fenomeni comuni a molte città, ma hanno differenti connotazioni a seconda della specificità geografica, il contesto economico e sociale. l'articolo esamina le peculiarità di questi due fenomeni, intrinsecamente legati, nella Valle de Aburrá (l'area metropolitana di Medellin - Colombia). I fenomeni saranno analizzati dalla genesi , nel le loro diverse manifestazioni e prefigurando le possibili soluzioni di gentione all'interno di questo contesto.

This article is in some respects provoking. It starts using a quotation from the famous Kundera s book on Immortality as a peg to hang a discussion on the transformation of individual whishes into rights and on the fragmentation sustained by human rights after the cultural revolution of 1968. It was in that period that the evolution of modern legal and political thought (deeply rooted in gnosticism) reached its climax, after developing through Scolastic rationalism in the 14th century and the modern doctrines of natural law (together with the scientific revolution) in the 16th. Between the 18th and the 19th century the human rights went through an age of abstractness (the Enlightment and the Déclaration in 1789) and then of socialization, until their ultimate denial as "individual" rights in the 20th century, dominated by totalitarian nationalism and communism (both anti-individualistic). After the Nuremberg Trial and the rising crisis of legal positivism, the human rights have been submitted to a process of constitutionalization and internationalization (see UN Universal Declaration) which, however, have not been able to cast light on their pre-normative (i.e. metaphysical) nature. In such a way human rights remain under control of a single power (either from a nation state or from some supranational community) instead of being founded on what is essentially human. It is the individualistic nature of modern human rights, strenghtened by secularization in the post-modern age, that prevents the durable foundation of human rights from being revealed, leaving them to the fragmentation of individual wishes- as written in Kundera 's book. Only a deep rethink of the (gnostic) process which has led mankind to modernity could allow us to save the notion of "human right", bringing it from the pluralistic fragmentation to the essence of the law.

The Italian and Spanish legal systems have recently been characterized by significant changes in the form of government. Faced with the fragmentation and instability of the party structures - new in the experience of the democratic Spain - the responses offered by the two systems seem inspired by different approaches: if in one case they triedto influence the party dynamics, enhancing the consensual logic, in Italy they intervened on the electoral formula, strengthening - in particular with law 52/2015 - the selectivity. The results generated by this strategy (in line with the reforming method of the last decades) have been problematic, aggravating the critical issues that were intended to be solved. ; L'ordinamento italiano e quello spagnolo sono segnati, di recente, da significativi mutamenti della forma di governo. Di fronte ad un quadro di frammentazione e instabilità degli assetti partitici – inedito nell'esperienza della Spagna democratica – le risposte offerte dai due sistemi paiono ispirate ad approcci sensibilmente diversi: se in un caso si è operato sul piano della dinamica partitica, valorizzando la logica consensuale, in Italia si è intervenuti sulla formula elettorale, rafforzandone – in particolare con la legge 52/2015 – la selettività. Gli esiti di quest'ultima strategia (nel segno della continuità con il metodo riformatore dominante negli ultimi decenni) si sono rivelati sotto molteplici profili disfunzionali, aggravando le criticità cui si intendeva porre rimedio

Martin Eden (2019) is Pietro Marcello's latest film, a free adaptation of Jack London's 1909 novel of the same name. The hybridization of languages, especially between fiction and non-fiction, and the use of archival footage – director's stylistic code – reaffirm the originality and visionary power of Marcello's cinema. Transporting the protagonist of London from the 1909 Oakland into a multi-temporal Naples, and assigning to an extraordinary Luca Marinelli the task of taking a dense, political and poetic journey throughout the "short century", this film reflects on the ways in which images reconfigure memory, both the public memory, the one of an entire country, and the private and intimate memory of migrant subjects who wander among utopias and identity dispersions. ; Martin Eden (2019) è l'ultimo film di Pietro Marcello, libero adattamento dell'omonimo romanzo del 1909 di Jack London. L'ibridazione dei linguaggi, in particolare tra fiction e non fiction, e l'uso del materiale d'archivio – cifra stilistica del regista – ribadiscono l'originalità e la potenza visionaria del cinema di Marcello. Trasportando il protagonista di London dall'Oakland del 1909 in una Napoli multitemporale, e assegnando ad uno straordinario Luca Marinelli il compito di compiere un viaggio denso, politico e poetico lungo tutto il "secolo breve", questa pellicola riflette sui modi in cui le immagini riconfigurano la memoria, sia la memoria pubblica, ovvero quella di un'intera nazione, che quella privata ed intima di soggetti migranti che deambulano tra utopie e dispersioni identitarie.

