Suchergebnisse

Oggetto della ricerca è l'analisi del quadro normativo comunitario e interno relativo alla circolazione delle libere professioni, e, in particolare, al reciproco riconoscimento dei titoli accademici e professionali sia in generale, sia con particolare riguardo a talune categorie professionali: i medici e i docenti universitari. Nel primo capitolo, dopo aver analizzato l'istituto della libertà di circolazione delle attività professionali nell'economia del disegno comunitario originario, vengono ripercorse le tappe attraverso le quali si è giunti al mercato unico delle attività autonome, quale punto di arrivo, peraltro non definitivo, di un percorso al quale hanno contribuito sia l'attività legislativa che la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia Europea. In particolare si analizza come il legislatore comunitario ha abbandonato il primo approccio c.d "settoriale", a favore di uno "generale" che prevede il reciproco riconoscimento dei titoli con potere di adattamento (o diritto di compensazione) da parte dello Stato ospite. La parte centrale del capitolo è incentrata sull'esame della direttiva 2005/36/CE con la quale si è inteso ampliare le ipotesi di esercizio della professione in virtù del titolo originario. La direttiva, che contiene il regime disciplinare attualmente vigente in tema di riconoscimento delle qualifiche professionali è stata recepita in Italia con il d.lgs. 9 novembre 2007, n. 206, al quale è dedicato l'ultimo paragrafo del capitolo. Nel secondo capitolo l'attenzione si sposta sulle professioni mediche, sulla considerazione che, in quest'ambito, il tema del riconoscimento dei titoli professionali riveste profili di particolare interesse, in quanto connesso con la tutela di un diritto fondamentale quale quello della salute. Il terzo capitolo è incentrato sul tema dell'internazionalizzazione dell'università e della mobilità dei docenti. Il sistema dell'alta formazione è un nodo strategico per l'integrazione sociale e culturale europea: infatti, le università svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nell'azione di promozione e garanzia della crescita e dell'arricchimento intellettuale della società. Nel primo paragrafo vengono sono descritti i principali interventi delle Istituzioni comunitarie che, sulla base dei suddetti presupposti, mirano alla promozione e al miglioramento della qualità e della competitività fino alla "modernizzazione" dei sistemi di istruzione superiore; viene, poi, esaminata l'azione del cd. Processo di Bologna, un progetto intergovernativo finalizzato alla costruzione del cd. Spazio europeo dell'istruzione superiore e della ricerca. Vengono, infine, trattate le questioni del riconoscimento dei titoli accademici per lo svolgimento di una professione non regolamentata o per la prosecuzione degli studi e ripercorsi i diversi programmi di mobilità europea rivolti ai docenti universitari. Al fine di rivedere i punti di criticità del sistema di riconoscimento, previsto dalla direttiva 2005/36/CE, è, attualmente, in corso un processo di revisione della stessa: il 19 dicembre 2011 è stata, infatti, pubblicata una proposta di modifica. La promozione della libera circolazione delle professioni è, infatti, considerato come uno strumento essenziale del potenziale di ripresa economica, dell'incremento occupazionale e della crescita sociale dell'Europa di oggi. ; The research focuses on the anlysis of the EU and the internal regulatory frameworks concerning free movement of liberal professions and, in particular, the mutual recognition of academic and professional qualifications both in general and with particular regard to certainf professional groups: doctors and university teachers. In the first chapter, after analyzing the institution of freedom of movement of professional activities within the original EU outline, the author thinks back to the steps through which the single market of the autonomous activities has been reached, as a point of arrival, however not definitive, of a path which both the legislative activity and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice have contributed to. In particular, the analysis shows how the Community legislator has abandoned the first approach, the so-called "sectoral" approach, in favour of a "general one" which envisages mutual recognition of qualifications with power of adjustment (or right of set off) by the host Government. The central part of the chapter focuses on the examination of Directive 2005/36/EC with which it was intended to broaden the assumptions of practice of profession under the original title. The Directive, which contains the regulatory regime currently in force in terms of recognition of professional qualifications has been implemented in Italy by Legislative Decree of 9 November 2007 n. 206, which the last paragraph of the chapter is dedicated to. The second chapter focuses on the medical professions, considering that in this context the issue of recognition of professional qualifications is of particular interest, as it is related to the protection of a fundamental right, namely the right to health. The third chapter focuses on internationalization and mobility of university teachers. The system of higher education is a strategic hub for the European social and cultural integration: in fact, the universities play a key role in the activities of promotion and guarantee of intellectual growth and enrichment of society. The first section describes the main steps of the Community institutions: on the basis of the above-mentioned assumptions, they aim at promoting and improving the quality and competitiveness in order to fulfill the "modernization" of higher education systems; furthermore, the so-called Bologna Process is examined: it is an intergovernmental project aimed at building the so-called European area of higher education and research. The issue of recognition of academic qualifications for carrying out unregulated professions or continue their studies is eventually dealt with, together with the various European mobility programs addressed to university teachers. The Directive 2005/36/EC is currently undergoing a review process in order to review the critical points of its recognition system: on 19 December 2011, in fact, a proposed amendment was published. The promotion of free movement of professionals is, in fact, regarded as an essential tool of the potential for economic recovery, increase employment and social growth of today's Europe. ; Dottorato di ricerca in Persona, impresa e lavoro: principi e tutele di diritto interno, internazionale, comunitario e comparato (XXIII ciclo)

