"They fetch water from where the old man used to take water to bring down, they re- captured where he took water with sticks from before, in time". Between anthropology and history, this report questions a hybrid governance (customary and institutional) of the resource. Carried out between the VKP zone, Hienghène and Nouméa, the analysis traces the outlines of water management implicitly coordinated by customary imperatives that are still alive and well, and which are probably not very visible to some of the stakeholders. The study of freshwater in Kanak representations provides food for thought on the conditions of application and implementation of water management policies in New Caledonia. The results of the Goutte project, in which this work is part of, show that the tensions observed in the field are associated with divergent interpretations of the roles and tasks assigned to water management stakeholders. ; « Ils vont chercher de l'eau là où le vieux il prenait de l'eau pour amener en bas, ils ont refait le captage là où il a pris l'eau avec des bâtons d'avant, dans le temps ». Entre anthropologie et histoire, ce rapport questionne une gouvernance hybride (coutumière et institutionnelle) de la ressource. Menée entre la zone VKP, Hienghène et Nouméa, l'analyse retrace les pourtours d'une gestion de l'eau implicitement coordonnée par des impératifs coutumiers toujours vivaces, sans doute peu visible pour une partie des acteurs. L'étude de l'eau douce dans les représentations kanak apporte des éléments de réflexion sur les conditions d'application et de mise en œuvre des politiques de gestion de l'eau en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les résultats du projet Goutte dans lequel ce travail s'inscrit, montrent que les tensions observées sur le terrain sont associées à des interprétations divergentes des rôles et des tâches affectés aux acteurs de la gestion de l'eau.
"They fetch water from where the old man used to take water to bring down, they re- captured where he took water with sticks from before, in time". Between anthropology and history, this report questions a hybrid governance (customary and institutional) of the resource. Carried out between the VKP zone, Hienghène and Nouméa, the analysis traces the outlines of water management implicitly coordinated by customary imperatives that are still alive and well, and which are probably not very visible to some of the stakeholders. The study of freshwater in Kanak representations provides food for thought on the conditions of application and implementation of water management policies in New Caledonia. The results of the Goutte project, in which this work is part of, show that the tensions observed in the field are associated with divergent interpretations of the roles and tasks assigned to water management stakeholders. ; « Ils vont chercher de l'eau là où le vieux il prenait de l'eau pour amener en bas, ils ont refait le captage là où il a pris l'eau avec des bâtons d'avant, dans le temps ». Entre anthropologie et histoire, ce rapport questionne une gouvernance hybride (coutumière et institutionnelle) de la ressource. Menée entre la zone VKP, Hienghène et Nouméa, l'analyse retrace les pourtours d'une gestion de l'eau implicitement coordonnée par des impératifs coutumiers toujours vivaces, sans doute peu visible pour une partie des acteurs. L'étude de l'eau douce dans les représentations kanak apporte des éléments de réflexion sur les conditions d'application et de mise en œuvre des politiques de gestion de l'eau en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les résultats du projet Goutte dans lequel ce travail s'inscrit, montrent que les tensions observées sur le terrain sont associées à des interprétations divergentes des rôles et des tâches affectés aux acteurs de la gestion de l'eau.
"They fetch water from where the old man used to take water to bring down, they re- captured where he took water with sticks from before, in time". Between anthropology and history, this report questions a hybrid governance (customary and institutional) of the resource. Carried out between the VKP zone, Hienghène and Nouméa, the analysis traces the outlines of water management implicitly coordinated by customary imperatives that are still alive and well, and which are probably not very visible to some of the stakeholders. The study of freshwater in Kanak representations provides food for thought on the conditions of application and implementation of water management policies in New Caledonia. The results of the Goutte project, in which this work is part of, show that the tensions observed in the field are associated with divergent interpretations of the roles and tasks assigned to water management stakeholders. ; « Ils vont chercher de l'eau là où le vieux il prenait de l'eau pour amener en bas, ils ont refait le captage là où il a pris l'eau avec des bâtons d'avant, dans le temps ». Entre anthropologie et histoire, ce rapport questionne une gouvernance hybride (coutumière et institutionnelle) de la ressource. Menée entre la zone VKP, Hienghène et Nouméa, l'analyse retrace les pourtours d'une gestion de l'eau implicitement coordonnée par des impératifs coutumiers toujours vivaces, sans doute peu visible pour une partie des acteurs. L'étude de l'eau douce dans les représentations kanak apporte des éléments de réflexion sur les conditions d'application et de mise en œuvre des politiques de gestion de l'eau en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les résultats du projet Goutte dans lequel ce travail s'inscrit, montrent que les tensions observées sur le terrain sont associées à des interprétations divergentes des rôles et des tâches affectés aux acteurs de la gestion de l'eau.
