Suchergebnisse

Oggetto della ricerca è l'analisi del quadro normativo comunitario e interno relativo alla circolazione delle libere professioni, e, in particolare, al reciproco riconoscimento dei titoli accademici e professionali sia in generale, sia con particolare riguardo a talune categorie professionali: i medici e i docenti universitari. Nel primo capitolo, dopo aver analizzato l'istituto della libertà di circolazione delle attività professionali nell'economia del disegno comunitario originario, vengono ripercorse le tappe attraverso le quali si è giunti al mercato unico delle attività autonome, quale punto di arrivo, peraltro non definitivo, di un percorso al quale hanno contribuito sia l'attività legislativa che la giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia Europea. In particolare si analizza come il legislatore comunitario ha abbandonato il primo approccio c.d "settoriale", a favore di uno "generale" che prevede il reciproco riconoscimento dei titoli con potere di adattamento (o diritto di compensazione) da parte dello Stato ospite. La parte centrale del capitolo è incentrata sull'esame della direttiva 2005/36/CE con la quale si è inteso ampliare le ipotesi di esercizio della professione in virtù del titolo originario. La direttiva, che contiene il regime disciplinare attualmente vigente in tema di riconoscimento delle qualifiche professionali è stata recepita in Italia con il d.lgs. 9 novembre 2007, n. 206, al quale è dedicato l'ultimo paragrafo del capitolo. Nel secondo capitolo l'attenzione si sposta sulle professioni mediche, sulla considerazione che, in quest'ambito, il tema del riconoscimento dei titoli professionali riveste profili di particolare interesse, in quanto connesso con la tutela di un diritto fondamentale quale quello della salute. Il terzo capitolo è incentrato sul tema dell'internazionalizzazione dell'università e della mobilità dei docenti. Il sistema dell'alta formazione è un nodo strategico per l'integrazione sociale e culturale europea: infatti, le università svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nell'azione di promozione e garanzia della crescita e dell'arricchimento intellettuale della società. Nel primo paragrafo vengono sono descritti i principali interventi delle Istituzioni comunitarie che, sulla base dei suddetti presupposti, mirano alla promozione e al miglioramento della qualità e della competitività fino alla "modernizzazione" dei sistemi di istruzione superiore; viene, poi, esaminata l'azione del cd. Processo di Bologna, un progetto intergovernativo finalizzato alla costruzione del cd. Spazio europeo dell'istruzione superiore e della ricerca. Vengono, infine, trattate le questioni del riconoscimento dei titoli accademici per lo svolgimento di una professione non regolamentata o per la prosecuzione degli studi e ripercorsi i diversi programmi di mobilità europea rivolti ai docenti universitari. Al fine di rivedere i punti di criticità del sistema di riconoscimento, previsto dalla direttiva 2005/36/CE, è, attualmente, in corso un processo di revisione della stessa: il 19 dicembre 2011 è stata, infatti, pubblicata una proposta di modifica. La promozione della libera circolazione delle professioni è, infatti, considerato come uno strumento essenziale del potenziale di ripresa economica, dell'incremento occupazionale e della crescita sociale dell'Europa di oggi. ; The research focuses on the anlysis of the EU and the internal regulatory frameworks concerning free movement of liberal professions and, in particular, the mutual recognition of academic and professional qualifications both in general and with particular regard to certainf professional groups: doctors and university teachers. In the first chapter, after analyzing the institution of freedom of movement of professional activities within the original EU outline, the author thinks back to the steps through which the single market of the autonomous activities has been reached, as a point of arrival, however not definitive, of a path which both the legislative activity and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice have contributed to. In particular, the analysis shows how the Community legislator has abandoned the first approach, the so-called "sectoral" approach, in favour of a "general one" which envisages mutual recognition of qualifications with power of adjustment (or right of set off) by the host Government. The central part of the chapter focuses on the examination of Directive 2005/36/EC with which it was intended to broaden the assumptions of practice of profession under the original title. The Directive, which contains the regulatory regime currently in force in terms of recognition of professional qualifications has been implemented in Italy by Legislative Decree of 9 November 2007 n. 206, which the last paragraph of the chapter is dedicated to. The second chapter focuses on the medical professions, considering that in this context the issue of recognition of professional qualifications is of particular interest, as it is related to the protection of a fundamental right, namely the right to health. The third chapter focuses on internationalization and mobility of university teachers. The system of higher education is a strategic hub for the European social and cultural integration: in fact, the universities play a key role in the activities of promotion and guarantee of intellectual growth and enrichment of society. The first section describes the main steps of the Community institutions: on the basis of the above-mentioned assumptions, they aim at promoting and improving the quality and competitiveness in order to fulfill the "modernization" of higher education systems; furthermore, the so-called Bologna Process is examined: it is an intergovernmental project aimed at building the so-called European area of higher education and research. The issue of recognition of academic qualifications for carrying out unregulated professions or continue their studies is eventually dealt with, together with the various European mobility programs addressed to university teachers. The Directive 2005/36/EC is currently undergoing a review process in order to review the critical points of its recognition system: on 19 December 2011, in fact, a proposed amendment was published. The promotion of free movement of professionals is, in fact, regarded as an essential tool of the potential for economic recovery, increase employment and social growth of today's Europe. ; Dottorato di ricerca in Persona, impresa e lavoro: principi e tutele di diritto interno, internazionale, comunitario e comparato (XXIII ciclo)

