Suchergebnisse

1 Water and Man -- 1.1 Historical Setting -- 1.2 Management of the Water Cycle -- 2 Freshwater Ecosystems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Organisms -- 2.3 Food Chains and Trophic Pyramids -- 2.4 Distribution of Species -- 2.5 Ecological Balance -- 2.6 Community Structure -- 2.7 Still and Flowing Waters -- 2.8 Biological Productivity -- 3 Biological Indicators -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Selection of Indicators -- 3.3 Individuals and Populations as Indicators -- 3.4 Community Structure as an Indicator -- 3.5 Functional Changes in Communities -- 3.6 Bioaccumulative Indicators -- 4 Environmental Stress -- 4.1 Natural environmental stresses -- 4.2 Imposed Environmental Stresses -- 4.3 Environmental Manipulation -- 4.4 Combined Stresses -- 5 Effects of Physical Disturbances -- 5.1 Effects of Suspended Solids -- 5.2 Effects of the Addition of Heat -- 5.3 Effects of Changes in pH -- 6 The Effects of Organic Enrichment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 General Effects of Organic Discharges -- 6.3 Physical and Chemical Changes -- 6.4 Biological Changes -- 6.5 Field Studies of Organic Pollution -- 7 Effects of Toxic Materials -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physiological Responses to Poisons -- 7.3 Terminology and Criteria -- 7.4 Factors Which Affect Toxicity -- 7.5 Predicting the Toxicity of Combinations of Poisons -- 7.6 Inorganic Poisons -- 7.7 Organic Poisons -- 7.8 Heavy Metals -- 7.9 Pesticides -- 7.10 Polychlorinated Biphenyls -- 8 Laboratory Evaluation of Pollutants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Experimental and Laboratory Investigations -- 9 Field Assessments of Environmental Quality -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sampling Methods -- 9.3 Sampling Strategies and Programmes -- 9.4 Biotic Indices and Data Analysis -- 10 Biological Surveillance in Environmental Management -- 10.1 Aquatic Resource Management -- 10.2 Basin Management Concepts -- 10.3 Application and Implementation of Uniform Standards -- 10.4 Environmental Impact Statements and Conservation -- 10.5 Future Developments -- Appendices -- 1 Trent Biotic Index -- 2 Chandler Biotic Score -- 3 Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) — Score -- ReferenceS.

L'examen microscopique de la cavité buccale et de l'œsophage des silures d'eau douce africain (Schübe mystus L.) et asiatique (Pangasius micronemus BLKR) révèle que leur épithélium stratifié est composé de trois types cellulaires. Deux d'entre eux sont bien connus, ce sont les cellules indifférenciées et muqueuses. Le troisième type (cellules en forme de «tonnelet») est de grande taille (25-30 μm X 1 5-20 μm). Ce type cellulaire est riche en protéines comme le montre sa positivité à la tetrazoréaction de DANIELLI. En outre, ces cellules réagissent avec la lectine d 'Arachis hypogaea (PNA) liée à un fluorochrome, ce qui indique la présence d'abondants résidus ß-D-galactosyl. Des cellules semblables ont été décrites dans la peau des poissons siluriformes et cypriniformes où elles sécréteraient une substance d'alarme. Leur présence dans la cavité buccale et l'œsophage n'a, à notre connaissance, jamais été clairement mentionnée et le présent travail rapporte donc une observation originale sur la région antérieure du tractus digestif des poissons-chats.
La fonction de ces cellules géantes à ce niveau du tube digestif reste toutefois obscure et mériterait d'autres recherches.