"They fetch water from where the old man used to take water to bring down, they re- captured where he took water with sticks from before, in time". Between anthropology and history, this report questions a hybrid governance (customary and institutional) of the resource. Carried out between the VKP zone, Hienghène and Nouméa, the analysis traces the outlines of water management implicitly coordinated by customary imperatives that are still alive and well, and which are probably not very visible to some of the stakeholders. The study of freshwater in Kanak representations provides food for thought on the conditions of application and implementation of water management policies in New Caledonia. The results of the Goutte project, in which this work is part of, show that the tensions observed in the field are associated with divergent interpretations of the roles and tasks assigned to water management stakeholders. ; « Ils vont chercher de l'eau là où le vieux il prenait de l'eau pour amener en bas, ils ont refait le captage là où il a pris l'eau avec des bâtons d'avant, dans le temps ». Entre anthropologie et histoire, ce rapport questionne une gouvernance hybride (coutumière et institutionnelle) de la ressource. Menée entre la zone VKP, Hienghène et Nouméa, l'analyse retrace les pourtours d'une gestion de l'eau implicitement coordonnée par des impératifs coutumiers toujours vivaces, sans doute peu visible pour une partie des acteurs. L'étude de l'eau douce dans les représentations kanak apporte des éléments de réflexion sur les conditions d'application et de mise en œuvre des politiques de gestion de l'eau en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les résultats du projet Goutte dans lequel ce travail s'inscrit, montrent que les tensions observées sur le terrain sont associées à des interprétations divergentes des rôles et des tâches affectés aux acteurs de la gestion de l'eau.
"They fetch water from where the old man used to take water to bring down, they re- captured where he took water with sticks from before, in time". Between anthropology and history, this report questions a hybrid governance (customary and institutional) of the resource. Carried out between the VKP zone, Hienghène and Nouméa, the analysis traces the outlines of water management implicitly coordinated by customary imperatives that are still alive and well, and which are probably not very visible to some of the stakeholders. The study of freshwater in Kanak representations provides food for thought on the conditions of application and implementation of water management policies in New Caledonia. The results of the Goutte project, in which this work is part of, show that the tensions observed in the field are associated with divergent interpretations of the roles and tasks assigned to water management stakeholders. ; « Ils vont chercher de l'eau là où le vieux il prenait de l'eau pour amener en bas, ils ont refait le captage là où il a pris l'eau avec des bâtons d'avant, dans le temps ». Entre anthropologie et histoire, ce rapport questionne une gouvernance hybride (coutumière et institutionnelle) de la ressource. Menée entre la zone VKP, Hienghène et Nouméa, l'analyse retrace les pourtours d'une gestion de l'eau implicitement coordonnée par des impératifs coutumiers toujours vivaces, sans doute peu visible pour une partie des acteurs. L'étude de l'eau douce dans les représentations kanak apporte des éléments de réflexion sur les conditions d'application et de mise en œuvre des politiques de gestion de l'eau en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les résultats du projet Goutte dans lequel ce travail s'inscrit, montrent que les tensions observées sur le terrain sont associées à des interprétations divergentes des rôles et des tâches affectés aux acteurs de la gestion de l'eau.