One of the main topic which currently fuels the public debate and political campaigns in the UK is the exercise of free movement of EU migrants, as, while the net migration of non-EU migrant seems to have decrease, the net migration of EU citizens in the UK is reaching is highest pick ever. The government led by the Prime Minister David Cameron, in order to respect its politic agenda and to oppose the euro-sceptical right-wing party – UKIP- has approved several reforms between 2013 and 2014 against EU migrants' access to benefits, especially for those who are jobseekers or on low income. In Chapter 1, I analysed how the concept of free movement in the UK was born and has been developed since then at European level, focusing on Directive 2004/38/EC on Right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States and further developments. Then, I look in detail at the Immigration EEA Regulations 2006, which has implemented the Citizens' Directive in the UK and I highlighted the existence of discrepancies with the Directive, amendments and new proposals to modify it and the Directive itself. In Chapter 2, I focused on the principle of equal treatment under EU law and on grounds of removal from the host Member State, especially where a EU migrant has become an "unreasonable burden on the social assistance system of the UK". After that, I did a research on the benefits system in the UK, analysing its structure, the difference between social assistance, social security and SNCBs, what are the principle benefits, who is entitled and how much is the amount received, paying particularly attention to a plan of reforms entered into force between 2013 and 2014 which had the effect to curb the access to non-contributory benefits to EU (non-British) jobseekers or economically inactive persons. Finally, I tried to process and compare official data on immigration and access to benefits in order to verify if effectively EU migrants are burden on the British welfare state. In Chapter 3, I have recalled the most famous judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union on derivative right of residence for third-country family members of a EU citizen: Chen, Baumbast, Ibrahim, Teixira, Carpenter, Zambrano and McCarthy. Then I concentrated on Zambrano derivative right of residence as the CJEU exercised its creative role very broadly and this has had lot of influence and reactions from the side of Member States. In the UK, it's very difficult to obtain a right of residence as a Zambrano carer since the national courts and authorities gave a strict construction of the main principle contained in Zambrano judgment as well as they are not able to access non-contributory benefits at all. Eventually, I tried to make some general observations on the relationship between the Court of Justice and its creative ruling on the one hand and the influence and the reactions of Member States on the other hand, in order to see what the consequences could they be and how much discretion Member States keep at present.

Il fine principale della tesi è di dimostrare che il concetto di economia verde, pur non avendo natura giuridica, ha un rilievo notevole nel diritto dell'Unione europea, in particolare rispetto al mercato dei servizi. L'indagine concerne innanzitutto lo sviluppo sostenibile, del quale l'economia verde rappresenta uno strumento, per poi incentrarsi sul concetto di economia verde, al fine di ricostruire la sua veste giuridica e la sua collocazione nel diritto (primario) dell'Unione europea. In secondo luogo, si analizza come l'Unione stia utilizzando il proprio diritto per favorire la transizione verso un'economia verde e per stimolare la circolazione dei relativi servizi. Da ultimo, vengono prospettate le varie relazioni che si ritiene possano intercorrere tra l'economia verde (nella sua dimensione giuridica a livello sovranazionale) e la libera prestazione dei servizi. ; The main purpose of the thesis is to demonstrate that the "green economy" concept, although not having a legal nature, can make a remarkable impact within the Law of the European Union, especially with regard to the services market. First, the research considers the sustainable development, since the green economy is a means to reach it; then, the concept of green economy is studied, with a view to provide it with a legal meaning and to link it to the (primary) Law of the European Union. After that, it is assessed how the European Union is using its law in order to define and implement the transition to a green economy and to spur the "green" services movement within the EU's internal market. Finally, some possible relations between the green economy (considered in its supranational legal dimension) and the free movement of services are advanced and explored.

