Analisamos sob orientação teórica da ontologia marxiana a trajetória histórica, teórica e metodológica da Pesquisa Educacional no Brasil. Constatamos que a produção científica de modo hegemônico na atualidade, concentra-se em análises sobre problemáticas restritas a situações da sala de aula. Como efeito dessa perspectiva analítica, temos a construção de uma visão pragmática e utilitarista das pesquisas em educação. Restringindo desse modo, o olhar e a reflexão do professor a esfera fenomênica da realidade social.
ABSTRACT Introduction: This article deals with the Supreme Federal Court's empowerment trajectory, exploring exogenous variables in order to explain what made the Supreme Court so institutionally powerful, and how it happened. After the classic studies on the global expansion of the judicial power, that pointed to a myriad of causes as a result of the phenomenon, several recent researches have indicated the political-party fragmentation as the main cause of judicial empowerment. Seeking to corroborate these analyses, the present work analyzes the institutional empowerment of the Brazilian Judiciary from 1945 to 2015, testing the hypothesis the greater the party fragmentation, more institutional power the STF holds. Materials and Methods: As a dependent variable, a synthetic indicator was created to measure the institutional power of the Federal Supreme Court year by year. The independent variables measure the party composition of the Chamber of Deputies annually for the same period. In addition to these variables, other measures were imported from the V-Dem database. For this analysis, simple linear, generalized linear and multinomial models were used. Results: We identified significant impact of party fragmentation on institutional empowerment of the Supreme Court. In all tests, party fragmentation increased the chances of institutional empowerment of the Brazilian judiciary. Discussion: The exogenous reforms that generated this empowerment took place with the support of the Executive and the leniency of the Legislative, transforming the Brazilian Supreme Court into the Queen of the Chess.KEYWORDS: Judiciary Power; Partisan Fragmentation; judicial empowerment; Supreme Federal Court; multinomial; factorial analysis.
As a result of the greater mobility of services, capital and people, the metropolitan issue becomes more prominent. Although the Federal Constitution had already recognized the metropolitan regions, it was with the Metropolis Statute, Lawn. 13,089/2015, that some progress was achieved in relation to the Brazilianinterfederal governance. The government aimed to fill the gaps and explore the potential of several political urban instruments for the production of good governance from the promotion of federative cooperation and coordination initiatives that were neglected by the Public Administration for decades. However, the very fragmentation of power and the complexity of governing these regions make their management and governance fragile and call the viability and the effectiveness of the Metropolis Statute into question. Thus, by using the hypothetico-deductive method, the present research aims to analyze some innovations brought by the Metropolis Statute or that should have been disciplined by it and how they approach or not the essential questions for a solid governance or even in order to overcome the institutional fragilities of these regions. ; Com a maior mobilidade de serviços, capital e pessoas, a questão metropolitana ganha notoriedade. Embora a Constituição já reconhecesse as regiões metropolitanas, foi com o Estatuto da Metrópole, Lei n. 13.089, de 2015, que houve algum avanço em relação à governança interfederativa. Pretendia-se preencher as lacunas e explorar o potencial de diversos instrumentos político-urbanísticos visando à boa governança com base no fomento às iniciativas de cooperação e coordenação federativa, por longas décadas negligenciadas pelo Poder Público. Contudo, a própria fragmentação do poder e a complexidade de governar essas regiões tornam frágeis a gestão e a governança delas, pondo em xeque a viabilidade e a efetividade do Estatuto. Assim, o presente estudo, utilizando o método hipotético-dedutivo, visa analisar algumas inovações trazidas pelo Estatuto ou que deveriam ter sido disciplinadas por ele e o modo como estas se aproximam ou não dos itens essenciais para uma sólida governança e para a superação das fragilidades institucionais.
The text presents and discusses the theme of interdisciplinarity with special focus on the human sciences from two articulated movements. (A) In the first part we are dedicated to the elaboration of the problem of cultural fragmentation (which brings us to the interdisciplinary challenge) by allusion to the "modern ambience" as a historically determined way of relating to culture and knowledge, for what Thomas Kuhn calls "normal science." (B) In the second part, and starting of such historical and epistemological considerations of modern subjectivation, it is important to point out the challenges involved in the design of an interdisciplinary formation and at the same time signaling to some strategy of facing the problem of "cultural fragmentation" - regarded as a deeply anchored historical phenomenon. The broad "cultural fragmentation" that multiple interdisciplinary strategies aim to combat in the school setting is especially experienced as a disciplinary compartmentalization of the curriculum in general and of the human sciences we are looking at here. In this context, we maintain that the curricular component of philosophy, but also the philosophical spirit pedagogically dilated, respectively, constitute a promising epistemological formation and strategy for confronting cultural fragmentation in the interdisciplinarity register.
In just a few years, Colombia & Venezuela, two of the most stable democracies in Latin America, changed deeply & are now at the center of major regional conflicts. The extreme fragmentation & polarization of the political systems in both countries combined with deep social conflicts & the rise of charismatic leaders have created a most volatile environment which has transformed the foreign policies of Colombia & Venezuela & forced them to become regional troublemakers. References. Adapted from the source document.
