Suchergebnisse

"How can liberal democracies justify the non-admission of immigrants? Standard arguments provided by nationalist, republican, utilitarian or communitarian approaches are difficult to reconcile with the universalistic premises of liberalism and its emphasis on individual rights. This paper suggests the following elements for an alternative view: First, any immigration policy has to respect certain rights of those who have been admitted. These include a right to secure residence, access to the rights of citizenship and substantial freedom of choice about cultural assimilation. Second, a general right of free movement across state borders is an inherently desirable goal of liberal politics. The right of emigration alone is not enough. Societies become increasingly mobile across state borders but migration rights remain tied to citizenship acquired by birth. Seen from a global point of view, this turns citizenship in wealthy liberal democracies into an aristocratic privilege. Third, concerns about internal and external security and cultural homogeneity in such societies are not sufficiently strong to warrant a generally restrictive or selective immigration policy. Fourth, however, free movement would not necessarily lead to a more equitable international distribution of economic resources and democratic liberties. Furthermore, it can thwart efforts of internal social redistribution within democratic welfare states. In conclusion, free international movement of persons should be asserted as a goal rather than as a "side constraint" of liberalism. Nevertheless, specific immigration rights can be derived from social ties of immigrants to receiving societies and from a commitment to respect human rights for non-citizens. Family reunification and admission of refugees must therefore be given strong priority in any liberal immigration policy." [author's abstract]

The subject of this examination is the issue of whether and to what extent the Member States of the European Community may classify privately owned cultural assets as national cultural assets and if the transfer of such assets abroad can be prohibited if the owner of such cultural asset exercises its right of free movement. The aim of this study is to highlight the conflict between national cultural asset protection and the European directives

Protektionistische Maßnahmen, die eine feindliche Übernahme privatisierter Staatsunternehmen erschweren oder politisch motivierten Einfluss auf unternehmerische Entscheidungen privatisierter Gesellschaften ermöglichen, stellen nach der Rechtsprechung des EuGH zu Goldenen Aktien eine Beschränkung der Kapitalverkehrsfreiheit dar. Wie bereits aus dem Titel der Arbeit hervorgeht, bilden die Umstände, unter denen ein Syndikatsvertrag unter Beteiligung der öffentlichen Hand als Beschränkung der Kapitalverkehrsfreiheit anzusehen ist, den Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung. Als privatautonome Gesellschaftervereinbarungen unterliegen Syndikatsverträge grundsätzlich nicht dem Anwendungsbereich des Unionsrechts. Doch unter welchen Voraussetzungen sind Syndikatsverträge ausnahmsweise als staatliche Maßnahmen zu beurteilen? Welche Vertragsinhalte müssen zu dem Ergebnis führen, dass ein Syndikatsvertrag eine Beschränkung der Kapitalverkehrsfreiheit darstellt? Welche Voraussetzungen sind gefordert, damit eine gerechtfertigte und verhältnismäßige Beschränkung der Kapitalverkehrsfreiheit durch einen Syndikatsvertrag angenommen werden kann? Diese Fragestellungen werden unter Bezugnahme auf Beispiele aus der österreichischen Rechtsordnung und Vertragspraxis untersucht. ; According to case law of the European Court of Justice on golden shares, protectionist measures which prevent hostile takeovers of privatized public companies or allow political intervention on business decisions in privatized companies may constitute a restriction on the movement of capital. As the title indicates, the subject matter of the thesis is to determine the circumstances under which shareholders' agreements involving public shareholders are to be qualified as restriction on the free movement of capital. In general. since shareholders? agreements may be amended by the parties thereto, such acts are not subject to EU law. However, what are the requirements to exceptionally consider a shareholders? agreement a national measure? Which contractual terms of a shareholders? agreement result in a restriction on the free movement of capital? On what grounds may such restriction by shareholders? agreement be considered justified and proportionate? These questions are discussed under reference to examples under Austrian law and legal practice. ; eingereicht von Paul Droschl ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Diss., 2012 ; OeBB ; (VLID)224768