Parallel trade of pharmaceuticals is one of the most contended issues emerging from this industrial sector, which requires to strike a sensitive balance between the fundamental tenets of the internal market (particularly the free movement of goods), the Member States' competence in regulating the prices of medicines and the conflicting interests of manufacturers and patients. Against this background, this Insight addresses the decision rendered on 25 November 2021 by the Court of Justice in Case C-488/20 Delfarma ECLI:EU:C:2021:956 and further elaborates some prospective considerations on parallel trade in the light of the problem of medicines shortages in the European Union, considering the recent initiatives falling under the new Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe.

This work investigates the issue of the liability of the food producer in the light of the European legislation that has always sought a balance between consumer protection and market protection. From the analysis made it is clear that the efforts carried out in the first direction and pursued also with the legislation on food safety, however, fail to make the protection of the consumer really full and effective. The author then proposes regulatory changes aimed at increasing consumer protection by not hindering the principle of free movement of goods.

This article analyses the current juridical outline progress of the European Union fiscal policy, with specific reference to the direct taxation for companies. The analysis of the EU and international legal bases proceeds along with the study of the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice and of the Commission's strategies, through a common action of the institutions directed towards eliminating the double taxation for private subjects and the harmful tax competition among member States in the home market. In particular, national restrictive and discriminating provisions preclude the free movement of capitals, in an integrated financial space. A new approach to fiscal matters in the legal system of the EU is envisaged.

The subject of the access and free reuse of cultural data is one of the more topical challenges in the modern democracy of the knowledge. The full affirmation of this principle, still finding today however several cultural obstacles both on a cultural and a regulatory point of view, would allow to rethink toward more including forms the public administration's approach to cultural heritage. This paper focuses on the request, advanced by the movement Fotografie libere per i Beni Culturali to extend the free photography for research purposes to public archives and libraries, lately fulfilled by the law n. 124/2017 which entered into force on the 29th of August. Great opportunities may instead be presented by the adoption of licenses by museums, archives, and libraries, allowing free commercial reuse of digitization, as well as that panorama freedom today still denied in Italy. The paper concludes by examining another category of cultural data, namely documentation related to the archaeological excavations preserved in the MiBACT archives: free access to this type of data could encourage not only archaeological research, but also more efficient conservation and promotional activities.

The participation of the subaltern groups to the Spanish-American independent movements is at the centre of this article. Though historiography has always underestimated their contribution to the wars that liberated Spanish American territories from Spain, subaltern sectors (indigenous, free people of colour and slaves) played indeed a very important and active role during the this period. Not only they participated to the armies that defeated the Spanish, but they had significant political objectives to attain. Like the elites, they understood that the collapse of the Spanish monarchy had opened some possibilities of action, unimaginable before 1808. Wars implied de facto an improvement of the social and political conditions of popular groups: for the free coloureds meant the access of citizenship; for slaves, the acquisition of freedom; for the indigenous people, the defence of their lands.

[English]: In the last years, institutional repositories of preprints and scholarly publications have become a peak experience in the digital library environment, enabling the involvement of authors and scientific communities in a free and shared access to the results of research, and to its circulation trough the web. This volume collects a series of essays, both published and unpublished, that Antonella De Robbio wrote with respect to the issue of scientific information, and to the reply given by the Open Access Movement (OAI). The collection aims to a double purpose: first, to fill the gap in the lacking Italian bibliography concerning Open Archives; second, to take stock of the difficult situation of the Open Access Movement, and of the hope of its advocates that this movement could promote a democratic and immediate circulation of scientific knowledge./ [Italiano]: Negli ultimi anni, i depositi istituzionali di preprint e di pubblicazioni scientifiche (Open Archive) sono diventati tra le esperienze di punta della biblioteca digitale, favorendo il coinvolgimento degli autori e delle diverse comunità scientifiche nella diffusione in rete e nell'accesso libero e condiviso ai risultati della ricerca. In questo volume vengono raccolti alcuni saggi, editi e inediti, che Antonella De Robbio ha dedicato al problema dell'informazione scientifica e alla risposta che ad esso ha dato il movimento per l'accesso aperto. La raccolta si propone un duplice obiettivo: da un lato, di colmare una lacuna nel panorama della carente bibliografia italiana sugli Archivi aperti; dall'altro, di fare il punto della situazione sulla delicata questione del movimento Open Access e della speranza nutrita dai suoi sostenitori che esso possa promuovere la diffusione democratica e tempestiva delle conoscenze scientifiche. /[ENGLISH] In the last years, institutional repositories of preprints and scholarly publications have become a peak experience in the digital library environment, enabling the involvement of authors and scientific communities in a free and shared access to the results of research, and to its circulation trough the web. This volume collects a series of essays, both published and unpublished, that Antonella De Robbio wrote with respect to the issue of scientific information, and to the reply given by the Open Access Movement (OAI). The collection aims to a double purpose: first, to fill the gap in the lacking Italian bibliography concerning Open Archives; second, to take stock of the difficult situation of the Open Access Movement, and of the hope of its advocates that this movement could promote a democratic and immediate circulation of scientific knowledge.