1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mercury -- 1.2 Cadmium -- 1.3 Other Metals -- 1.4 Sources and Controls -- 2 Toxicity Testing Techniques -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Terminology -- 2.3 Physical Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.4 Biological Factors in Toxicity Tests -- 2.5 Numbers of Test Animals -- 2.6 Chemical Conditions of Tests -- 3 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Fish -- 3.1 Arsenic -- 3.2 Cadmium -- 3.3 Chromium -- 3.4 Copper -- 3.5 Lead -- 3.6 Mercury -- 3.7 Nickel -- 3.8 Selenium -- 3.9 Silver -- 3.10 Vanadium -- 3.11 Zinc -- 4 Toxicity of Metals to Freshwater Invertebrates -- 4.1 Arsenic -- 4.2 Cadmium -- 4.3 Chromium -- 4.4 Copper -- 4.5 Lead -- 4.6 Mercury -- 4.7 Nickel -- 4.8 Selenium -- 4.9 Silver -- 4.10 Vanadium -- 4.11 Zinc -- 5 Toxicity of Metals to Marine Life -- 5.1 Arsenic -- 5.2 Cadmium -- 5.3 Chromium -- 5.4 Copper -- 5.5 Lead -- 5.6 Mercury -- 5.7 Nickel -- 5.8 Selenium -- 5.9 Silver -- 5.10 Vanadium -- 5.11 Zinc -- 6 Factors Affecting Toxicity -- 6.1 Interspecies Variations in Freshwater Fish -- 6.2 Interphyletic Variations -- 6.3 Life Stage -- 6.4 Water Hardness -- 6.5 Temperature -- 6.6 pH -- 6.7 Salinity -- 6.8 Acclimation -- 6.9 Fluctuating Exposure Concentrations -- 6.10 Mixtures of Metals -- 7 Freshwater Field Studies -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biological Assessment -- 7.3 Water Quality -- 7.4 Case Studies -- 8 Tidal Water Field Studies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Physical Factors -- 8.3 Chemical Factors -- 8.4 Biology -- 8.5 Case Studies -- 9 Bioaccumulation -- 9.1 Biomagnification of Metals -- 9.2 Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation -- 9.3 Monitoring -- 10 Environmental Standards -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Derivation of Standards -- 10.3 Statistical Expression of the Standard -- 10.4 The Relationship between Field and Laboratory Information -- 10.5 Effluent Controls from Environmental Standards -- 11 International Controls -- References.

History of Fish Farming -- Today's Technology -- Goals and Organization -- Reference -- 1 United States of America -- Cold Freshwater Cultured Fish -- Warmwater Cultured Fish -- Marine Culture -- Restocking -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Canada -- Imports -- Marketing -- Nutrition -- Water Supplies and Use -- Research and Education -- Summary -- Reference -- 3 Norway -- Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Special Acknowledgments -- 4 Sweden -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)b01 -- Special Acknowledgment -- 5 Denmark -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Netherlands (Holland) -- Text -- Special Acknowledgments -- 7 Belgium and Luxembourg -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)b01 -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Tench (Tinca tinca) and Roach (Rutilus rutilus) -- Pike (Esox lucius) and Pike-Perch (Lucioperca lucioperca) -- European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) -- Recreation Fishing -- Total Supply -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio)b01 -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Tench (Tinca tinca) -- Common or Northern Pike (Esox lucius) -- Recreation Fishing -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Switzerland -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Other Cultured Fish -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Austria -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Other Cultured Fish -- Sports Fishing -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 11 Italy -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Black Bullhead (Ictalurus melas) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Brackish Water Culture -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 France -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) -- Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) -- Crayfish (Astacus leptoctylus) -- Hydrologic Information -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Spain -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Other Freshwater Fish -- Marine Culture -- European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 14 Portugal -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Marine Culture -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 15 United Kingdom -- Rainbow Trout -- Salmon -- Dover Sole and Turbot -- Eels -- Crayfish -- Carp -- Other Species -- Outlook and Conclusions -- Some Government Research Laboratories -- References -- 16 Ireland -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- 17 Poland -- Pond Fish Farming -- Lake Fish Farming -- Fishery Management of Rivers and Dam Reservoirs -- Other Forms of Fish Culture -- Some Remarks on the Economics of Fish Farming in Poland -- Outlook -- References -- 18 Czechoslovakia -- River Management -- Marketing, Home Consumption, and Exports of Fish -- Research and Technical Innovation -- Economic Aspects of Fish Culture -- Price of Fish -- Outlook -- References -- 19 European USSR -- Text -- 20 Hungary -- Pond Farming -- Trout Farming -- Fish Production in Water Reservoirs -- Utilization of Backwater Areas -- Fish Production in Cages -- Operational Economics -- Marketing -- References -- 21 Asian USSR -- Salmon -- References -- 22 Republic of Korea -- Carp (Cyprinus carpio) -- Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonicus) -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Others -- Outlook -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 23 Japan -- Freshwater Cultured Fish -- Marine Cultured Fish and Shrimp -- Restocking -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 24 People's Republic of China -- The Area -- Freshwater Aquaculture -- Marine Aquaculture -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 25 Taiwan -- Milkfiish (Chanos chanos) -- Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) -- Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonicus) -- Gray Mullet (Mugil cephalus) -- Shrimp -- Carp -- Outlook -- Reference -- 26 Israel -- History -- Ponds -- Production Methods -- Propagation -- Feeding -- Fertilizing and Manuring -- Fish Stocked in Production Ponds -- Genetic Improvement -- Marketing -- Diseases and Parasites -- Equipment -- Extension Service -- Research -- Future Trends -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 27 Thailand -- History of Aquaculture -- Aquaculture Practices and Techniques -- Marketing System -- References -- 28 Philippines -- Milkfish (Chanos chanos) -- Tilapia (Sarotherodon and Tilapia sp.) -- Shrimp -- Other Cultured Species -- Potentials and Prospects -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- 29 Indonesia -- Freshwater Aquaculture -- Brackish Water Aquaculture -- Marine Aquaculture -- References -- 30 Papua New Guinea -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) -- Special Acknowledgments -- 31 Australia -- Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) -- Native Fish -- Crayfish -- Special Acknowledgments -- References -- Outlook -- Text -- References.