Das Abkommen zwischen der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft einerseits und der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und ihren Mitgliedstaaten anderseits über die Freizügigkeit zählt zu den sieben bilateralen, sektoriellen Abkommen der Bilaterale I. Die Vertragsparteien schlossen dieses Vertragspaket im Jahre 1999, da der Beitritt zum Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum im Jahre 1992 durch das Schweizer Stimmvolk abgelehnt worden war. Das gegenständliche Freizügigkeitsabkommen ist mit den übrigen sechs Abkommen durch die sogenannte Guillotine Klausel rechtlich verbunden und stellt einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des dichtesten bilateralen Netzwerkes, das die EU mit einem Drittstaat aufgebaut hat, dar. Als gemischtes Abkommen infolge des geteilten Kompetenzbereiches zwischen EU und ihren Mitgliedstaaten unterliegt es einem besonderen Ratifikationsverfahren und verlangte nach einem Abschluss von Erweiterungsprotokollen im Zuge der EU-Osterweiterung.Das erste Kapitel stellt den Schwerpunkt der Arbeit dar und bespricht die Europäisierung der Schweizer Rechtsordnung, das Freizügigkeitsabkommen als völkerrechtlichen Vertrag in seiner Entstehung, die Rechtswirkungen dieses gemischten Abkommens in den einzelnen Rechtsordnungen der drei Vertragsparteien und den Inhalt als Liberalisierungsabkommen, wobei der zentrale Anhang I ?Freizügigkeit? detailliert dargelegt wird. Die einschlägige Judikatur des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts und des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Union unterstreichen das Spannungsverhältnis des statischen Abkommens mit dem dynamischen Unionsrecht. Das punktuelle Abkommen beruht großteils auf dem Acquis unionaire zum Zeitpunkt seiner Unterzeichnung.Das zweite Kapitel geht auf den aktuellen Streit um eine institutionelle Reform und die Idee der EU nach einer Dynamisierung der Übernahme des Rechts ein. Die besprochenen Zukunftsszenarien sind: Alleingang, Weiterführung des bilateralen Weges, Beitritt zum Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum, Rahmenabkommen und zuletzt der EU-Beitritt. ; The agreement between the Swiss Confederation on the one hand and the European Community and its Member States on the other on the Free Movement of Persons is one of the seven bilateral, sectoral agreements known as Bilateral Agreements I. The contracting parties adopted these agreements as a single package in 1999 because the Swiss electorate had rejected accession to the European Economic Area in 1992. The Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons is linked in legal terms to the other six agreements by a so-called ?guillotine clause? and constitutes an integral part of the densest bilateral network the EU has established with a non-member country. Due to the shared jurisdiction between the EU and its Member States, this agreement is a mixed agreement and thus subject to a special ratification process. It required the signing of Enlargement Protocols in the course of the eastward enlargement of the EU. The first, central chapter of this thesis discusses the Europeanization of the Swiss legal system, the formation of the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons as international treaty, the legal effects of this mixed agreement on the respective legal orders of the three contracting parties and the content of the Liberalization Agreement with a special focus on the pivotal Annex I ?Free Movement of Persons?. Comparing the different judicatures of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland and the Court of Justice of the EU reveals the tension between a static agreement and dynamic union law. The punctual agreement is largely based on the acquis unionaire at the time of its signing. The second chapter treats the current debate about an institutional reform and the EU?s vision of a more dynamic adoption of EU-law. The following future scenarios will be discussed: a solo effort of Switzerland, the continuation of the bilateral way, the accession to the European Economic Area, a framework agreement and, finally, the accession to the EU. ; vorgelegt von Andreas Lopatka ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)217370

Nearly six years after the bloody border war between Ethiopia & Eritrea has ended & nearly four years after the final border arbitration by an independent commission, the peace process between Ethiopia & Eritrea is caught in a political stalemate. While UN troops patrol the border, its demarcation is still subject of ongoing diplomatic tensions. The future of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia & Eritrea (UNMEE) remains uncertain, as the government in Asmara is impeding on the free movement of UN troops. All the while the threat of another bloody war is looming. Adapted from the source document.

Nearly six years after the bloody border war between Ethiopia and Eritrea has ended and nearly four years after the final border arbitration by an independent commission, the peace process between Ethiopia and Eritrea is caught in a political stalemate. While UN troops control the border, its demarcation is still the subject of ongoing diplomatic tensions. The future of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea remains uncertain, as the government in Asmara is impeding on the free movement of UN troops. All the while the threat of another bloody war is looming.

