Suchergebnisse

Princes et nobles d'Allemagne des années 1920 à l'effondrement du IIIe reich 1918, en sonnant la défaite allemande et l'effondrement successif des monarchies fédérées par l'Empire de Guillaume II, passés les troubles de la révolution et l'établissement de la République, donnait aux princes nobles d'outre-Rhin ce que mille ans de Saint-Empire n'auraient rendu possible : le statut de citoyen susceptible de poser les choix politiques et moraux propres à la masse de leurs anciens sujets. Compromission ou refus, opposition ou service, vont dès lors caractériser l'action et l'attitude de plusieurs envers le III e Reich. Certains se déshonorèrent, d'autres rehaussèrent, en quelques années de dictature, le prestige de leurs maisons. Ombre et lumière, collaboration active ou souf-frances de la déportation : voici ce que vécurent ces hommes, ces femmes, souvent trop mal connus.

State and People Control in Bulgaria (the Act of July 12, 1974)
The system of control provided for under the law in socialist countries calls for popular control of state administration to avoid inefficient functioning of its services. This popular control is to assure that the activities of the services correspond to the policies jointly adopted by central authority and by the party. It is also designed to initiate the citizens in the management of public affairs and to establish a link between the administration as a professional organization and the citizens as the beneficiaries of its activities.
This twofold objective affects the nature of popular control: it has both the characteristics of an administrative control put in place by specialized civil services as a measure of constraint and those of a social control dependent on information furnished by the citizens based on more or less definite norms of effective management of the services.
The function of this control is to aid the party organs and the state to verify systematically that directives are executed to stimulate the growth of the economy and to maintain state discipline and socialist legality in both the productive and the administrative sector.
Historically popular control was established in the USSR in 1920 under the title of Inspection by the Workers and Peasants. Since then it has been implemented in all the people democracies and namely in Bulgaria in 1948.
The text now in vigor was established by the Act of July 12, 1974, which provided for the creation of an autonomous administration whose central services, composed of specialists, exercise a general control over all the public institutions. These organs have certain powers to act, while the local services, composed of non-specialized personnel, supply the information and liaison services connected with the inspections. The fact is therefore that the text provides for two types of control within the same institution: the one at the base, responsible for the inspections, which can be assimilated with a social organization and the one which, within the traditional structures of the state apparatus, exercises the control.

East-West Trade: An Estimate of Potential and Gains.
The trade potential of the Soviet Union and the six European Comecon countries is estimated for 1990. The projections are obtained by extrapolating an empirical relationship between export and import totals on one side, and gross national product and population (a proxy for scale) on the other. On the basis of thus projected trade figures plausible gains are assessed.

RésuméLes auteurs examinent les effets des TIC sur la productivité à partir d'un échantillon de 43 pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Ils concluent que le développement des téléphonies fixe et mobile stimule la croissance de la productivité dans un processus à rendements croissants, confirmant l'existence d'un effet de réseau. Ainsi, la multiplication par deux du taux de pénétration des téléphonies fixe et mobile augmente les gains de productivité de 0,12 à 0,15 et 0,05 pour cent environ, respectivement. En outre, dans la région, l'accès facilité aux services bancaires et financiers serait l'un des vecteurs de l'effet de la téléphonie mobile sur la productivité.