Ecosystem services and green infrastructure do not appear to inform spatial policies and plans. National governments hardly identify their ecological networks and made an effort to integrate them into their spatial policies and plans. Under this perspective, an important scientific and technical issue is to focus on preserving corridors for enabling species mobility and on achieving connectivity between natural protected areas. In this respect, this special issue takes a step forward insofar as it aims at proposing a theoretical and methodological discussion on the definition and implementation of ecological networks that, beside guaranteeing wildlife movements, also provide a wide range of ecosystem services. The social and economic profile of this question is also relevant, since, in the long run, savings on public spending (e.g., due to reduced need for grey infrastructures aiming at contrasting soil erosion or at managing flood risk), savings on private spending (e.g., on water treatment costs) and potential green jobs creation are foreseeable. Moreover, indirect and less easily quantifiable social and health benefits (e.g., due to improved natural pollution abatement) are likely to occur as well.

The article focuses on a fundamental decision of Italian Constitutional Court, regarding the threshold of 4% for the election of italian members of European Parliament. The Court concludes it is not unconstitutional because of the central role that a threshold plays to reduce the political fragmentation within the Assembly.

La morte di Mu'ammar Qadhafi non implicava ineluttabilmente l'estrema frammentazione e la competizione violenta che hanno caratterizzato la transizione libica dal 2011 e che potrebbero, a lungo termine, minacciare l'esistenza stessa della Libia come Stato unitario. Le dinamiche proprie alla guerra del 2011 hanno influenzato profondamente il corso della transizione. Allo stesso modo, le scelte operate dalle nuove élites politiche libiche, l'intervento degli attori esterni e la natura del processo di mediazione in sede ONU hanno contribuito ad accrescere le divisioni e la frammentazione del territorio e della comunità nazionale. ; The extreme fragmentation and violent competition that have characterized Libya's transition since 2011 and now threaten its very existence as a unitary state were not inevitable. The specific dynamics of the 2011 war have profoundly influenced the course of the transition. The choices made by Libya's new political elites, the intervention of foreign actors and the nature of the UN-led mediation process have also contributed to further divide the territory and the national community. ; La mort de Mu'ammar Qadhafi n'impliquait pas inéluctablement la fragmentation extrême et la compétition violente qui ont caractérisé la transition libyenne depuis 2011 et qui pourraient, sur le long terme, menacer l'existence-même de la Libye comme État unitaire. Les dynamiques propres à la guerre de 2011 ont profondément influencé le cours de la transition. De même, les choix opérés par les nouvelles élites politiques libyennes, l'intervention des acteurs extérieurs et la nature du processus de médiation onusien, ont contribué à accroître les divisions et la fragmentation du territoire et de la communauté nationale.

This article is in some respects provoking. It starts using a quotation from the famous Kundera s book on Immortality as a peg to hang a discussion on the transformation of individual whishes into rights and on the fragmentation sustained by human rights after the cultural revolution of 1968. It was in that period that the evolution of modern legal and political thought (deeply rooted in gnosticism) reached its climax, after developing through Scolastic rationalism in the 14th century and the modern doctrines of natural law (together with the scientific revolution) in the 16th. Between the 18th and the 19th century the human rights went through an age of abstractness (the Enlightment and the Déclaration in 1789) and then of socialization, until their ultimate denial as "individual" rights in the 20th century, dominated by totalitarian nationalism and communism (both anti-individualistic). After the Nuremberg Trial and the rising crisis of legal positivism, the human rights have been submitted to a process of constitutionalization and internationalization (see UN Universal Declaration) which, however, have not been able to cast light on their pre-normative (i.e. metaphysical) nature. In such a way human rights remain under control of a single power (either from a nation state or from some supranational community) instead of being founded on what is essentially human. It is the individualistic nature of modern human rights, strenghtened by secularization in the post-modern age, that prevents the durable foundation of human rights from being revealed, leaving them to the fragmentation of individual wishes - as written in Kundera 's book. Only a deep rethink of the (gnostic) process which has led mankind to modernity could allow us to save the notion of "human right", bringing it from the pluralistic fragmentation to the essence of the law.