Decentralizirani sustavi za promicanje obnovljivih izvora energije u zemljama članicama Europske unije moraju biti u skladu s odredbama o državnim potporama ( čl. 107 UFEU ) i slobodnog kretanja robe ( članak 34. UFEU-a ) . Pod određenim ograničenim okolnostima, mogu se primjeniti i pravila o carinama i porezima (članak 30 , 110 UFEU ). Prema nadležnosti Europskog suda pravde, decentralizirani sustavi isporuke - u kojima su privatni tržišni sudionicidužni platiti minimalne cijene - ne predstavljaju državnu potporu u smislu članka 107. UFEU. Prednost koju imaju proizvođači energije iz obnovljivih izvora nije dodijeljena putem državnih sredstava, jer nema individualiziranih sredstva koja su stavljena pod raspolaganje državnoj vlasti. Ipak, ukoliko postoji neki posredujuće tijelo koje usmjerava alokaciju sredstava u skladu s specifičnim državnim poravilima, smatra se da je usluga dovoljno individualizirana, a takava se sredstva mogu smatrati državnim resursima . U ovom slučaju nevažno je li agencija javna ili privatna osoba. Čak i onda ukoliko sustav isporuke ne predstavlja državnu potporu, isti još uvijek treba biti u skladu sa slobodnim kretanjem roba . Sustavi isporuke koji imaju za cilj zaštititi okoliš mogu biti u skladu s slobodom kretanja robe, ako oni ne dovode do nerazmjerne podjele unutarnjeg tržišta energije. No, povećanje udjela obnovljivih izvora energije u državi članici u ukupnom energetskom tržištu ,adekvatnost i razmjernost isporuke sustava koji podupire samo nacionalne objekte, može postati nespojiva s temeljnim slobodama unutarnjeg tržišta. ; Decentralized systems to promote renewable energy sources in the member states of the European Union have to comply with the provisions on state aid (Article 107 TFEU) and the free movement of goods (Article 34 TFEU). Under certain limited circumstances, the rules on customs duties and taxes (Article 30, 110 TFEU) can be applied as well. According to the jurisdiction of the ECJ, decentralized delivery systems – whereby private market participants are obliged to pay minimum prices – do not constitute state aid in the meaning of Article 107 TFEU. The advantage the producers of renewable energies get is not granted through state resources because no individualized funds are placed under the state's power of disposal. If, however, an intermediate body has been established that directs the allocation of funds in accordance with specific state regulations, the service is sufficiently individualized and these funds can be deemed state resources. In this case it is irrelevant whether the agency is a public or a private entity. Even if a delivery system does not constitute a state aid, it still has to comply with the free movement of goods. Delivery systems that aim to protect the environment may be compatible with the free movement of goods if they do not lead to a disproportionate partitioning of the internal energy market. With the increasing share of renewable energies in a member state's overall energy market, the adequacy and proportionality of delivery systems that only fosters national generation facilities, can become incompatible with the fundamental freedoms of the internal market.