International audience ; In New Caledonia, integrated management of aquatic environments and resources has been identified since the early 2000s as a priority and was one of the objectives of the action plan drawn up in 2004 by local (government, Provinces) and national authorities in the framework of the overseas action plan of the National Strategy for Biodiversity (SNB). This plan is currently in its second cycle of implementation (2011-2020). This priority is also recognized by the Caledonian Sustainable Development Plan, as well as by the Regional Strategy for Biodiversity of PROE (i.e. Oceanian regional program for environment). Following the thematic "freshwater" workshops in April 2010, the Observatory of the Environment in New Caledonia (OEIL), the Department of Veterinary, Food and Rural Affairs (DAVAR) from the government of New Caledonia and the CNRT "Nickel and its environment" have decided to support a Research and Development program aimed at developing a new biological index for rivers based on a compartment of phototrophic primary producers, the benthic diatoms. The implementation of this program, which was carried out from October 2012 to the end of 2017, was entrusted to a consortium experienced in that field, which associated the French national Research Institute in Science and Technology for the Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA) and the private consultants Asconit Consultants and Bioeko. The objective of this document is to provide a practical manual intended to allow the implementation of the Diatomic Index of New Caledonia (IDNC) under methodological conditions guaranteeing reliability of the results. In that aim, it describes every stages of implementation of the IDNC, since the sampling of the diatoms until the calculation of the index score, without omitting the samples treatment, the permanent slides confection, the realization of diatom inventories and data banking. It also includes a chapter describing the different phases of the index design, in order to allow operators and ...
National audience ; In Europe, 25% of freshwater withdrawals are consumed by agriculture and may even reach up to 80% in some Mediterranean regions where irrigation is essential for securing food production. Faced with climate change and the multiple demands on water resources, the challenges of water savings in agri- culture are becoming increasingly evident. These challenges differ from country to country, and even from region to region, and are strongly linked to local pedoclimatic and agronomic characteristics. Agricultural practices are regulated at the European level by public aid from the European Union. Currently, the European Union is seeking to promote good practices, in particular the transition towards water-saving and environmentally friendly farming methods. For example, EAFRD (the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development) supports investments in water-efficient irrigation equipment (European Regulation No. 1305/2013- Article 46, item 4). Each EU Member State is, therefore, free to use any method it chooses to carry out an ex-ante evaluation of the water savings potentially achievable by changing irrigation equipment. Water savings are directly related to water use efficiency, an indicator often used to express the level of performance of irrigation systems from the source to the plant. Global water use strategies focus on the need to increase water efficiency for agricultural purposes and to reduce water wastage in order to make water available for other more productive and strategic uses and the maintenance of environmental services. In this context, improving irrigation efficiency can achieve additional water savings. However, it should not be forgotten that such improvement is a slow and difficult process, which depends both on the local water scarcity situation and on management constraints (e.g. duration of the water cycle). This progress, which can be costly, requires a know-how and coordinated actions at different levels. ; En Europe, 25 % des prélèvements d'eau douce sont consommés ...
National audience ; In Europe, 25% of freshwater withdrawals are consumed by agriculture and may even reach up to 80% in some Mediterranean regions where irrigation is essential for securing food production. Faced with climate change and the multiple demands on water resources, the challenges of water savings in agri- culture are becoming increasingly evident. These challenges differ from country to country, and even from region to region, and are strongly linked to local pedoclimatic and agronomic characteristics. Agricultural practices are regulated at the European level by public aid from the European Union. Currently, the European Union is seeking to promote good practices, in particular the transition towards water-saving and environmentally friendly farming methods. For example, EAFRD (the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development) supports investments in water-efficient irrigation equipment (European Regulation No. 1305/2013- Article 46, item 4). Each EU Member State is, therefore, free to use any method it chooses to carry out an ex-ante evaluation of the water savings potentially achievable by changing irrigation equipment. Water savings are directly related to water use efficiency, an indicator often used to express the level of performance of irrigation systems from the source to the plant. Global water use strategies focus on the need to increase water efficiency for agricultural purposes and to reduce water wastage in order to make water available for other more productive and strategic uses and the maintenance of environmental services. In this context, improving irrigation efficiency can achieve additional water savings. However, it should not be forgotten that such improvement is a slow and difficult process, which depends both on the local water scarcity situation and on management constraints (e.g. duration of the water cycle). This progress, which can be costly, requires a know-how and coordinated actions at different levels. ; En Europe, 25 % des prélèvements d'eau douce sont consommés ...