The Barcelona metropolitan region is composed of 164 municipalities distributed over an area of about 3234 sq km with a population of 5 million inhabitants. In the last decades, the growth of metropolitan region has been characterized by some critical problems: high land occupation, dispersed occupation of the territory, low building density, considerable fragmentation and high specialization (residential developments, commercial centres, industrial areas, etc), growing social segregation. The sprawl, together with changes in economic and social structure, caused a loss of landscape and environment values in the territory, a reduction of natural areas, involving an increase in consumption of resources. The sprawling development was already evident in the early 1970s, and a study of dynamic of the sprawl was conducted to show the main features of this process. The main problems addressed by the plan have been identified in the sprawl, the territorial fragmentation and the growing social segregation. The plan has been proposed by regional government in concert with municipalities through an interesting participatory process that has secured a broad consensus. The plan structure founded on three main systems: Open Spaces, Settlements and Infrastructures; all of them providing strategic solutions and detailed analysis of the different parts of territory , in order to reach a balanced future asset. The PTMB has strategically addressed the three questions respectively with compactness, complexity and cohesion in order to reconstruct urban armature capable of sustaining the growth in the region.

The Nordic Region offers innovative interpretative approaches and models to overcome the "dilemma between security and prosperity". In this region, integration and fragmentation have been well-balanced and grounded on diversity. The first aim of this article is to explain the reasons for peace in Nordic Europe, a task sometimes more difficult than explaining wars. Historical cases of pacific resolution of disputes and the possible reasons for those policies are considered. Finally, the theoretical foundations of these approaches and how they influenced the political institutions are also analyzed.

The issue of urban sprawl is particularly evident in the Italian North-East and particularly in Veneto. Within the general settlement sprawl, the spreading and fragmentation of the production system is the result of a distinctive mode of transformations induced by the economical processes. The understanding of this phenomenon is a key element in planning policies. In fact, next to the well-known problems related to sprawl, the diffusion of manufacturing activities has resulted the settlements to severe conditions of unsustainability in relations to specific issues such as supply of raw materials, accessibility in general, provision of services, organization of production activities, consumption of soil, etc. The Veneto Region has tried to solve the problems arising from this situation through specific legislative instruments and territorial plans. Indeed the production facilities sprawl has been dealt with regional laws 80/1980 and 24/1985 that face the problem from the point of view of diffusion in historical town centers and agricultural areas. From a planning perspective, Veneto Region with the Law 11/1987 has remitted all the production facilities outside production settlements, therefore endorsing the diffusion and fragmentation of the production areas. The problem of non-proliferation of sprawl have remained as a key issue in regional coordination plans. This paper wants to illustrate the proposed methodological approach and the principal results of the working group of the Department of Architecture, Planning and Surveying - University of Padua, in the processing steps of the new Regional Territorial Coordination Plan of the Veneto Region.

The book brings to light a little-known story: the arrival in Italy of thousands of Moriscos exiles, descendants of Arab-Muslim origin, settled for centuries in the Iberian peninsula, baptized following the Christian Reconquista (1492), often accused of crypto-Islamism and betrayal of the homeland, eventually expelled and deported from Spain (1609-1614). What are the obstacles encountered by refugees along the journey of their exodus? What is the behavior of the authorities with respect to the landings? And in what terms have the refugees interacted with the local populations? These are current questions to ancient problems that Italy, in its political fragmentation, has already experienced.

Crisis, malaise and social fragmentation are recurring themes in the representation of the middle classes. The volume, based on the results of an investigation into the forensic profession carried out with the contribution of the Bar Council of Florence, delves into the issue by placing itself in a line of studies that has recently regained vigour within the Italian and international sociological debate. By touching on a plurality of themes and using mixed investigation methods, the research has allowed the authors to verify how different employment situations translate into an unequal distribution of life chances and into different attitudes towards profession, politics and social life, allowing also to explore the role played by lawyers in change processes.