Die Geschichte der Arbeitsmigration in der Europäischen UnionEine rechtshistorische Darstellung unter Berücksichtigung der österreichischen GesetzeslageDie Geschichte der Migration ist so alt wie die Menschheit selbst. Die Motive dazu sind vielfältig, wobei Migration zum Zweck der Arbeitssuche- und Aufnahme seit jeher das Hauptmotiv für Wanderung darstellt. Im Rechtsbereich der EU ist Migration in der Grundfreiheit der Freizügigkeit der Arbeitnehmer enthalten und sowohl primärrechtlich als auch sekundärrechtlich verankert.Mit dem EU-Beitritt Österreichs 1995 wurde der aquis communautaire verpflichtend ins österreichische Recht übernommen. Damit haben die Bestimmungen über die Freizügigkeit der Arbeitnehmer Eingang in die österreichische Rechtsordnung gefunden. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Geschichte der Arbeitsmigration in der Europäischen Union, beginnend mit der Unterzeichnung des EGKSV und den Römischen Verträgen, bis zur derzeit gültigen Rechtlage in der EU sowie in Österreich. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Binnenwanderung. Beginnend mit den Begriffserklärungen und der Erläuterung einiger maßgeblicher Migrationstheorien, wird die Integrationsgeschichte ab der Unterzeichnung des EGKSV bis zum Vertrag von Lissabon beleuchtet. Danach wird die Geschichte der Freizügigkeit der Arbeitnehmer anhand maßgeblicher sekundärrechtlicher Bestimmungen erläutert. Abschließend wird auf die Entwicklung der Arbeitsmigration in Österreich, beginnend mit den Anwerbeabkommen in den 60er Jahren bis zur derzeit gültigen Rechtslage eingegangen. Die Auswirkungen des EU-Beitritts Österreichs sowie der im Zuge der letzten Erweiterungsrunden beschlossenen Übergangsregelungen, werden anhand einiger statistischer Zahlen dargestellt. ; The history of labour migration in the European Union. A legal historical representation in consideration of Austrian legislationThe history of migration is as old as humanity itself.Though there are various causes for migration, the primary reason has always been job hunting and the desire to get admittance to a country. Within European jurisdictions migration is present in the fundamental freedom of the free movement of workers. Moreover it is anchored in primary as well as secondary legislation. With Austria`s accession to the EU in 1995 the "aquis communautaire" was bindingly adopted to the Austrian law. As a result the regulations concerning the free movement of workers were included to the Austrian legal system.This paper deals with the history of work migration within the EU, starting with the signing of the EGKSV and the Treaties of Rome till the current legal regime of the EU and Austria. The main focus will be on internal migration.Beginning with the definition of terms and the explanation of some significant migration theories, the history of migration will be illuminated from the signing of the EGKSV onwards till the Treaty of Lissabon.Then the history of free movement of workers according decisive secondary legislative regulations will be illustrated.Finally the development of work migration beginning with the labor recruitment agreements in the sixties and ending with the current legal framework will be discussed.As a conclusion, the effects of Austria`s EU entry and the in the course of the latest EU enlargement rounds decided temporary regulations will be statistically represented on the basis of statistical numbers. ; vorgelegt von Alexander Grill ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2015 ; (VLID)779809

This research paper analyses the impact of the allocation of differentiated membership rights -- & in particular, restrictions on the free movement of workers -- to EU applicant states on the process & outcomes of EU Eastern enlargement. The study illustrates that EU member states implemented transitional periods for the liberalisation of EU labour markets to redistribute enlargement gains in favour of those current EU member states which suffered utility losses from the freedom of movement after enlargement. This strategy, thus, served to avoid the break-down of accession talks. The inner European debates about the differentiation of membership rights arid an overview of other common policy fields also supports the view that differentiated membership may be an important strategy to avoid the failure of enlargement. References. Adapted from the source document.

A key instrument in the European Neighbourhood Policy is the opening up of the EU internal market. With this incentive, neighbouring countries could be moved to enact economic & political reforms. However, since a simplification of the free movement of people, goods, services & capital would abolish the EU's most important protective barriers, harmonisation in these fields must examined very carefully, & concessions must be limited to individual cases. The ENP states initially have to make certain adjustments such as the adaptation of legal provisions & the creation of an administrative apparatus. In the process, they could be supported by twinning partnerships. Adapted from the source document.

'Der Autor siedelt die Petitionsbewegung als Ausdrucksform einer menschlichen Willenserklärung zwischen Protest und Partizipation an. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Jahren zeigte die Petitionsbewegung 1848/49 ein völlig gewandeltes Bild. Die Privatbeschwerden sanken erheblich. Stattdessen nahmen große politische Themen wie die Reform der Wirtschaftsverfassung, der Wandel des Sozialsystems und die Veränderung des politischen Entscheidungszentrums zu. In den beiden handelspolitischen Petitionsbewegungen lassen sich sowohl bei den schutzzöllnerischen als auch den freihändlerischen Anliegen ein ländliches und städtisches Interaktionsmuster unterscheiden. Insgesamt engagierten sich besonders Industrielle, Kaufleute, Landwirte und selbständige Gewerbetreibende.' (Autorenreferat)