The paper tested contagion effects among free floating African currencies and Euro with a control variable like the Euro-pegged CFA Franc. Contagion should be based on deep trade, funding and political relationships which was valid for connections between African countries and such developed countries like the United States or the Eurozone. The theory suggests increased common movements under shock periods which were tested on a daily time series between 2000 and 2015, studying relationships under recession periods in the United States or the Eurozone or under days with extreme fluctuation. The results presented contagions only for the emerging South African currency while the others proved to be relatively independent.

At the beginning of the 1990 American libertarian intellectual such as Murray N. Rothbard, Llewellyn Rockwell Jr., and Hans-Hermann Hoppe gave rise to the paleolibertarian movement. Paleolibertarians, who favour laissez-faire in the economic realm but oppose moral relativism, were seeking an alliance with the so-called "paleoconservatives" like Sam Francis, Tom Fleming, Paul Gottfried or Pat Buchanan. The word "paleolibertarian", first used by Rockwell, had the purpose to recapture the radicalism and the political and intellectual rigor of the pre-war libertarian "Old right". Rothbard's death in 1995 was a blow, but paleolibertarians still continued their twofold battle for the defence of the unfettered free-market, developing the methodology of the Austrian School of Economics; and for the defence of the traditional Christian values of the Western Civilization, threatened by the post-modern "liberal" culture, now leading in the political and intellectual elite. Today the paleolibertarians, facilitated by the Internet, have become a rapidly growing intellectual movement. The main centres of diffusion of their ideas are the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn (Alabama) and the website LewRockwell.com, that ranks among the most widely read news website.

Questa ricerca intende esaminare l'impatto della circolazione transfrontaliera dei servizi sul bilanciamento tra regole di mercato e politiche sociali. L'analisi di questa tensione costituisce il punto di partenza per una riflessione più ampia che si propone di comprendere come la conciliazione tra solidarietà e competitività e, più generalmente, tra esigenze di protezione sociale degli Stati membri e tradizionali competenze comunitarie nell'ambito del mercato comune, possa operare nel settore dei servizi. Un mercato comune dei servizi in costante espansione in senso transfrontaliero ha indubbiamente effetti non trascurabili sul piano sociale ed in particolare sul diritto del lavoro consolidatosi nelle tradizioni costituzionali degli Stati membri. La necessità di conciliare solidarietà e competitività alla base del concetto di economia sociale ed il rinnovato accento sulla dimensione sociale dell'Unione accolto nel Trattato di Lisbona dovrebbero promuovere una convivenza armoniosa tra un'integrazione europea di carattere principalmente economico ed i residui spazi di intervento statale a tutela dei mercati nazionali del lavoro. Prima di analizzare cause ed effetti di tale potenziale conflitto nell'ambito del mercato europeo dei servizi risulta necessario fornire un panorama del quadro normativo applicabile agli operatori economici che intendano fornire a titolo temporaneo una prestazione in uno Stato membro diverso da quello di stabilimento. Nell'ambito di tale disamina, dedicata alle fonti conflittuali del diritto europeo applicabili ai prestatori di servizi, individueremo le condizioni che devono rispettare gli operatori per esercitare un'attività in uno Stato membro diverso da quello di origine (Parte I). Potremo quindi illustrare come l'esercizio delle libertà comunitarie di circolazione da parte delle imprese europee abbia fatto emergere le contraddizioni ed i limiti del funzionamento del mercato comune rispetto alla fruizione dei diritti sociali da parte dei lavoratori locali e distaccati (Parte II). ; This research aims at exploring the relationship between the free movement of services within the internal market and the need to protect the fundamental social rights at national level. To this extent, our purpose is to identify the role of the EU regulation on services in ensuring a smooth cohabitation between EU economic policies and national social goals. Following the adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon, the EU has shown a new approach which aims not only at keeping a high level of competitiveness, but also at establishing a social market economy. The contradiction between the implementation of the single market and the preservation of domestic welfare policies shall therefore be analysed in the light of the social oriented approach enshrined in this new EU legal framework. The need to reconcile social and market values which inspires the concept of social market economy should guarantee that the exercise of EU freedoms of movement does not prejudge the substance of social rights. Before studying the causes and effects of this potential legal conflict it seems essential to make a brief analysis of the rules provided under EU law in order to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market for services (Part I). The second part of the research will then be focused on the effects of the internal market rules on solidarity. In this context we will examine how, according to a recent case-law of the ECJ, the economic freedoms of circulation, as a priority of the market, may jeopardize the national social rights. These rulings of the EU courts have put in discussion the European integration process in respect of the constitutional traditions relating to employment law and has shown the unstable balance between a border-less market and the aspiration of a social economy at European level.