The industrial revolution, technological change, population growth and urbanization have affected not only the economy and politics all around the world but also the environment. Various types of pollutants are generated and introduced permanently into the environment through industrial, agricultural and/or municipal discharges. These pollutants include the persistent organic pollutants or POPs which can develop dangerous effects to human health and the ecosystem. In addition, they are reported detected in all the environmental components including the atmosphere, water resources, soils, sediments and biota. Since the discovery of the insecticides DDT in human tissue, the fate and behavior of these type of hazardous pollutants have caught the interest of researchers. In this work, our target contaminants are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The first part of our study investigated the contamination level of theses POPs in the different compartments of the environment (water, suspended solid matters, sediment, soil). Their occurrence and distribution were evaluated in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases of the freshwater system of the Scheldt basin in the border area between France and Belgium in FRB-RegionNPC "BIOFOZI" program. An ecotoxicological risk assessment was also carried out. The same investigations were also conducted in soil samples originating from northern France and from Madagascar. The second part of the present work concern a feasibility study of PAHs-contaminated soil bio-treatment (bioremediation). ; La révolution industrielle, l'évolution technologique, la croissance démographique et l'urbanisation ont affecté non seulement l'économie ou la politique dans le monde mais également la santé environnementale. Divers types de polluants sont générés et introduits, de manière permanente, dans l'environnement via les effluents industriels, agricoles et/ou municipaux. Parmi ces polluants figurent les ...
National audience ; In Europe, 25% of freshwater withdrawals are consumed by agriculture and may even reach up to 80% in some Mediterranean regions where irrigation is essential for securing food production. Faced with climate change and the multiple demands on water resources, the challenges of water savings in agri- culture are becoming increasingly evident. These challenges differ from country to country, and even from region to region, and are strongly linked to local pedoclimatic and agronomic characteristics. Agricultural practices are regulated at the European level by public aid from the European Union. Currently, the European Union is seeking to promote good practices, in particular the transition towards water-saving and environmentally friendly farming methods. For example, EAFRD (the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development) supports investments in water-efficient irrigation equipment (European Regulation No. 1305/2013- Article 46, item 4). Each EU Member State is, therefore, free to use any method it chooses to carry out an ex-ante evaluation of the water savings potentially achievable by changing irrigation equipment. Water savings are directly related to water use efficiency, an indicator often used to express the level of performance of irrigation systems from the source to the plant. Global water use strategies focus on the need to increase water efficiency for agricultural purposes and to reduce water wastage in order to make water available for other more productive and strategic uses and the maintenance of environmental services. In this context, improving irrigation efficiency can achieve additional water savings. However, it should not be forgotten that such improvement is a slow and difficult process, which depends both on the local water scarcity situation and on management constraints (e.g. duration of the water cycle). This progress, which can be costly, requires a know-how and coordinated actions at different levels. ; En Europe, 25 % des prélèvements d'eau douce sont consommés ...
Benthic diatoms have long been considered as an interesting compartment for monitoring aquatic environments quality. Then, within the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), adopted since 10/23/2000, they are identified as one of the key biological quality elements, making it possible to assess the ecological status of different categories of aquatic environments, including rivers from continental Europe and certain overseas territories. Because of its legal status, New Caledonia is not really part of the European Union and WFD has no legal vocation for application there. However, integrated and sustainable management of water resources is an important concern for local authorities and managers. In order to complete the ecological information already provided on watercourses by 2 biological indices based on benthic invertebrates (the Biotic Index of New Caledonia or IBNC, developed since 1999, and the recent Bio-Sedimentary Index or IBS), on the initiative of the OEIL and with the support of DAVAR and CNRT, a Research & Development Program aiming at the development of a new diatomic index has been implemented under responsibility of the Asconit-Irstea consortium, assisted by the local private consultant Bioeko. Carried out between October 2012 and 2017, this program enabled the acquisition of 210 complete surveys coupling diatomic inventories and physico-chemical conditions at the station, collected during 4 sampling campaigns covering the 2 main climatic seasons. At the toltal, 466 different taxa could be inventoried, many of which being previously poorly known or even unknown.Function of the quantity of ecological information capitalized, 217 sufficiently encountered freshwater taxa participate in the calculation of the new IDNC. Many of them do not provide specific information on the level of anthropogenic alteration of the river (Taxons +). Other taxa with a distribution clearly favored by anthropogenic pressure gradients were selected using the TITAN software, and constitute alert taxa ...