One: Bases of Behaviour -- 1. Genetic Basis of Fish Behaviour -- 2. Motivational Basis of Fish Behaviour -- 3. Development of Behaviour in Fishes -- Two: Sensory Modalities -- 4. Role of Vision in Fish Behaviour -- 5. Underwater Sound and Fish Behaviour -- 6. Role of Olfaction in Fish Behaviour -- 7. Role of the Lateral Line in Fish Behaviour -- Three: Behavioural Ecology -- 8. Foraging in Teleost Fishes -- 9. Constraints Placed by Predators on Feeding Behaviour -- 10. Teleost Mating: Systems and Strategies -- 11. Williams' Principle: an Explanation of Parental Care in Teleost Fishes -- 12. Functions of Shoaling Behaviour in Teleosts -- 13. Individual Differences in Fish Behaviour -- 14. Fish Behaviour by Day, Night and Twilight -- 15. Intertidal Teleosts: Life in a Fluctuating Environment -- 16. Behavioural Ecology of Sticklebacks -- 17. Behavioural Ecology of Cave-dwelling Fishes -- Four: Applied Fish Behaviour -- 18. Fish Behaviour and Fishing Gear -- 19. Fish Behaviour and the Management of Freshwater Fisheries -- Author Index -- Fish Index.

1 An introduction to the optical, thermal and electrical properties of ice and snow -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Optical and thermal properties of ice and snow -- 1.3 Electrical properties of ice and snow -- References -- 2 Sensors and platforms -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) on the Landsat series -- 2.3 Thematic Mapper (TM) on Landsats 4 and 5 -- 2.4 NOAA satellites and sensors -- 2.5 Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) -- 2.6 Nimbus 5 and 6 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) and Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) -- 2.7 Passive microwave aircraft sensors -- 2.8 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) -- 2.9 Seasat SAR and radar altimeter -- 2.10 Impulse radar -- References -- 3 Snow cover -- 3.1 Snow cover in the global water balance -- 3.2 Snow properties -- 3.3 Seasonal snow cover -- 3.4 Snow-cover mapping -- 3.5 Snow-cover depletion curves -- References -- 4 Applications of remotely derived snow data -- 4.1 Hydrological importance of snow -- 4.2 Snowmelt-runoff modelling -- 4.3 Discharge forecasts -- 4.4 Economic benefits -- References -- 5 Lake and river ice -- 5.1 The importance of lake and river ice -- 5.2 Freshwater ice thickness studies -- 5.3 Lake depth and ice thickness studies in northern Alaska -- 5.4 Ice in large lakes and estuaries -- 5.5 River ice break-up -- 5.6 Ice jams and aufeis -- References -- 6 Permafrost -- 6.1 Hydrological and geological implications of permafrost -- 6.2 Vegetation mapping in permafrost areas -- 6.3 Snow and ice break-up -- 6.4 Surface temperature and energy balance studies -- 6.5 Tundra surface disturbances -- 6.6 Subsurface probing of permafrost -- References -- 7 Glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets -- 7.1 Global significance of glaciers -- 7.2 Distribution and mass balance of glaciers -- 7.3 Catastrophic events: surges, jökulhlaups and rapid glacier movement -- 7.4 Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets -- 7.5 Icebergs -- 7.6 Radio echo sounding of glacier ice -- References -- 8 Sea ice -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sea ice age -- 8.3 Sea ice type and interannual variability -- 8.4 Sea ice concentration -- 8.5 Sea ice movement -- References.