The purpose of patent law is not only to protect inventions but also to foster industrial development (Art. 1 Patent Act). Industry forms part of any national economy whose foundation is a free market economy relying on the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital. The development of a national free market economy is the main aim of competition and economy policies in the free world and thus also in the EU. Patent enforcement should therefore also be in line with these goals. The principle of exhaustion of patents as developed under German law limits the enforcement of a patent independent of the will of the patentee, weighing the interests in protecting the patent against those in guaranteeing the free movement of goods. If products are put on the market in one jurisdiction by the patentee, or with his consent, national patents can no longer be invoked. This is uncontested in the cases mentioned. However, if the products are first put in circulation abroad, the patentee can, according to German prevailing opinion, enforce his patent within the EU or the EEA. In Japan, this issue is disputed. There are attempts to justify the different treatment of products first put in circulation either within one jurisdiction or abroad on the basis of patent law. The author suggests that the arguments are based on considerations quite contrary to the role of patent law proper, i.e. on economic reasons, above all supporting the pricing policy of national enterprises, which should indeed be left to the individual market participants. The protection of the environment is another aspect that may justify the limitation of patent rights. Products which, for economic reasons, are intended only for a short period of usage should be recycled as far as possible. Business activity helps to enhance and advance the environmental protection. Also, there has to be a just differentiation between the areas where patent protection applies and those where environmental protection applies. On the one hand, case law has tried to differentiate between lawful repair and illegal reconstruction. On the other, the principle of patent exhaustion has been developed further. This paper analyzes the different positions taken in German and Japanese writings on international patent exhaustion, while also taking into account the limitations of German sovereignty by EU law. The focus of the paper is on a view consistent with competition. (Translation by the Editors) ; The purpose of patent law is not only to protect inventions but also to foster industrial development (Art. 1 Patent Act). Industry forms part of any national economy whose foundation is a free market economy relying on the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital. The development of a national free market economy is the main aim of competition and economy policies in the free world and thus also in the EU. Patent enforcement should therefore also be in line with these goals. The principle of exhaustion of patents as developed under German law limits the enforcement of a patent independent of the will of the patentee, weighing the interests in protecting the patent against those in guaranteeing the free movement of goods. If products are put on the market in one jurisdiction by the patentee, or with his consent, national patents can no longer be invoked. This is uncontested in the cases mentioned. However, if the products are first put in circulation abroad, the patentee can, according to German prevailing opinion, enforce his patent within the EU or the EEA. In Japan, this issue is disputed. There are attempts to justify the different treatment of products first put in circulation either within one jurisdiction or abroad on the basis of patent law. The author suggests that the arguments are based on considerations quite contrary to the role of patent law proper, i.e. on economic reasons, above all supporting the pricing policy of national enterprises, which should indeed be left to the individual market participants. The protection of the environment is another aspect that may justify the limitation of patent rights. Products which, for economic reasons, are intended only for a short period of usage should be recycled as far as possible. Business activity helps to enhance and advance the environmental protection. Also, there has to be a just differentiation between the areas where patent protection applies and those where environmental protection applies. On the one hand, case law has tried to differentiate between lawful repair and illegal reconstruction. On the other, the principle of patent exhaustion has been developed further. This paper analyzes the different positions taken in German and Japanese writings on international patent exhaustion, while also taking into account the limitations of German sovereignty by EU law. The focus of the paper is on a view consistent with competition. (Translation by the Editors)

This issue has not yet reflected in Czechoslovak, Czech or even foreign (German) literature. The importance of the Protectorate in the area of tourism was ambivalent for the Third Reich. On one hand, there seemed to be a tendency to restrict "free" movement as such no matter whether the person was a citizen of the Protectorate or Reich including foreigners. On the other hand, we cannot ignore the efforts of the Reich and Protectorate to support the limited tourism within the Protectorate and Reich that was motivated by ideological, political or social healthcare reasons. The tendency of German offices to control the border checkpoints between the Reich and Protectorate and to control the Third Reich's external borders had an overall negative effect.

Singebewegungen hatten in der bürgerlichen Kultur eine lange Tradition, die auch in der DDR Fortsetzung fanden, über die Ideologisierung von Jugendkultur und Massenbewegungen jedoch intensiven Umformungen unterworfen waren. Der Artikel beleuchtet die Prägung der sozialistischen FDJ-Singebewegung im Spannungsfeld von sozialistischer Persönlichkeitsentwicklung und jugendlicher Selbstverwirklichung. Im Zentrum steht die Jugendpolitik der 60er Jahre und die langfristige Ausgestaltung der Weltfestspiele der Jugend und Studenten. ; Singing movements had a long tradition in bourgeois culture, which continued in the GDR, but were subject to intensive transformations through the ideologisation of youth culture and mass movements. The article examines the character of the socialist FDJ singing movement in the area of conflict between socialist personality development and youth self-realisation. It focuses on the youth policy of the 1960s and the long-term design of the World Youth and Student Festival.