Because groundwater, which represents 98% of the liquid freshwater on Earth, is vital, of particular benefit due to its special properties, but, often, especially vulnerable, in the long term, to the unceasing degra-dation caused by the anthropogenic era, it should be the subject of a regulation that would express the whole meaning of the "high level of protection of the environment" required in the European Union primary law. The integrated management of water resources management (IWRM) implemented by the EU should therefore, for this water, strive for a higher stage of preservation of a singularly fragile underground environment, through a sharper distinction between the concepts of integrated "management" and "protection", according to the intensity of preservation they would respectively imply. Via such an evolution from integrated management to protection, the latter becoming an autonomous framework of action, the EU law would adopt a different position on the balance between economic interests and ecological necessities. This strengthening of the relevant secondary law must rest on, first and foremost, a new apprehension of groundwater, in the water framework directive and the directive 2006/118/EC, beyond a conception too perfunctory to comprehend the richness of it, otherwise it won't be fully protected. So, without prejudice to the unity of water law, specific adjustments should be provided for, concerning ground waters, insofar as their dynamics may significantly differ, in time and space, from those of surface water. Since ground waters can't be separated from its receptacle (soil and subsoil), its integrated protection would demand in addition to transcend the borders of the sectoral water policy and to go beyond the integration as we know it in the current IWRM, which doesn't erase contradictions between sectoral policies. Thus has to be carried on the improvement of the coherence between relevant politics (environment, agriculture, industry, energy…), in order to build a complete protection of the ...
The industrial revolution, technological change, population growth and urbanization have affected not only the economy and politics all around the world but also the environment. Various types of pollutants are generated and introduced permanently into the environment through industrial, agricultural and/or municipal discharges. These pollutants include the persistent organic pollutants or POPs which can develop dangerous effects to human health and the ecosystem. In addition, they are reported detected in all the environmental components including the atmosphere, water resources, soils, sediments and biota. Since the discovery of the insecticides DDT in human tissue, the fate and behavior of these type of hazardous pollutants have caught the interest of researchers. In this work, our target contaminants are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The first part of our study investigated the contamination level of theses POPs in the different compartments of the environment (water, suspended solid matters, sediment, soil). Their occurrence and distribution were evaluated in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases of the freshwater system of the Scheldt basin in the border area between France and Belgium in FRB-RegionNPC "BIOFOZI" program. An ecotoxicological risk assessment was also carried out. The same investigations were also conducted in soil samples originating from northern France and from Madagascar. The second part of the present work concern a feasibility study of PAHs-contaminated soil bio-treatment (bioremediation). ; La révolution industrielle, l'évolution technologique, la croissance démographique et l'urbanisation ont affecté non seulement l'économie ou la politique dans le monde mais également la santé environnementale. Divers types de polluants sont générés et introduits, de manière permanente, dans l'environnement via les effluents industriels, agricoles et/ou municipaux. Parmi ces polluants figurent les polluants organiques persistants ou POP qui sont susceptibles de développer une toxicité non négligeable pour la santé humaine et le bon fonctionnement de l'écosystème. En plus, ils sont détectés dans tous les composants de l'écosystème global, y compris l'atmosphère, les ressources en eaux, le sol, les sédiments et les biotes. Depuis la découverte des insecticides DDT dans les tissus humains, le sort et le comportement de ces polluants dangereux ont retenu l'attention de la recherche scientifique. Dans le présent travail, on s'intéresse essentiellement aux POP du type hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et ses dérivés méthylés (Me-HAP) ainsi que les polychlorobiphényles (PCB). La première partie de l'étude est consacré à l'évaluation de leur niveau de contamination dans différents compartiments de l'environnement. Leur occurrence et distribution ont été évaluées dans les phases dissoutes, particulaires et sédimentaires du système d'eaux douces du bassin versant de l'Escaut dans la zone transfrontalière France-Belgique dans le cadre du projet FRB-RégionNPC "BIOFOZI" suivi d'une étude écotoxicologique. La même investigation est réalisée sur des sols originaires du Nord-Pas-de Calais (France) et de Madagascar. La seconde partie contribue à une étude de faisabilité de traitement biologique de sols contaminés par les HAP.