The article makes preliminary suggestions to answer the following questions: "How is the global power distributed in contemporary international relations?" and "How does this distribution affect the options of the Brazilian external policies?" From the bipolarity of the Cold War to the fragmentation of the present-day agenda the topic of power sharing, a classic theme in international studies, is being discussed, and the positions Brazil could take in a context of multipolarity are outlined. (Polit Externa/DÜI)
Currently, republicanism is accused of thinking of civic virtue as linked to an ideal of the good life and, therefore, impossible to be realized in modern, plural and neutral societies. On the other hand, liberalism is accused of basing its argument on the ideal of individual autonomy, leading to political fragmentation. Faced with this clash, we intend to present the republican civic virtue as one of the political virtues required by political liberalism. The adequate foundation of this hypothesis will allow us to make sense of the recent proposals of a liberal republicanism as an answer to some of the current problems of liberal democracies.
Objective: This work aimed to un derstand the perception of the Family Health Team professionals over mental disorder patients' health assistance in Primary Health Care. Methods: This work is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research. The data collection instrument was the semi-structured interview conducted between August and September, 2011. The discourses were submitted to content analysis of the thematic type, enabling four thematic categories. Results: The results showed that the health team develops isolated actions and little innovative, portraying a fragmentation in multidisciplinary care to patients with mental illness in the Family Health Strategy. Conclusion: Health assistance for mental patients need to be improved in community basis through multiprofessional work and acceptance.
Objective: The objective was to examine the applicability of the Nursing Process by nurses working at a hospital. Methods: This is a qualitative study of exploratory and descriptive, effective from February 2010 to January 2011 with 12 nurses who deliver nursing care in a hospital located in Juazeiro - EC. Data were obtained by applying an interview after the signing of the agreement by the participants. Results: The nurses do not apply the Nursing Process during development of its welfare activities. They replace the full employment of the same steps for the realization of this technology alone. Conclusion: Therefore, the fragmentation of Nursing Process to the nurses favors the production of a service unable to meet the needs of customer care assisted.
O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar criticamente a concepção idealista e a-histórica de interdisciplinaridade predominante na literatura acadêmico-científica brasileira. O intuito é demonstrar as aporias das propostas teóricas ditas interdisciplinares, com ancoragem no campo ideológico, fenomenológico, abstrato e arbitrário que sustenta a fragmentação do saber por meio de discursos tão somente epistemológicos, sem alcance da dimensão ontológica – caminho possível para a concretização da interdisciplinaridade. Para isso, primeiramente, resgata-se historicamente os movimentos que deram origem à visão fragmentada da realidade. A seguir, faz-se uma breve apresentação e discussão do estado do conhecimento sobre a interdisciplinaridade no cenário brasileiro de publicações qualificadas. Na sequência, discute-se a fragmentação e seus resultados, a partir de um movimento histórico de crescente complexificação da realidade social. Finaliza-se, tecendo a crítica a esse modelo. Para isso, tem-se como orientação, principalmente do ponto de vista ontológico e político-epistemológico, o materialismo histórico-dialético. ; This article aims to critically analyze the idealistic and non-historical conceptions of interdisciplinarity wide-spread among Brazilian academic-scientific literature. The intent is to display the uncertainties contained in the so-called interdisciplinary theoretical proposals, having the ideological, phenomenological, abstract and arbitrary field as the grounding that supports knowledge fragmentation; through epistemological discourse solely, not reaching the ontological dimension - the possible path to build interdisciplinarity. It is essential, primarily, to historically review the movements that originated the fragmented approach of reality. Hereafter, a brief introduction and discussion about the state of knowledge regarding interdisciplinarity among Brazilian qualified publications. Following, there is a discussion focusing the fragmentation and its results, from a historical movement of increasingly social reality complexity. Finally, this standard is criticized. For such purpose, the dialectical and historical materialism is used as the guideline, from an ontological, political and epistemological perspective.
This paper discusses the current challenges of the multilateral trade system, which are reflected in the WTO Doha Round deadlock. The main patterns of trade have changed due to the rise of global value chains and the globalization of the world economy, characterized by an increasing dispersion and fragmentation of industrial production. The article discusses the way these changes are challenging traditional assumptions of the multilateral trade system and the WTO Doha Round negotiations. Taking Brazil as an example, the paper argues that the mismatch between the negotiating agenda and the new world trade realities dwells in the very WTO member countries, which, at a great extent, have not yet aligned its trade policies to the new dynamics of the international trade. Finally, we argue that during the last ten years Brazil's trade policy has not properly considered the important changes in the international trade patterns brought about by global value chains and economic globalization. Adapted from the source document.