One of the main topic which currently fuels the public debate and political campaigns in the UK is the exercise of free movement of EU migrants, as, while the net migration of non-EU migrant seems to have decrease, the net migration of EU citizens in the UK is reaching is highest pick ever. The government led by the Prime Minister David Cameron, in order to respect its politic agenda and to oppose the euro-sceptical right-wing party – UKIP- has approved several reforms between 2013 and 2014 against EU migrants' access to benefits, especially for those who are jobseekers or on low income. In Chapter 1, I analysed how the concept of free movement in the UK was born and has been developed since then at European level, focusing on Directive 2004/38/EC on Right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States and further developments. Then, I look in detail at the Immigration EEA Regulations 2006, which has implemented the Citizens' Directive in the UK and I highlighted the existence of discrepancies with the Directive, amendments and new proposals to modify it and the Directive itself. In Chapter 2, I focused on the principle of equal treatment under EU law and on grounds of removal from the host Member State, especially where a EU migrant has become an "unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the UK". After that, I did a research on the benefits system in the UK, analysing its structure, the difference between social assistance, social security and SNCBs, what are the principle benefits, who is entitled and how much is the amount received, paying particularly attention to a plan of reforms entered into force between 2013 and 2014 which had the effect to curb the access to non-contributory benefits to EU (non-British) jobseekers or economically inactive persons. Finally, I tried to process and compare official data on immigration and access to benefits in order to verify if effectively EU migrants are burden on the British welfare state. In Chapter 3, I have recalled the most famous judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union on derivative right of residence for third-country family members of a EU citizen: Chen, Baumbast, Ibrahim, Teixira, Carpenter, Zambrano and McCarthy. Then I concentrated on Zambrano derivative right of residence as the CJEU exercised its creative role very broadly and this has had lot of influence and reactions from the side of Member States. In the UK, it's very difficult to obtain a right of residence as a Zambrano carer since the national courts and authorities gave a strict construction of the main principle contained in Zambrano judgment as well as they are not able to access non-contributory benefits at all. Eventually, I tried to make some general observations on the relationship between the Court of Justice and its creative ruling on the one hand and the influence and the reactions of Member States on the other hand, in order to see what the consequences could they be and how much discretion Member States keep at present.

Il fine principale della tesi è di dimostrare che il concetto di economia verde, pur non avendo natura giuridica, ha un rilievo notevole nel diritto dell'Unione europea, in particolare rispetto al mercato dei servizi. L'indagine concerne innanzitutto lo sviluppo sostenibile, del quale l'economia verde rappresenta uno strumento, per poi incentrarsi sul concetto di economia verde, al fine di ricostruire la sua veste giuridica e la sua collocazione nel diritto (primario) dell'Unione europea. In secondo luogo, si analizza come l'Unione stia utilizzando il proprio diritto per favorire la transizione verso un'economia verde e per stimolare la circolazione dei relativi servizi. Da ultimo, vengono prospettate le varie relazioni che si ritiene possano intercorrere tra l'economia verde (nella sua dimensione giuridica a livello sovranazionale) e la libera prestazione dei servizi. ; The main purpose of the thesis is to demonstrate that the "green economy" concept, although not having a legal nature, can make a remarkable impact within the Law of the European Union, especially with regard to the services market. First, the research considers the sustainable development, since the green economy is a means to reach it; then, the concept of green economy is studied, with a view to provide it with a legal meaning and to link it to the (primary) Law of the European Union. After that, it is assessed how the European Union is using its law in order to define and implement the transition to a green economy and to spur the "green" services movement within the EU's internal market. Finally, some possible relations between the green economy (considered in its supranational legal dimension) and the free movement of services are advanced and explored.