During the last decades, the number of ponds decreased by more than 50 % in European countries, occasionally reaching up to 90 % in some regions. Their decline in number has led to a strong loss of connectivity between waterbodies. Yet, these small and scattered ecosystems are essential for the life cycle of a high diversity of freshwater species. Land use policies like the creation of Greenways and Blueways in France aim to improve ecological continuities to allow maintenance of existent biological populations and exchanges between them. However, the connectivity between ponds must be considered according to the dispersal abilities of freshwater species and this information often lacks to guide restoration measures. In the present work, we studied the dispersal abilities of dragonflies on several spatial scales and investigated the biological traits and environmental factors that shaped their movements. In the first part, we evaluated the colonization of 20 ponds in Normandy by dragonflies during three years after pond restoration or pond creation. The results highlight high colonization rates during the first year and no difference in species richness was found between newly created or restored ponds. This suggests that restoration of ponds after complete drought should not always be prioritized over pond creation in management strategies. We found that generalist species were more present in the first year after pond creation or restoration, whereas the occurrence of forest specialists increased with the age of the pond. The results also highlighted that the landscape context around ponds (i.e. forest vs. open lands) had an effect on the composition of dragonfly communities. Finally, the total abundance of odonate species was related to the density of other ponds in the surroundings. This result emphasizes that highly connected ponds can support larger populations than isolated ones and thus, be more resilient to perturbations. The second part provides insights into the larval development of Anax imperator and the relationship between morphological traits of larvae and adults. The results suggest that the survival of this species might depend on its body length during the maturation period. We also tried to study the natal dispersal by marking 87 individuals at emergence, but only two males were resighted after the maturation period. Finally, the effect of two water pollutants (i.e. Round-up and DEET) at different concentrations was also investigated on the larval development and adults of Aeshna cyanea. Larvae were reared under laboratory conditions and exposed to concentrations up to 30 mg.L-1 of the two pollutants. No effect of the pollutants was detected on the morphological conditions of larvae or tenerals, suggesting that A. cyanea is tolerant to potential water pollution of ponds. The level of HSP70 stress protein was also similar according to the different treatments, but teneral adults presented higher levels of stress than larvae, suggesting that emergence induced a high stress in the individuals. The third part focuses on the dispersal of A. imperator. We first assessed the local movements within a pond network in the Normandy region. ; Au cours des dernières décennies, le nombre de mares a connu un déclin de plus de 50 % dans les pays européens, atteignant parfois jusqu'à 90 % dans certaines régions. Cette diminution a entraîné une forte perte de connectivité entre les mares. Pourtant, ces écosystèmes petits et dispersés sont essentiels au cycle de vie d'une grande diversité d'espèces d'eau douce. Les politiques d'aménagement du territoire, comme la création des Trames Vertes et Bleues en France, visent à améliorer les continuités écologiques pour permettre le maintien des populations existantes et les échanges entre elles. Cependant, les études de connectivité entre les mares doivent prendre en compte les capacités de dispersion des espèces et cette information fait souvent défaut pour orienter les mesures de restauration. Dans le présent travail, nous avons étudié les capacités de dispersion des libellules à plusieurs échelles spatiales ainsi que les caractéristiques biologiques et les facteurs environnementaux qui façonnent leurs mouvements. Dans la première partie, nous avons évalué la colonisation par les libellules de 20 mares normandes pendant les trois années suivant leur création ou leur restauration. Les résultats mettent en évidence des taux de colonisation élevés pendant la première année et aucune différence de richesse spécifique n'a été constatée entre les mares nouvellement créées ou restaurées. Cela suggère que la restauration des mares après un assèchement total ne devrait pas toujours être prioritaire par rapport à la création de nouvelles mares dans les stratégies de gestion. Nous avons constaté que les espèces généralistes étaient davantage présentes la première année après la création ou la restauration des mares, alors que la présence d'espèces spécialistes des forêts augmentait avec l'âge du plan d'eau. Les résultats ont également mis en évidence que le contexte paysager autour des mares (i.e. milieu forestier ou ouvert) avait un effet sur la composition des communautés de libellules. Enfin, l'abondance totale des espèces d'odonates était liée à la densité des plans d'eau alentours. Ce résultat souligne que les mares très connectées peuvent abriter des populations plus importantes que les mares isolées et donc être plus résistantes aux perturbations. La deuxième partie fournit des éléments sur le développement larvaire d'Anax imperator et la relation entre les caractéristiques morphologiques des larves et des adultes. Les résultats suggèrent que la survie de cette espèce pendant la période de maturation pourrait dépendre de la longueur des individus. Nous avons également essayé d'étudier la dispersion natale en marquant 87 individus à l'émergence, mais seuls deux mâles ont été retrouvés après la période de maturation. Enfin, l'effet de deux polluants de l'eau (Round-up et DEET) sur le développement larvaire et les adultes d'Aeshna cyanea a également été étudié à différentes concentrations. Les larves ont été élevées dans des conditions de laboratoire et exposées à des concentrations allant jusqu'à 30 mg.L-1 des deux polluants. Aucun effet des polluants sur les conditions morphologiques des larves ou des ténéraux n'a été détecté, ce qui suggère que A. cyanea est une espèce tolérante aux potentielles pollutions de l'eau dans les mares. Le niveau de la protéine de stress HSP70 était également similaire selon les différents traitements, mais les adultes ténéraux présentaient des niveaux de stress plus élevés que les larves, ce qui suggère que l'émergence a provoqué un stress élevé chez les individus.