The objective of this text is to present an overview of the trajectory of the infrastructure policies in Brazil in the recent period (2005-2013). In order to do so, it highlights the main efforts and advances towards the resumption of the role of the federal government in the sector, as well as it points to the limits and obstacles that contributed to the production of incomplete results and partial achievements in terms of project implementation and effectiveness. The analysis of the historical trajectory draws from three interrelated analytical categories: political-institutional environment, institutional arrangements and instruments of public action. The main conclusion is that the advances in the development of instruments and arrangements were incomplete and insufficient. Incomplete because they failed to overcome some of internal limitations (such as planning failures and decision-making processes isolated from civil society). Insufficient because, even if they were fully developed, they would still face difficulties in counterbalancing external constraints and the governance challenges imposed by the Brazilian political-institutional environment (such as a fragmentation of the state apparatus and the short-term interests of political actors inside the logic of the political system).
This paper focus on aspects of metropolitan governance of the United States and Canada highlighting strategies of cooperation and criteria used in their experiences of management and institutionalization. Thus, it describes both the governance experiences implemented voluntarily or compulsorily, their financing mechanisms and the resulting ability to offer public services. Besides, aiming at further deepening the understanding of the strategies adopted, this paper depicts the processes of conurbation, urban sprawl and densification in metropolitan areas. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to analyze the institutional processes of metropolitan governance and its fostering of public policies and programs. Institutional guidelines, challenges and observed limitations are considered for the cases at hand. In order to develop the paper, specific literature produced by the institutions as well as their analysis was consulted. The analyses indicate that there are different governance structures in Canada and in the United States concerning both political attachment and concentration or fragmentation of decision-making processes although delimitation criteria of metropolitan areas are similar. There is a diversity of models for offering public services. However, some limitations can still be observed in terms of articulating policies among different sectors. Disagreements persist among public and private economic actors.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the recommendations of international organizations based on the Washington Consensus on health system reforms of selected countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1980s and 1990s and to investigate the effects of the competitive market logic on public action in the health system. METHODS: Comparative analysis of the characteristics of health system reforms conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, still seen in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Data were collected by documental analysis and literature review. The systems were described based on the characteristics of: co-payment, privatization mechanisms, decentralization, fragmentation of the system, integration of funding sources and coverage of the population (universal or segmented). RESULTS: The reforms were implemented differently, worsening inequalities in health service delivery systems. Changes related to the neoliberal idea of transforming public action in the direction of private logic point to the predominance of competition rules and the reduction in economic costs in all countries analyzed, contrary to the logic of universal health systems. CONCLUSION: The reduction in economic costs, the fragmentation of systems and inequalities in the provision of health services, among others, may mean other future costs resulting from low protection to the population's health. A striking and multidimensional counter-reform is essential to make health a right of all again, in a solidarity system that can lead to the reduction in inequalities and a more democratic society. ; OBJETIVO: Analisar as recomendações dos organismos internacionais pautadas no Consenso de Washington para as reformas dos sistemas de saúde de países selecionados da América Latina e Caribe nas décadas de 1980 e 1990 e investigar os efeitos da lógica concorrencial de mercado sobre a ação pública nos sistema de saúde. MÉTODOS: Análise comparada de características das reformas dos sistemas de saúde realizadas nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, presentes até o momento no Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru. Os dados foram coletados por análise documental e revisão de literatura. Os sistemas foram descritos quanto às características de: copagamento, mecanismos de privatização, descentralização, fragmentação do sistema, integração das fontes de financiamento e cobertura da população (universal ou segmentada). RESULTADOS: As reformas foram implementadas de forma variada, aprofundando desigualdades nos sistemas de prestação de serviços de saúde. As mudanças, ao serem relacionadas à ideia neoliberal de transformar a ação pública na direção da lógica privada, apontam para o predomínio das regras da concorrência e da redução dos custos econômicos em todos os países analisados, contrariando a lógica dos sistemas universais de saúde. CONCLUSÃO: A redução dos custos econômicos, a fragmentação dos sistemas e as desigualdades na prestação de serviços de saúde, entre outros, poderão significar outros custos futuros decorrentes da baixa proteção à saúde da população. É imprescindível uma contrarreforma contundente e multidimensional, que retome a saúde como direito de todos, em um sistema solidário que possa levar à redução das desigualdades e a uma sociedade mais democrática.
This review focuses only on specific studies into the SUS regionalization process, which were based on empirical results and published since 2006, when the SUS was already under the aegis of the Pact for Health framework. It was found that the regionalization process is now underway in all spheres of government, subject to a set of challenges common to the different realities of the country. These include, primarily, that committee-structured entities are valued as spaces for innovation, yet also strive to overcome the bureaucratic and clientelist political culture. Regional governance is further hampered by the fragmentation of the system and, in particular, by the historical deficiency in planning, from the local level to the strategic policies for technology incorporation. The analyses enabled the identification of a culture of broad privilege for political negotiation, to the detriment of planning, as one of the main factors responsible for a vicious circle that sustains technical deficiency in management. ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Med Prevent, R Botucatu 740-4, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med, Dept Med Prevent, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Escola Nacl Saude Publica, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Med Prevent, R Botucatu 740-4, BR-04023062 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ; Web of Science