Parallel trade of pharmaceuticals is one of the most contended issues emerging from this industrial sector, which requires to strike a sensitive balance between the fundamental tenets of the internal market (particularly the free movement of goods), the Member States' competence in regulating the prices of medicines and the conflicting interests of manufacturers and patients. Against this background, this Insight addresses the decision rendered on 25 November 2021 by the Court of Justice in Case C-488/20 Delfarma ECLI:EU:C:2021:956 and further elaborates some prospective considerations on parallel trade in the light of the problem of medicines shortages in the European Union, considering the recent initiatives falling under the new Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe.

The text is focused on the analysis of the position of the transitional regimes affiliated to the accession of ten new member states, which is to take place in May 2004, & its impact on the flexibility within the European Union. The text covers the historical development of the phenomenon of transitional measures, overview of the transitional measures negotiated in the current wave of enlargement & specifics of the Czech Republic in the whole process. In the historical perspective, the current transitional periods are to be compared primarily with the transitional regimes in the EU enlargements in the I980s, in particular with the accession of Spain & Portugal. Typical elements of present transitional periods are the application of the transitional periods in the very essential areas of the European integration, such as agriculture, free movement of workers & free movement of capital. Free movement of goods, in contrast, is influenced in a rather limited way. The transitional periods are internally diversified, both into internal temporal blocks followed by review of the suitability of their continuation & their application only in relation to several old member states. Specific transitional regime is the three-year-long period of enhanced regulatory powers of the European Commission in the area of internal market, & Commission's sanction powers against new member states so as to prevent the non-application of acquis in the area of the internal market & judicial cooperation. Those "horizontal" transitional periods will have -- albeit temporarily -- significant impact on the growth of the flexibility in the European Union. References. Adapted from the source document.

This work investigates the issue of the liability of the food producer in the light of the European legislation that has always sought a balance between consumer protection and market protection. From the analysis made it is clear that the efforts carried out in the first direction and pursued also with the legislation on food safety, however, fail to make the protection of the consumer really full and effective. The author then proposes regulatory changes aimed at increasing consumer protection by not hindering the principle of free movement of goods.

This article analyses the current juridical outline progress of the European Union fiscal policy, with specific reference to the direct taxation for companies. The analysis of the EU and international legal bases proceeds along with the study of the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice and of the Commission's strategies, through a common action of the institutions directed towards eliminating the double taxation for private subjects and the harmful tax competition among member States in the home market. In particular, national restrictive and discriminating provisions preclude the free movement of capitals, in an integrated financial space. A new approach to fiscal matters in the legal system of the EU is envisaged.

This paper seeks to find out to what extent the process of EU accession has influenced legal regulations concerning the creation & functioning of social & political actors. Through the analysis of various statutes & changes made to them, the paper tries to determine the role the EU plays in amending assembly legislation. The actors under scrutiny include political parties, professional organizations, labor unions, & civil society organizations. The paper concludes that the most influenced field of actors was the area of chambers of professionals which was obliged to conform to requirements for the free movement of people & services in the European Union in order to comply with European law. The Czech Republic was quite leisurely in their harmonization of statutes, with the majority of them passed just before accession to the EU. An interesting part of the problem concerns the question of political party membership, which is still reserved only for Czech citizens. However, European citizenship, with its voting rights to the European Parliament & local magistrates, is arguably going to push slowly for change even in this domain. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyzes the origin & development of the Movement for Autonomous Democracy -- Association for Moravia & Silesia (HSD-SMS) in the early stages of the formation of the Czech political system. The article covers the period of Boleslav Barta's chairmanship. Barta founded & defined HSD-SMS as a non-partisan political movement of all democratic Moravians & Silesians. HSD-SMS achieved surprising success in the first free parliamentary elections held in June 1990 (10% of the total vote for the Czech National Council). However, the following events revealed the inability of HSD-SMS to become a stable part of the Czech political system. The movement had to cope with internal problems & its own unsuccessful parliamentary policy. HSD-SMS did not manage to push through any of their policy goals in the area of territorial & administrative reorganization of the state. The sudden death of the leader Boleslav Barta accelerated the movement's decline. In addition, HSD-SMS lacked the attributes of modern political parties. References. Adapted from the source document.