Because groundwater, which represents 98% of the liquid freshwater on Earth, is vital, of particular benefit due to its special properties, but, often, especially vulnerable, in the long term, to the unceasing degra-dation caused by the anthropogenic era, it should be the subject of a regulation that would express the whole meaning of the "high level of protection of the environment" required in the European Union primary law. The integrated management of water resources management (IWRM) implemented by the EU should therefore, for this water, strive for a higher stage of preservation of a singularly fragile underground environment, through a sharper distinction between the concepts of integrated "management" and "protection", according to the intensity of preservation they would respectively imply. Via such an evolution from integrated management to protection, the latter becoming an autonomous framework of action, the EU law would adopt a different position on the balance between economic interests and ecological necessities. This strengthening of the relevant secondary law must rest on, first and foremost, a new apprehension of groundwater, in the water framework directive and the directive 2006/118/EC, beyond a conception too perfunctory to comprehend the richness of it, otherwise it won't be fully protected. So, without prejudice to the unity of water law, specific adjustments should be provided for, concerning ground waters, insofar as their dynamics may significantly differ, in time and space, from those of surface water. Since ground waters can't be separated from its receptacle (soil and subsoil), its integrated protection would demand in addition to transcend the borders of the sectoral water policy and to go beyond the integration as we know it in the current IWRM, which doesn't erase contradictions between sectoral policies. Thus has to be carried on the improvement of the coherence between relevant politics (environment, agriculture, industry, energy…), in order to build a complete protection of the underground environment. A new framework where would be mobilized all involved actors, converging towards this purpose thanks to more appropriate mechanisms. ; L'eau souterraine représente 98% de la ressource en eau douce liquide sur Terre. Vitale, avantageuse par ses propriétés spéciales mais, souvent, particulièrement vulnérable à long terme, face aux dégradations continues générées par l'ère anthropocène, elle devrait faire l'objet d'une réglementation exprimant toute la signification du « niveau élevé de protection de l'environnement » requis en droit primaire de l'Union européenne. C'est pourquoi la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE) pratiquée par l'UE devrait tendre, pour cette eau, vers un degré supérieur de préservation d'un milieu hypogé singulièrement fragile, via une distinction plus marquée entre les notions de «gestion» et de «protection» intégrées, selon l'intensité de la préservation qu'elles emporteraient. A travers cette évolution de la gestion vers la protection intégrée, que l'on érigerait en mode d'intervention à part entière, le droit de l'UE définirait une nouvelle balance entre intérêts économiques et nécessités environnementales. Un tel renforcement du droit dérivé pertinent passerait avant tout par une conception rénovée des eaux souterraines, affranchie d'une conception trop sommaire, dans la directive-cadre sur l'eau et la directive 2006/118/CE, pour en appréhender toute la richesse. Ce, sous peine de ne les protéger que partiellement. Sans préjudice de l'unité du droit de l'eau, des aménagements spécifiques devraient ainsi être prévus pour les eaux souterraines, dont les dynamiques peuvent grandement différer, dans le temps et l'espace, de la surface. Les eaux souterraines ne pouvant être séparées de leur réceptacle (sol et sous-sol), leur protection intégrée requerrait en outre de transcender les limites de la politique de l'eau, et d'aller au-delà de l'intégration telle qu'on la connaissait dans le cadre de la GIRE. Cette dernière, en effet, n'efface pas toutes les contradictions entre politiques sectorielles. Aussi faudrait-il poursuivre la mise en cohérence desdites politiques concernées (environnementale, agricole, industrielle, énergétique…), dont la convergence devrait être accrue dans le sens d'une protection globale du milieu souterrain – une protection affermie pour laquelle pourraient se mobiliser l'ensemble des acteurs intéressés, s'ils étaient orientés vers cet objectif par des dispositifs plus appropriés.