This thesis analyses the decolonization process of West Africa French territories, since the Brazzaville's Conference until the obtaining of Independence. The aim of this research project refers to the importance of French Soudan, nowadays Mali, in French West Africa, and how the leaders of this territory conducted the dialogue with the colonial authorities. The Soudan's political elite followed the political direction dictated by Houphouet-Boigny, leader of the political movement which connected French territories in this area, until the decision of breaking free from this position. Modibo Keita, father of the Nation of Mali, developed new alliances between the RDA leadership, but also with other political parties and leaders, such as Senghor. Keita and the Senegalese leader tried to avoid the balkanization of West Africa, proposing a project which was based on the principles of African Unity.

Dissent is the nineteen-sixties-seventies cultural keyword both in the States and Western Europe. Dissent defines the long uninterrupted 1960s – 1970s juvenile cultural revolution both in the United States and Europe. The new time was announced by the 1964 free-speech movement at Berkley University involving from its very beginning the civil rights question, to which the protest was soon added against the American military involvement in the twenty-years long Viet-Nam war. As a matter of fact, the student movement was meant to radically change the world. Some of the roots of this revolution are to be looked for in the late forties and in the fifties. The question more or less knowingly being dealt with was first of all the radical perspective of freeing the mind from all social conditioning and received ideas. It was the same perspective defined by Ronald Laing's and David Cooper's new anti-psychiatric approach. Protest, and the struggle for freedom, however, was doomed to extreme radicalization, turning discussion, and utopian dreams into political violence the Weathermen, of course, in the States, die Rote Armée Fraktion in Germany, Le Brigate Rosse in Italy, turning dreams and ideological struggle into a nightmare. ; Contestazione è parola chiave per definire la tipologia culturale sia negli Stati Uniti che in Europa tra gli anni Sessanta e gli anni Settanta. Contestazione è il termine che definisce la lunga, ininterrotta rivoluzione culturale giovanile che definisce la condizione di una nuova modernità. L'annuncio del tempo nuovo viene lanciato a Berkeley nel 1964 dal free-speech movement (movimento per la libertà di parola). La protesta fu provocata dalla questione razziale in primo luogo, e dunque dell'uguaglianza dei diritti tra tutti i soggetti. Si aggiunse poi a questa la protesta contro l'intervento militare americano in Viet-Nam. Ma la sommossa studentesca, già a Berkeley, a parte gli obiettivi specifici, era intesa a cambiare il mondo. Le ragioni della sommossa vanno cercate negli anni quaranta e cinquanta del Novecento. Ciò che era in gioco, fin da quegli anni, era una prospettiva di liberazione della mente da ogni idea ricevuta e da ogni condizionamento sociale, una questione di libertà di pensiero dunque, in una prospettiva analoga a quella definita nell'antipsichiatria di Ronald Laing e David Cooper. La protesta giovanile, e la ricerca di una diversa libertà di pensiero, tuttavia, si piegò anche a forme di estrema radicalizzazione, nel declinare della discussione, della protesta e dei sogni utopici verso la violenza politica dei Weathermen e, in Europa, della Rote Armée Fraktion tedesca, o delle Brigate Rosse, nel declinare della lotta ideologica e del sogno della libertà verso l'incubo.

From the very first pages of the Theological-political Treatise, Spinoza deals with the issue of prophecy with a clear purpose, that is to expunge any possible relation between prophetical language and godly transcendence, in order to prevent that prophecy could become an instrument of domination in the hands of the theocratic power. Anyway, Spinoza also maintains that the prophetic message played a relevant ethical and political role among the ancient people, especially among the Hebrews, since it contributed to create a social bond, based upon the passions and the imaginations of the community. Such an ambivalent peculiarity of prophecy seems to have disappeared in Spinoza's times, insofar as «we have no prophets in our day» (TTP, chapter 1), but only preachers who make use of popular superstition to strengthen their authority. Actually, we can explain differently this TTP's statement, by considering a possible influence of the Collegiant movement in Spinoza's thought, and therefore maintaining that the free prophetic discussion represents the genesis of any process aimed both to liberate individuals from superstition and to resist to non-democratic rules.