The subject of the access and free reuse of cultural data is one of the more topical challenges in the modern democracy of the knowledge. The full affirmation of this principle, still finding today however several cultural obstacles both on a cultural and a regulatory point of view, would allow to rethink toward more including forms the public administration's approach to cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the request, advanced by the movement Fotografie libere per i Beni Culturali to extend the free photography for research purposes to public archives and libraries, lately fulfilled by the law n. 124/2017 which entered into force on the 29th of August. Great opportunities may instead be presented by the adoption of licenses by museums, archives, and libraries, allowing free commercial reuse of digitization, as well as that panorama freedom today still denied in Italy. The paper concludes by examining another category of cultural data, namely documentation related to the archaeological excavations preserved in the MiBACT archives: free access to this type of data could encourage not only archaeological research, but also more efficient conservation and promotional activities.

The participation of the subaltern groups to the Spanish-American independent movements is at the centre of this article. Though historiography has always underestimated their contribution to the wars that liberated Spanish American territories from Spain, subaltern sectors (indigenous, free people of colour and slaves) played indeed a very important and active role during the this period. Not only they participated to the armies that defeated the Spanish, but they had significant political objectives to attain. Like the elites, they understood that the collapse of the Spanish monarchy had opened some possibilities of action, unimaginable before 1808. Wars implied de facto an improvement of the social and political conditions of popular groups: for the free coloureds meant the access of citizenship; for slaves, the acquisition of freedom; for the indigenous people, the defence of their lands.

[English]: In the last years, institutional repositories of preprints and scholarly publications have become a peak experience in the digital library environment, enabling the involvement of authors and scientific communities in a free and shared access to the results of research, and to its circulation trough the web. This volume collects a series of essays, both published and unpublished, that Antonella De Robbio wrote with respect to the issue of scientific information, and to the reply given by the Open Access Movement (OAI). The collection aims to a double purpose: first, to fill the gap in the lacking Italian bibliography concerning Open Archives; second, to take stock of the difficult situation of the Open Access Movement, and of the hope of its advocates that this movement could promote a democratic and immediate circulation of scientific knowledge./ [Italiano]: Negli ultimi anni, i depositi istituzionali di preprint e di pubblicazioni scientifiche (Open Archive) sono diventati tra le esperienze di punta della biblioteca digitale, favorendo il coinvolgimento degli autori e delle diverse comunità scientifiche nella diffusione in rete e nell'accesso libero e condiviso ai risultati della ricerca. In questo volume vengono raccolti alcuni saggi, editi e inediti, che Antonella De Robbio ha dedicato al problema dell'informazione scientifica e alla risposta che ad esso ha dato il movimento per l'accesso aperto. La raccolta si propone un duplice obiettivo: da un lato, di colmare una lacuna nel panorama della carente bibliografia italiana sugli Archivi aperti; dall'altro, di fare il punto della situazione sulla delicata questione del movimento Open Access e della speranza nutrita dai suoi sostenitori che esso possa promuovere la diffusione democratica e tempestiva delle conoscenze scientifiche. /[ENGLISH] In the last years, institutional repositories of preprints and scholarly publications have become a peak experience in the digital library environment, enabling the involvement of authors and scientific communities in a free and shared access to the results of research, and to its circulation trough the web. This volume collects a series of essays, both published and unpublished, that Antonella De Robbio wrote with respect to the issue of scientific information, and to the reply given by the Open Access Movement (OAI). The collection aims to a double purpose: first, to fill the gap in the lacking Italian bibliography concerning Open Archives; second, to take stock of the difficult situation of the Open Access Movement, and of the hope of its advocates that this movement could promote a democratic and immediate circulation of scientific knowledge.

The paper tested contagion effects among free floating African currencies and Euro with a control variable like the Euro-pegged CFA Franc. Contagion should be based on deep trade, funding and political relationships which was valid for connections between African countries and such developed countries like the United States or the Eurozone. The theory suggests increased common movements under shock periods which were tested on a daily time series between 2000 and 2015, studying relationships under recession periods in the United States or the Eurozone or under days with extreme fluctuation. The results presented contagions only for the emerging South African currency while the others proved to be relatively independent.